Fever and rash by Dr.Uma

Fever with rash UMA PERUMAL

 A rash is a visible lesion of the skin due to disease. RASH AND FEVER The condition can be a primary skin disorder or a symptom of a systemic process. When considering the differential diagnosis of a rash, it is important to be able to describe its feature. Ask the child’s parents about the appearance, because rashes often change with time. Diseases that present with fever and rash are usually classified according to the morphology of primary lesion.

 MEASLES RUBELLA HAND FOOT ANDMOUTH DIEASES

Morphology classification ofrash Maculapapular Petechial-purpuric Vesicular bullous pustular Nodular Diffusely erythematous with desqumation.

Approach to children with feverand rash Age Duration Associated symptoms- itching( chicken pox)-fever(infectious causes)-Pain Progression of the rash Travel/ location Sick contacts Past medical history Medications vaccinations

Detail of rash Site of onset Direction of spread Presence or absent of purities Temporal relationship with fever and rash Important to know any topical or oral medication applied or not.

Look for Patient’s vital sign and general appearance Sign of toxicity Lympho Adenopathy Oral, genital or conjunctiva lesion Hepato-splenomegaly Evidences of excoriation and tendrenss Sign of neck rigidity or neurological dysfunction. The scalp and hair for : areas of inflammation, scaling or hair loss.

Laboratory data Complete blood count with differential erythrocyte sedimentation rate Blood and urine culture Biochemical analysis- liver function test Biopsy sample from non healing or persistent purpuric lesion Biopsy of inflammatory dermal nodules and ulcer Aspirate, scraping and pustular fluid may be obtain for gram staining and culture

MeaslesEtiology: Specific RNA virus. Only one serotype is known (life long immunity after infection).Essentials of Diagnosis:-History of exposure 10-12 days previously.-3-5 days prodroma (fever, conjunctivitis, coryza and cough).-Koplik spots (Pathognomonic)-Maculopapular confluent rash.

Mode of Transmission:-Contact with secretions or droplets of an infected child.Period of Infectivity:-4 days prior to and 5 days after appearance of the rash.Clinical Manifestations: An incubation stage 10-12 days Prodromal stage with an enanthem (Koplik spots), usually lasts 3-5 days. Koplik spots are grayish white dots on an erythematous base on the anterior portion of the buccal mucosa. With appearance of rash, Koplik spots start to disappear. Final stage starts with a maculopapular rash accompanied by high fever. The rash starts behind the ears, and along the hairline. Then the rash spreads on the face, neck, upper arms, and upper part of the chest within the first 24 hours. On 2nd day. The rash appears on the back, abdomen, arms and thighs. On 3rd day. It reaches the feet and begins to fade on the face. An abrupt drop in temperature to normal. The rash fades downward in the same sequence in which it appeared

Diagnosis: Clinical features but Laboratory tests is rarely needed. Leukocytic count tends to be low with a relative lymphocytosis. Leucocytosis is indicative of secondary bacterial infection.Complications: *The main complications of measles are otitis media and pneumonia. *Encephalitis; *Diarrhea and dysentery. *Corneal ulcer and stomatitis. *Activation of a tuberculous focus. Supportive therapy: -Antipyretics (paracetamol) Bed rest and an adequate fluid intake are indicated. A nourishing easily digested diet and proper cleanliness. Vitamin A: A single dose of 50,000 to 200,000 IU. A broad spectrum antibiotic in presence of infections.Prevention: *Isolation should be maintained from the 7th day after exposure until 5 days after the rash has appeared. *Measles vaccine. *Post-exposure prophylaxis. - Hemorrhagic measles - PEM

RUBELLA Acquired RubellaCongenitalRubella

Acquired RubellaEtiology: Rubella virus (an RNA virus). Incubation Period: 2-3 weeks.Mode of Transmission:• Droplet infection or direct contact with a caseProdromal stage: Very short and mild that it goes unnoticed.Contagiousness: Not as contagious as measles. – Virus is present in nasopharyngeal secretions, blood, feces and urine. – Virus has been recovered from the nasopharynx 7 days before exanthema and 7-8 days after its disappearance. – Infants with congenital rubella are contagious for at least 10-12 months.

Clinical Manifestations:• Age: Any age, peak incidence 5-14 years• Lymphadenopathy is evident at least 24hr before the rash appears.• The exanthem begins on the face and spreads quickly on the first day.• 2nd day. The rash is confluent and pinpoint like that of scarlet fever with mild itching.• 3rd day. The rash generally disappears with minimal desquamation and no scaring.• Rubella without rash may occur as fever with enlarged tender lymphadenopathy which may persist for a week or more.

Complications:Complications are relatively uncommon in childhood. Encephalitis similar to that seen with measles PolyarthritisProphylaxis: Active immunization (MMR vaccine)-MMR vaccine should not be given to pregnant women; vaccinated women should avoid pregnancy for 3 months after vaccination. Natural infection gives life- long immunity. Passive immunization. It is not indicated except in non-immune pregnant women. Immune serum globulin (ISG) in big doses is given I.M within one week of exposure.Treatment:1- Antipyretics for fever. 2- Treatment of

Congenital Rubella If rubella develops during the first trimester of pregnancy, (which is the period of organogenesis). Transplacental congenital infection from infected mother.Features of congenital rubella syndrome:1-Intrauterine growth retardation, small for gestational age and failure to thrive2-Nerve deafness3- Microcephaly and mental retardation4- Congenital heart disease (PDA, VSD)5- Cataract, glaucoma, and cloudy cornea6- Thrombocytopenic purpura, hepatosplenomegaly, and osteopathy

 HFMD- Is common viral infection that primarily effected infant and young children under 10 years old. Its caused by virus. Is an endemic disease in Malaysia. Become an important public health disease due to its tendency to cause large outbreaks and deaths among children and infants.

Etiology agent Intestinal viruses of the picornaviridae famil Coxsacki virus A16 Enterovirus 71 (EV71)Incubation period 3 to 7 days Preceded by fever Followed by blister/rash

Transmitted Direct contact – nose & throat secretion, saliva, blister fluid, stool of infected person Infected person are most contagious during first week of illness Viruses may continued to be excreted in the stools of infected person for up to a month Usually active during autumn and summer.

Clinical feature Begin with mild fever, poor appetite, malaise and sore throat 1 to 2 days after onset of fever, painful sores develop in the mouth -----Small red spots that blister, then often become ulcer ------Tongue, gum and insides the cheek Non itchy skin rashes develop over 1 to 2 days ------Flat or raised red spots sometimes with blister

Blister palm of the hand

Blister on dorsum and sole of thefeet

Complication uncommon. Enterovirus EV71 neurological complications such as aseptic meningitis and encephalitis. Cases of fatal encephalitis which occurred during outbreaks of HFMD in Malaysia in 1997 and in Taiwan in 1998 were caused by EV71.

Diagnosed Clinical finding Serological test Throat swab Stool culture

Treatment Symptomatic treatment Fever treated with antipyrexia Pain with analgesia Mouth washes to lessen the oral pain Adequate fluid intake- dehydration No specific effective antiviral and vaccination

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Fever and rash by Dr.Uma

by Dr. Rubzzzz on Aug 12, 2012

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Fever and rash by Dr.Uma Presentation Transcript