Academic Writing in English: Guiding the reader through title, abstract and introduction 2019

1. Guiding the reader: Title, Abstract and Introduction Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez PRPPG7000 - Academic Writing in English

2. Syllabus outline • 28/08 - Introduction • 04/09 - IMRaD, Most common errors, electronic tools • 11/09 - Strategic planning for your article: CARS and other approaches • 18/09 - Title, Abstract e Introduction • 25/09 - Writing your Introduction • 02/10 - Coherence, cohesion and clarity, and use of authorial voice • 09/10 - (Introduction due) The Method and Results sections • 16/10- The Discussion section • 23/10 - Discussing and Concluding • 30/10 - Writing (no class) • 06/11 - Students exchange articles (no class) • 13/11 - (peer feedback due) Special guest speaker • 20/11 - Plagiarism, the submission process

3. Today: 1. Review key concepts from last week 2. Explore the importance of titles and the structure of abstracts 3. Concept of “Problem-Solution” 4. Look ahead to starting your Introduction section

4. "They Say, I Say" • "(A) writer needs to indicate not only what his or her thesis is, but also what larger conversation that thesis is responding to." (p. 20) • "(W)hen is comes to constructing an argument […], remember that you are entering a conversation and therefore need to start with 'what others are saying'…" (p. 20)

5. A good example (from "Josephine") "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. "

8. A good example (from "Josephine") "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. " 1

9. A good example (from "Josephine") "Epilepsy affects cognition and many studies show that one of its most affected functions is memory. However, little is said about the executive functions, which are essential for carrying out activities of daily living and problem solving. The present study aims to describe executive functions in adults with refractory epilepsy, comprehending the components of inhibitory control, working memory and cognitive flexibility. " 1 2

10. A good example (from "Karen") "Heparin is the main anticoagulant agent used to treat thrombosis or to prevent abnormal clot formation, however, it has adverse effects in patients. For this reason, many studies seek alternatives to this medicine, among them, the study of sulfated polysaccharides has gained notoriety in the literature, especially the use of citrus pectin. However, up to now there are no reports in the literature on the structural modification of citrus pectin and its sulfation optimization with SO3-pyridine and its implications in anticoagulant activity, which may lead to the improvement of its sulfation process and the enhancement

13. A good example (from "Karen") "Heparin is the main anticoagulant agent used to treat thrombosis or to prevent abnormal clot formation, however, it has adverse effects in patients. For this reason, many studies seek alternatives to this medicine, among them, the study of sulfated polysaccharides has gained notoriety in the literature, especially the use of citrus pectin. However, up to now there are no reports in the literature on the structural modification of citrus pectin and its sulfation optimization with SO3-pyridine and its implications in anticoagulant activity, which may lead to the improvement of its sulfation process and the enhancement 1

14. A good example (from "Karen") "Heparin is the main anticoagulant agent used to treat thrombosis or to prevent abnormal clot formation, however, it has adverse effects in patients. For this reason, many studies seek alternatives to this medicine, among them, the study of sulfated polysaccharides has gained notoriety in the literature, especially the use of citrus pectin. However, up to now there are no reports in the literature on the structural modification of citrus pectin and its sulfation optimization with SO3-pyridine and its implications in anticoagulant activity, which may lead to the improvement of its sulfation process and the enhancement 1 2

17. The Naysayer

19. "They might question the instruments we used for the neuropsychological evalutaion. As this reasearch is self- funded, we had to choose from instruments that were free of charge, acessible through the literature. However, one may say other instruments were better suited for our purpose."

20. Can you hear the Naysayer? 1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.” 2. “The importance of this subject has already been well established.” 3. “The results of this research conclusively prove that the participants improved.”

21. Not aware of Naysayer 1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.”

22. Not aware of Naysayer 1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.” Aware of Naysayer To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no research on this topic...

23. Not aware of Naysayer 1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.” 2. “The importance has already been well established.” Aware of Naysayer To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no research on this topic…

24. Not aware of Naysayer 1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.” 2. “The importance has already been well established.” Aware of Naysayer To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no research on this topic… The importance has already been well established (2-11).

25. Not aware of Naysayer 1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.” 2. “The importance has already been well established.” 3. “The results of this research conclusively prove that the participants improved.” Aware of Naysayer To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no research on this topic… The importance has already been well established (2-11).

26. Not aware of Naysayer 1. “There has been no research on this topic so far in the literature.” 2. “The importance has already been well established.” 3. “The results of this research conclusively prove that the participants improved.” Aware of Naysayer To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no research on this topic… The importance has already been well established (2-11). The results of this research provide compelling evidence that participants improved.

27. Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

28. 12 Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

29. 12 Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

30. C.A.R.S. (Swales, 1990) • Create • A • Research • Space INTRODUÇÃO

31. C.A.R.S. (Swales, 1990) • Create • A • Research • Space INTRODUÇÃO

32. C.A.R.S. and IMRaD in Abstracts Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

33. DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION METHOD RESULT S I.M.R.aD.

34. C.A.R.S. and IMRaD in Abstracts Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

35. I M R D Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR

37. "C.A.R.S." framework • Establish “territory”: Mention importance, what the “conversation” is. • Establish “niche”: Mention the “gap.” • Occupy niche: Say how that gap will be (or was) filled. 1 2 3

38. Example: Abstract There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep. Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study examined reported sleep duration and possible associations with health concerns. Results show that older adults generally require less sleep than younger adults.

39. Example: Abstract There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep. Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study examined reported sleep duration among the elderlyand possible associations with health concerns. Results show that older adults generally require less sleep than younger adults.

40. Example: Abstract There is a growing concern that people are not getting enough sleep. Moreover, there is increasing evidence of an association between sleep and adult health. However, there is still little research on how much sleep older adults (>65) need. This retrospective cohort study examined reported sleep duration among the elderly and possible associations with health concerns. Results show that older adults generally require less sleep than younger adults.

42. Brazilian journal analyzed

43. Common problem: No “Space” created • Establish “territory”: Mention importance, what the “conversation” is. • Establish “niche”: Mention the “gap.” • Occupy niche: Say how that gap will be (or was) filled. 1 2 3

45. Common problem: No “Space” created • Establish “territory”: Mention importance, what the “conversation” is. • Establish “niche”: Mention the “gap.” • Occupy niche: Say how that gap will be (or was) filled. 1 2 3

49. DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION METHOD RESULT S I.M.R.aD. TITLE

50. 1998

51. ZEUM

53. 2011

54. “Zeum” press release: "Although the name Zeum sounded fun, it didn't provide parents with any clues about what they and their children would experience.”

56. Abstract There is a popular belief that alcohol consumption can help someone speak a foreign language more fluently. However, there is no evidence in the current literature to support this idea. This study aimed to investigate the effect of drinking alcoholic beverages on how adult learners of English perceive themselves (self-ratings), and how they are perceived by others (peer-ratings). Results of show that consuming alcohol drinks positively affected perception of fluency.

57. Which title do you like most? A. Can drinking alcohol make you speak a foreign language more fluently? Evidence from a quasi-experimental study B. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol C2H5OH) consumption by human adults in distilled form: effects on neuromuscular verbal articulation in a foreign language C. Drinking alcohol positively affects fluency in a foreign language D. The effects of consuming alcoholic beverages on foreign language fluency

58. kahoot.it

59. Different types of titles 1. Transparent 2. Finding 3. Implication/Application 4. Method-focused 5. Question 6. Effect 7. Elaboration 8. Quote

60. 1. Transparent

61. Transparent A importância de andar com guardachuva em Curitiba

62. Transparent

63. Transparent

64. 2. Finding

65. Finding Sair de casa sem guardachuva aumenta probabilidade de chuvas Resumo Das últimas décadas, fala-se muito sobre a necessidade de se sentir protegido da chuva.

66. Finding

67. Finding

69. 3. Implication/Application

70. Implication/Application Reduzindo as chances de esquecer o guardachuva

71. Implication/Application

72. 4. Method-focused

73. Method-focused

74. Method-focused

75. Method-focused

76. 5. Question

77. Question Sair de casa sem guardachuva provoca a chuva?

78. Question

79. Question

80. 6. Effect

81. Effect Efeito de porte de guardachuva na precipitação de Curitiba

82. Effect

83. Effect

84. 7. Elaboration

85. Elaboration Animais que precisam ser tirados da chuva: o caso do cavalinho

86. Elaboration

87. Elaboration

88. 8. Quote

89. 8. Quote "De novo perdi o guardachuva": causas de esquecimento de dispositivos anti-pluviais na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba

90. Quote

91. Quote

92. Quote

93. Mixed/Hybrid

94. Abstract There is a popular belief that alcohol consumption can help someone speak a foreign language more fluently. However, there is no evidence in the current literature to support this idea. This study aimed to investigate the effect of drinking alcoholic beverages on how adult learners of English perceive themselves (self-ratings), and how they are perceived by others (peer-ratings). Results of show that consuming alcohol drinks positively affected perception of fluency.

96. Don't make your title too long!

114. Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR CLAIM

115. Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR CLAIM EVIDENCE

117. CLAIM

118. CLAIM EVIDENCE?

121. BUILDING AN ARGUMENT

123. DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION METHOD RESULT S I.M.R.aD. TITLE EVIDENCE

124. DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION METHOD RESULT S I.M.R.aD. TITLE EVIDENCE CLAIM

125. DISCUSSION INTRODUCTION METHOD RESULT S I.M.R.aD. TITLE EVIDENCE CLAIM EVIDENCE CLAIM

126. 12 Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR 3

127. A linguistic inside look •Analyze the grammar used in each “move” •Analyze vocabulary and phrases used •Note and copy!

133. 2 Prof. Dr. Ron Martinez - UFPR 3 CLAIM EVIDENCE CLAIM

153. Every area has its SPECIFICITIES!

155. Choose a mentor text!

158. But I have no data! • Try to get some! • Think of the article you produce for this class as a “template.” • Best option: use your partial data. • Good option: use unused data (adviser, lab, classmate...). • Another option: Build on what you did before (TCC, dissertation, etc.) • Worst case scenario: Consider a review (e.g. scoping review) article. • You have no topic yet? Create one! (Use your adviser.)

159. ARTICLE INTRODUCTION • Don’t just copy from your dissertation/thesis

160. ARTICLE INTRODUCTION • Rewrite that story!

162. YOU

163. YOU LIT REVIEW

164. YOU LIT REVIEW ARTICLE

168. The Introduction

170. Syllabus outline • 28/08 - Introduction • 04/09 - IMRaD, Most common errors, electronic tools • 11/09 - Strategic planning for your article: CARS and other approaches • 18/09 - Title, Abstract e Introduction • 25/09 - Writing your Introduction • 02/10 - Coherence, cohesion and clarity, and use of authorial voice • 09/10 - (Introduction due) The Method and Results sections • 16/10- The Discussion section • 23/10 - Discussing and Concluding • 30/10 - Writing (no class) • 06/11 - Students exchange articles (no class) • 13/11 - (peer feedback due) Special guest speaker • 20/11 - Plagiarism, the submission process

172. What tools do you have in your toolbox?

173. Focus on what you know... • You are familiar with the typical Introduction structure (e.g. CARS). • You are aware of the “They say”, “Naysayer”, and your “Niche.” • You know what you should and should not try to “copy.” • You are aware of some typical grammar mistakes. • You can be a "linguistic detective" using tools Google Scholar, Google Translate, Grammarly, SKELL e AntConc, and a mentor text.

174. Choose a mentor text!

175. What’s left (perhaps)... •Create a title. •Find "mentor articles" (perhaps with your adviser) and analyze the Introduction, "plagiarizing" useful linguistic features. •Write your Introduction!

177. Remember...

Academic Writing in English: Guiding the reader through title, abstract and introduction 2019

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