Chapter 1 American History No Movies

Slide 1: Created By Ronna Williams Chapter 1: Converging Cultures Section 1: Migration to America Take Extremely Good Notes- This is all the information you will be given in my class. You will need it to pass this class.

Slide 2: Geologists believe that the first humans came to America when the Earth’s water froze into glaciers. As the water froze, the floor of the ocean was revealed. This provided a Land bridge for the people to walk across into America. WHERE DID THEY COME FROM?

Slide 3: The Journey From Asia The first people migrated from Asia to North, Central, and South America during the last Ice Age. They reached the Americas thousands of years ago. This migration took centuries, and people spread out across the Americas as far east as the Atlantic Ocean and as far south as the tip of South America.

Slide 4: These early people crossed a land bridge from Siberia in northeastern Asia to present-day Alaska. This land bridge, Beringia, now lies under the waters of the Bering Strait. These early Americans were nomads, moving from place to place in search of food. - were skilled hunters. They used every part of the animal for food, clothing, weapons, and tools.

Slide 5: Primordial Soup Theory Some people think that the first humans formed from a soup of bacteria , chemicals and amino acids in a warm pond or ocean. They believe that humans crawled out of this Primordial Soup after they grew legs.

Slide 6: Creation Scholars believe they have determined the actual location of the Garden of Eden. Adam & Eve were driven out of the Garden of Eden & angels with flaming swords guarded the Garden, so they could never return.

Slide 7: This Is Present Day Iraq

Slide 8: Hunter-Gatherers The earliest arrivals to America were nomads. This means they moved around from place to place looking for food. As time passed, the hunter- gathers learned how to plant & raise crops.

Slide 9: Neolithic Revolution When Farming Began Once they could grow food, they developed farms. Someone had to tend to the crops as they grew and be there for the harvest. This caused villages to develop around the farms. Some of the first crops the nomads learned to grow were squash, beans and pumpkins, but their most important crop was maize—another word for corn.

Slide 10: How Farming Changes things As the families formed a village, not everyone had to tend to the crops. People began to become skilled in other areas. Some fashioned arrows. Other became experienced basket weavers. Several men became expert hunters or fishermen.

Slide 11: Government Begins As the villages grew filled with many families, there was a new need for order. You can imagine how arguments or situations would develop in their new way of living. Government began to develop to settle these disputes. In North America, this marked the actual beginning of civilization.

Slide 12: Civilization A highly organized society that has increasing knowledge of trade, government, arts (crafts), science, and most of the time a written language. One of the most interesting civilizations to develop were the Aztecs.

Slide 13: Aztecs Had a Grand City Called TENOCHTITLAN Located in Present-day Mexico City! We are Going to Do a Deeper Study of the Aztecs Later in This Chapter. Let’s add to the list of civilizations that developed in North America.

Slide 14: Anasazi This civilization developed where Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico now meet. The area where these 4 states meet is called the Four Corners Region. They farmed in some harsh desert conditions building basins & ditches to collect rainwater. The lived in large multi-story buildings made from adobe and stone. These homes are called Pueblos.

Slide 15: Four Corners

Slide 16: Anasazi Anasazi Structures Discovered by a Cowboy in the 1800s. Pictures:copyright to Ray Rasmussen webpage: http://raysweb.net

Slide 17: stonework of the Anasazi

Slide 18: Anasazi Art Work

Slide 19: Anasazi Storage Bins

Slide 20: Inuit & Aleut These civilizations developed around Alaska. Both groups hunted whales, seals and polar bears. Engineered the creation of the first harpoon, kayak and dogsled. They are the only Native Americans who developed lamps using whale blubber for fuel.

Slide 21: Hohokam This Civilization developed in Arizona. Developed Irrigation canals which brought water from hundreds of miles away to their crops By the 1500s this culture had vanished.

Slide 22: This is a Hohokam Ball Court

Slide 23: Zuni & Hopi Civilizations These people were descendants of the Anasazi & Hohokam (Lived in the same southwestern area of America) They continued the farming traditions Believed in a spirit world When the boys turned six, they joined a kachina cult, wore masks & danced to summon the kachinas Kachina means good spirit

Slide 24: The Great Plains Civilization They were farmers, but suddenly abandoned the area. They became nomadic hunters. Followed the herds of buffalo on foot Once horses were brought to America by Spain, the wild descendants of those horses were tamed by the people of the Great Plains. They became expert riders, hunters & warriors.

Slide 25: Horses were first brought to America by Spain. Some of these horses got away during war or were left behind when the Spanish set sail. They populated the great plains area untouched by humans. The Great Plains people tamed these wild horses.

Slide 26: First the Great Plains People Farmed, but stopped for an unknown reason. They began to follow the herds of buffalo on foot. They only killed what was needed to survive & respected the buffalo. Their lives were completely dependant on the survival of the buffalo.

Slide 27: Iroquois Civilization Lived in present-day New York Practiced Slash & Burn Agriculture Lived in Long Houses Each group formed a clan

Slide 28: Iroquois Iroquois used slash & burn agriculture. They cut down the forests, burned & cleared the land. This made the soil rich in nitrogen from the ashes.

Slide 29: Iroquois They lived in longhouses. Longhouses housed 10 families. Each of these 10 families was a clan. The clan was headed by the strongest woman of the clan. She was the Matriarch.

Slide 30: War would break out between all the different clans within the Iroquois groups. •! Five groups formed an alliance to maintain peace. •! When all Five groups joined together, they were called the Iroquois League. •! The agreement the five groups entered into was called THE GREAT BINDING LAW.

Slide 31: LongHouse A sixth nation joined later called the Tuscarora

Slide 37: Assessment Write these terms & define each one. Ice Age Glacier Nomad Civilization Pueblo Kachina Slash & burn agriculture longhouse

Slide 38: Reviewing Themes Geography and History How did an Ice Age make it possible for Asian hunters to migrate to the Americas? Water froze, sea levels dropped, and large areas of land such as Beringia were exposed, allowing migration.

Slide 39: Questions How did the first people come to North America? Explain the Primordial Soup Theory. Where did civilization begin before the first humans came to America and in present-day geography in which country is this located ?

Slide 40: In this same location, what do scholars also believe was once located near the place where civilization began? Why couldn’t Adam & Eve return to the Garden of Eden? If the first Americans were nomads, how did they get food? How did the agricultural revolution lead to the growth of permanent settlements? What was the most important crop?

Slide 41: Explain how farming changed the way some people worked. Why did government first develop? What was the grand city of the Aztecs? Where is this in present-day geography? Which civilization developed around the four corners region?

Slide 42: What states make up the four corners region? What were the homes of the Anasazi called? Which two civilizations developed around Alaska? List 3 inventions of the Alaskan civilizations? What development of the Alaskan civilization did no other Native American group have?

Slide 43: Answer the following questions about the Hohokam: Where were they? What did they do? What happened to these people? Which civilizations believed in Kachinas? Which civilization was affected mostly by the buffalo & the horse?

Slide 44: Which country brought horses to America? Which civilization lived in New York? Since this New York Civilization was headed by the strongest female, what is the leader called? How many tribes eventually formed the Iroquois League? What was the name of the agreement they entered into?

Slide 45: Section 2 Europe & Africa

Slide 46: Middle Ages •! The period from about 500 to 1400 is called the Middle Ages. •! During this time, Europe is in a mess. •! The entire economy had collapsed.

Slide 47: During the Middle Ages.. 1.! Money was no longer used 2.! Law & order vanished 3.! Roads fell into disrepair 4.! Cities just disintegrated 5.! People knew nothing about life beyond their own tiny villages

Slide 48: Feudalism •! After the Middle Ages, since the government had failed, a new political system developed. •! Remember, there is no law & order.

Slide 49: European Swords weighed about 6 to 12 pounds. The user needed 2 hands to fight!

Slide 51: Manorialism described the economic relationship between the Nobles & the peasants.

Slide 52: PEASANTS •! Peasants lived on the estates of the Lords. •! In return for the protection during this lawless time, the peasants farmed the Lords’ lands. •! Most of the peasants fell into the category of SERFS. •! Serfs were bound to the land and the lord. •! Serfs were not considered slaves because they could not be bought or sold.

Slide 53: The Peasants or Serfs lived in tiny one room houses with dirt floors. They slept huddled together to keep warm. Their main diet consisted of porridge & bread •! Porridge was made from dried peas seasoned with a piece of pork fat.

Slide 55: Things Change •! Neither the Middle Ages nor Feudalism lasted forever. •! The religion of Islam began to spread like wildfire! •! Christians wanted to prevent Islam from taking over the world. •! They launched an effort to stop Islam from spreading & spread Christianity. •! This effort is historically known as The Crusades.

Slide 56: The Crusades •! The Crusades were really nine expeditions inspired by Pope Urban II to defeat Islam. The threat of Islam was so great the nobles began to sell their estates, free the serfs and join The Crusades. They felt it was their duty to the Christian faith. This marked the end of Feudalism & Manorialism. The Crusades took them to many foreign lands & they brought back many new ideas & new technologies. A great trade developed with Asia. The problem was that all the things they wanted from Asia could only be obtained by dealing with the Muslims whose religion was Islam!

Slide 57: To get spices from Asia they would be forced to do business with the people they were trying to defeat. This is what caused the desire to find a new route to reach Asia. They could cut the Muslims out of the deal.

Slide 58: Europeans were Christian & did not like giving their money to Muslims If they could !nd a way around the Muslims" They could get the spices they needed & save some money" too!

Slide 59: •! Why did they need spices so bad? There was no warm water or running water. People went weeks without bathing. There was no refrigeration, so meat would rot quickly. The spices helped to mask the smell and taste of rancid meat. Salt would cure the meat &

Slide 60: Four Strong States Emerged that Would Finance Trade & Exploration •! Portugal At this same time, an •! Spain intellectual revolution began. •! England It is known as the •! France Renaissance. It lasted from about 1350-1600.

Slide 61: This began the age of exploration! Exploration required new technology: ,--."#*/'0#12'3'!++42' !"#$%$%&'$%'(#)$&#*$+% !ey needed Ships "at wouldn#t ge$ %wa&owed up by "e ocea'

Slide 62: The Chinese invention of the compass showed the direction of magnetic north.

Slide 63: The Arabs improved an invention called the astrolabe The Astrolabe measured the altitude of the sun, moon, planets and stars.

Slide 64: Mapmakers called cartographers were unaware of North & South America A mapmaker named Ptolemy made many of the inaccurate maps for explorers.

Slide 65: No one knew that tribes of Native Americans were living In a New World not even recorded on European Maps

Slide 66: We shouldn’t judge Ptolemy too harshly. He could only rely on the stories the men aboard ships brought back to him. There were no satellites to help Ptolemy recognize North & South America

Slide 67: The Portuguese developed a ship called the Caravel and they began to search for a new route to Asia. The Caravel was designed with: •! new triangular shaped sails instead of all square •! New steering rudder instead of steering oars •! And a shallow hull

Slide 68: People To Remember Henry the Navigator: a prince from Portugal who opened a school to train in the areas of geography, map making, astronomy & shipbuilding.

Slide 69: Portugal Leads The Way A Portuguese sailor named Bartholomeu Dias sailed to the southern tip of Africa. Now" the Muslims could be bypassed to get spices from Asia#

Slide 70: The Tip of Africa Passageway Became Known as The Cape of Good Hope Bartholomeu Dias

Slide 71: Bartholomeu Dias found The Cape of Good Hope, but the first European to actually sail all the way around Africa & reach Asia was Vasco Da Gama

Slide 73: Traditional African Religion ANIMISM 1. Belief in one remote Supreme Being. 2. A world of spirits (good & bad) in all things. 3. Ancestor veneration. 4. Belief in magic, charms, and fetishes. 5. Diviner ! mediator between the tribe and God.

Slide 74: Fetishes Statuettes called “fetishes,” for example, are thought to give substance to invisible spiritual intermediaries.

Slide 75: Ancestors

Slide 76: The Soninke people Sonike created the first African empire in Ghana and became wealthy selling gold & salt. Muslims conquered Ghana & soon Ghana was bypassed by traders. The wealthy empire of Ghana collapsed.

Slide 77: •!The Malinke Malinke People grew wealthy controlling They helped make Timbuktu from gold and A great center of trade & Learning conquered Ghana. •!They built the empire of Mali where the religion of Islam flourished. •!Farmers in the area still held to the traditional African religion

Slide 78: •!The Sorko fished and Sorko People controlled trade along the Niger River. •!They built the empire of Songhai using the wealth they gained from controlling this trade. •!The empire revived Timbuktu as a great center of trade and for the Muslim religion.

Slide 79: Slavery & Sugar •! During the Crusades, the people of Western Europe learned about Sugarcane from the Muslims. Slaves were also used Europeans had usually used by other Africans to honey to sweeten their work in the Gold coffee & tea, but sugar was a mines. wonderful new discovery. Spain & Portugal established sugar plantations on the islands of Canary & Madeira. They used slaves to work on the plantations.

Slide 81: AXUM

Slide 82: Assessment Define 1.! Feudalism 2.! Manorialism 3.! Serf 4.! Renaissance 5.! Astrolabe 6.! Caravel 7.! Savannah 8.! Cartography 9.! Fetishes 10.! Animism

Slide 83: Questions 1.! List five major problems in the Middle Ages. 2.! What relationship did Feudalism actually deal with? 3.! What relationship did Manorialism actually deal with? 4.! Describe the life of a peasant (serf) to include how they lived & what they ate?

Slide 84: 5.! How did The Crusades bring an end to Feudalism? 6.! What were The Crusades & what was the purpose of The Crusades? 7.! Why did the Europeans need spices so badly? 8.! Which four states emerged to finance trade and exploration? 9.! What was the Renaissance? 10.! Where did the Europeans acquire the astrolabe?

Slide 85: 11.! What is a compass & where did the Europeans acquire it? 12.! What is a caravel, who developed it & what were its qualities? 13.! Identify Henry the Navigator. 14.! Identify Bartolomeu Dias. 15.! Identify Vasco da Gama. 16.! How did camels help Africans & from where did they get the camels? 17.! What is the Sahara? 18.! What is the name of the main river in Africa?

Slide 86: Identify the following African Peoples to include location, culture, ect. Sonike, Malinke, Sorko, Axum,

Slide 87: Section 3 Europe Encounters America

Slide 88: Columbus Didn’t What? Christopher Columbus was not the first European to arrive in North America. When he did bump into to America, he was just lost. He didn!t discover America like your first history book might!ve told you. This accomplishment was really the work of Leif Ericsson

Slide 89: Leif Ericsson 500 years before Columbus, Leif Ericsson discovered America. He was a Viking from Scandinavia. He and his crew tried to create colonies, but the Native American were too fierce. The Vikings were outnumbered & the colonies failed.

Slide 90: This is a statue of Leif located in Iceland. It was a gift from the United States of America

Slide 91: Mapmakers called cartographers were unaware of North & South America A mapmaker named Ptolemy made many of the inaccurate maps for explorers.

Slide 92: No one knew that tribes of Native Americans were living In a New World not even recorded on European Maps

Slide 93: Story of Columbus The inaccurate map that Christopher Columbus used was created by Claudius Ptolemy. While the map did indicate a round world rather than flat, the distance & size of the earth was recorded much too small. Ptolemy’s maps never even documented the continents we now call North & South America.

Slide 94: Before we judge Ptolemy too harshly, we need to remember that he did not have access to any of the tools we use today. He was stepping into the unknown & recording what he had been told by sailors.

Slide 95: Ptolemy developed a grid system of longitude & latitude lines which we still use today. !"#$#%&'()!$*'+),%* Longitude: -"+#)"*&).'+# Lines run north and south!

Slide 96: We already know that Europe found a trade route to Asia around the southern tip of Africa. (From Lesson 2) Columbus wanted to explore a new way to reach Asia. He begged for financial help & was turned down many times.

Slide 97: Columbus finally convinced Spain’s King & Queen to finance his exploration! King Ferdinand Queen Isabella

Slide 98: Columbus touched land on an island of the Bahamas# He thought he was in India" so he called the people Indians# Columbus died still believing he had found a new route to Asia. He Was Lost!

Slide 99: Many People Argue that Columbus didn’t discover anything! !"#$%&'% (')%$"*+,-

Slide 100: Spain had sent Columbus to explore Portugal had sent Vespucci to explore Both countries wanted a claim in the New World They went to the Pope for help

Slide 101: Portugal & Spain were in a race to see who could claim the most land and win the rights to a new route to Asia. (India) Both countries went to the Pope to settle their dispute. Pope Alexander VI established : Line of Demarcation This was an imaginary line that ran north & south. This line would divide the world. Everything which had not been claimed yet to the west of the line would belong to Spain Everything to the East would belong to P ortugal. The deal was sealed when the countries signed the Treaty of Tordesillas Goldhil. "Just the Facts World History Series: The Age of Discovery." unitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/

Slide 102: No one recognized the Treaty of Tordesillas except for Spain & Portugal. Dividing the World Was Not Going to be as easy as Signing a Treaty!

Slide 103: A M E It wasn’t until 1507 that another Italian R I explorer discovered Columbus had been wrong! G Amerigo Vespucci realized he was in a New O World rather than Asia. V The new continents began to be drawn into the E S maps as cartographers heard the news! The P U Cartographers began to write the name C America on the maps in honor of the man who C I discovered them.

Slide 104: Vasco de Balboa He was an indebted planter who stowed away on a ship to America. He made his way through disease- ridden jungles & swamps to become the very first European to see the Pacific Ocean-this ocean really does lead to China & India. He was around the area of Panama.

Slide 106: Voyage of Magellan 1517 Ferdinand Magellan was from Portugal, but he was sailing for the Spanish. Magellan’s mission was to try to find a western route to Asia. Magellan began his voyage with 5 ships

Slide 107: Three of the ships attempted mutiny Two captains were unhappy with Magellan’s decision to stay in South America until the spring When Magellan found out about the Mutiny, he executed one of the Captains He spared the second captain’s life, but left him marooned.

Slide 108: Magellan found a narrow waterway near the southern tip of South America. Magellan Strait was a jagged & rocky water way that stretched 350 miles

Slide 109: The strong currents & strange winds separated one of the ships from the others. The lost ship was forced to return to Spain. Another ship crashed against the jagged rocks. With only 3 ships left, Magellan made it to the South Sea. He named it The Pacific Ocean!

Slide 110: Magellan finally reached the Philippines Magellan became friends with a local chief & even convinced him to become a Christian The Chief had an enemy Magellan was killed when he got caught in a fight between Chief and his enemy Magellan’s crew escaped & sailed away on one final ship They were able to keep The Victoria, Magellan’s ship.

Slide 111: The Victoria arrived back in Spain after being gone three years. Though Magellan had been killed on the voyage, since his crew completed the circumnavigation, Magellan was given historical credit. Circumnavigate means to circle the globe

Slide 112: The World Was What Did Magellan’s Round Voyage Prove? The World Was Larger Than Anyone Imagined

Slide 113: Recap of Magellan’s Voyage Five ships were under his command & three of his ships attempted mutiny because the journey was exhausting & they were running out of food. When Magellan learned of this plan to overtake his command. The blame rested on 2 captains. The plan failed because his crews remained loyal to him. He executed the captain who began the mutiny forgiving the other captain, but leaving him marooned on the coast. Magellan quickly regained control of the voyage.

Slide 114: The journey continued. He found a narrow water way near the southern tip of South America. (The Strait of Magellan) It was jagged & rocky for 350 miles. The strong currents & strange winds separated one of the ships from the others. This ship was forced to return to Spain. Another of the ships was crushed against the huge rocks. The crew members loaded aboard the other ships and watched the wrecked on go down.

Slide 115: The crew sailed on to Philippines where Magellan made friends with a tribe and its leader. Magellan even got the leader to accept Christianity. Magellan agreed to help him in a conflict against another tribe.

Slide 116: The rival chief and his tribe slaughtered Magellan as he came ashore to fight for his new chief friend. Magellan had written in his will that his indentured servant was to be freed, but the remaining ships’ captains refused to free him . Magellan’s chief friend from the island sent help to free the indentured servant & killed 30 crew members in the process of honoring Magellan’s wishes. All the deaths of crew members in the Philippines prevented the men from sailing all three ships that were remaining.

Slide 117: They burned one of the ships & loaded the other t wo with crew members. These remaining ships were loaded with valuable spices. They realized one of the final t wo ships was taking on water & it was captured by the Portuguese. It was completely destroyed in a storm after being taken by Portugal. The final ship that remained from Magellan’s voyage sailed for home.

Slide 118: 20 of the crew died of starvation before making it home. The captain abandoned 13 more men fearing he would lose his cargo of 26 tons of spices. When the final few made it home, only four of the original 55 crew members made it back alive to Spain. Though Magellan died, the crew he began completed the circumnavigation of the globe.

Slide 119: Magellan’s ship was called the Victoria & it was the only Ship that made it back.

Slide 120: What Did Magellan’s Voyage Prove? • Proved beyond any doubt that the world was round • Determined that the Earth was much larger than anyone had ever imagined.

Slide 121: • In 1513, A Spanish explorer named Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. • Ponce de Leon was searching for the fountain of youth. • It was said to have magical power to restore youth to any person who drank from it. • He described the land as “full of flowers” • This is what Florida means in Spanish.

Slide 122: Columbian Exchange When people from different lands came to America, the continent no one knew even existed, there was an exchange bet ween the natives and the visitors. This exchange is known as the Columbian Exchange.

Slide 123: The Native Americans introduced the Europeans to new farming methods and crops. Many Europeans took corn, tobacco and peanuts back to Europe from the New World. The most important New World crop they took back was the potato. Native American inventions were taken back by the Europeans, too. Hammocks, ponchos, canoes & toboggans.

Slide 124: The Europeans introduced the Native Americans to wheat, oats, coffee and oranges. They brought animals to the new world that had never been there before. them! Pigs ith tg un sw Cows gh an sb rou Chickens pe E uro horses

Slide 125: The Columbian Exchange • The most important part of the Columbian Exchange was the invisible one. ea se D is Europeans had immunity to European disease, but the Native Americans had been isolated and never exposed to these diseases.

Slide 126: • Chicken Pox, Measles, Small Pox and Mumps killed millions of Native Americans. • The Europeans did catch some Native American diseases, but it did not wipe out populations. • The Native Americans on the island of Hispaniola were reduced from 1 million to only 500 in a span of only 50 years. These deaths were from European disease.

Slide 127: Who discovered America? Who created the inaccurate map that Columbus used? Who financed Columbus’ journey? Who settled the dispute bet ween Spain & Portugal with The Line of Demarcation? What is the Line of Demarcation? What agreement did Spain & Portugal sign to finalize this deal?

Slide 128: Who is America’s namesake? Who discovered Florida? What was he looking for? What does Florida mean? Who was Vasco de Balboa and why should we remember him? Of the five ships who set sail with Magellan, how many actually made the complete journey? What term means to go completely around?

Slide 129: What did Magellan name the ocean and what does this name mean? What happened to the 2 captains who planned a mutiny against Magellan? Explain how Magellan died? What had Magellan ordered to be done in his will, yet his crew refused to honor it? What t wo things did Magellan’s voyage prove?

Slide 130: How many of the original crew members made the full voyage? What was the worst part of the Columbian exchange? Which island of Native Americans were brought to edge of extinction by the Columbian exchange? Make a list of things the Europeans gave to the Native Americans. Make a list of things the Native Americans gave to the Europeans.

Slide 131: Chapter 1 Lesson 4 Spain & France Build Empires Ms. Ronna Williams

Slide 157: •! By 1760, New France had 70,000 people. •! They began to explore North America. •! A priest named Jacques Marquette & a fur trader named Louis Joliet began searching for a waterway the Native Americans had told them about. •! They found it- The Mississippi

Slide 176: http://www.vrmag.org/projects/minainvaticano/ english/