The document summarizes the origins of the universe, Earth, and life. It describes how the Big Bang created matter, light elements, and forces. As the universe expanded and cooled, hydrogen and helium fused to form heavier elements. Gravity caused matter to accumulate into stars and planets. On Earth, early atmospheric gases trapped water and the water cycle began. Over billions of years, conditions became suitable for the development of life.

1. Origins
From The Big Bang to Modern
Man

2. Origin of the Cosmos—3
Options
 Option 1: Someone made the universe
(Big Bang or creationist theory)
 Option 2: The universe made itself
(Inflationary or evolutionist theory)
 Option 3: The universe has always been
here (Steady State Theory)
 Scientists now know that the cosmos had
a beginning (proton decay and galactic
motion)
 Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viable

3. THE Big Bang/Nucleosynthesis
 13.7 billion years agoMass of universesize of
head of a pin (singularity)
 Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion
not a traditional explosion)trillions of degrees
 Nobody knows how/why it happened
 Created space and time
 Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak
and electromagnetic forces.
 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/fu
 Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building
blocks for all atoms)

4. Big Bang Flowchart

5. Sounds a little “Quarky” to me…
Strong Force
http://tinyurl.com/3jjnw
http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html

6. Wave Characteristics
 Wavelength: distance from the
beginning of one crest to the
beginning of another
 Frequency: number of waves in a
given time period and distance
 Amplitude: distance from the
midpoint of a wave to the crest or
trough

7. Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM)
Spectrum
Evidence for the Big Bang Theory
http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html

8. Microwaves
http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/micro.html

9. Cosmic Microwave Background
(CMB)
 Discovered by the Hubble Space
Telescope
 Originally discovered in the 1960’s
 Mapped out in 1990 at Berkley
 Energy waves (photons) left over
from the original Big Bang in the
form of microwaves
 Thought to prove the BBT

10. So….What’s The MATTER?
 Baryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter
composed of protons/neutrons and
electrons (solid, liquid and gases)
 Non-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of
universe): composed of WIMP (weakly
interacting massive particles)
 Neutrinos: elementary particles with none
or very little mass

11. It’s All Elemental My Dear
Watson!
 Expanding universe = stuff slowly
cools down (space is cold dude!!)
 Nucleus protons + neutrons
 Early space: mostly hydrogen and
helium atoms (He formed from H)

12. Basic Atomic Structure
http://tinyurl.com/5zb3r

13. Periodic Table
http://www.chemicalelements.com/

14. Atomic Number/Isotopes
 Isotopes
 Hydrogen atomssingle proton and a single
electron
 Isotopes of Hydrogensame number of protons
and electrons….different number of NEUTRONS
 Protium1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number
of 1)
 Deuterium1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic
number of 2)
 Tritium1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number
of 3)

15. Deuterium/Tritium Fusion
 Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron
+ (nuclei fuse together)
 Tritium: 1 proton/2 neutrons
=
 Helium: 2 protons/2 neutrons
(heavier) +
1 free neutron +
energy

16. Ions
 Atoms with more or less electrons
than they are supposed to have
 Formed when atoms gain or lose
electrons (bonding and fusion)
 Anions: have more than the normal
amount of electrons (negative ions)
 Cations: have less than the normal
amount of electrons (positive ions)

17. Formation of the Earth/Solar
System
 50-100 million years pass
 Gravityclumpingcoolingformed
all the masses in the universe
 Stars begin to form(Our sun—5
billion years ago)
 Planets (ie. Our solar system)
 All still very very very hot!!
 Too hot for ANYTHING to last

18. Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms

19. Expanding/Contracting Universe
TheoryWhich One?
 Blue Shift of Lightgalaxies moving
toward us (contracting universe)
 Faster move toward usmore blueshifted
 Red Shift of Lightgalaxies would be
moving away from us (expanding
universe)
 Faster move away from usmore
redshifted
 Ambulance example (eeee  ummm)

20. Hubble Expansion
 Galaxies in our local group are
moving away from us
 ThereforeRed Shifting
 Proves our universe is still expanding

21. The Big Crunch and Cycling
 Stuff is still red shifting today
 Eventually gravity will slow junk
down
 Crap will stop and then slowly begin
to blue shift
 Blue shifting will speed up
 Stuff, junk and crap will then form
another singularity
 BIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang

22. Origin of the Atmosphere
http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1280/lecture_notes_carsla

23. That’s Some Ha-High Quality
H2O!!
 Water originated in the original formation
of the universe (heavy elements bonded
together)and solar system
 water on earth also came from comets
melting as they enter the atmosphere
 Over billions of yearsenough melted ice
and rain to fill up the crevices in the earth
 Oceans, lakes and rivers formed

24. Water/Atmosphere Relationship
 Surface originally too hotNo
atmosphere present to reflect heat
from sun
 No atmosphere to hold it near the
surface
 Evaporated into space
 Molecules escaped faster than
gravity could hold them

25. OK…..Cool!!
 Earth cools as time goes on (took a
billion years or so)
 Early atmosphere forms (outgassing)
 Ozone forms
 Traps water from outgassing and
comet impacts
 Water cycle begins

26. Water Cycle
http://tinyurl.com/3qtug

27. Minerals
http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

28. Carbon Cycle/Sinks

29. Content/Benchmarks
 PME IV.1/3
 PCM IV.2/3
 PWV IV.4/1,3,4
 EAW V.3/1
 ES V.4/1,2,3,4