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Department of Languages
PUC Minas - Sociolinguistics/ Dialectology
Prof. Rodrigo Pelegrini Honorato
Enfoque Letras
How it all started…
Back in the dates -
 Migration from England to
 the USA, Slaveholders, Uncle
 Toms, Africans, skin color
 (yellow bone, red bone), lack
 of reading and writing;
African American Vernacular English –
(AAVE)
 AAVE is colloquially known as Ebonics,
 which is a portmanteau / combination of
 “Ebony” and “Phonics” also called Black
 English, Black Vernacular, or Black English
 Vernacular (BEV);
 It has pronunciation characteristics in
 common with various West African
 languages, Creole, and British English.
Warm-up
Is there a specific grammar?
Is BEV “incorrect”, “inappropriate”,
 or “sloppy”?
Do black people linguistically
 suffer because of it?
Is it accepted in the Business
 world?
Warm-up
 What is slang? How much slang does
  Ebonics have?
 How is slang used?/What is it for?
  (DEA/FBI)
 Does every single black person speak BEV?
 Is it very different from Mainstream
  English/ Standard English?
 Are African Americans bilingual? “Code
  switch proposed by Garrard McClendon.
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
1. Reduction of a word-final consonant

Hand = Han’             About = ‘Bou
Passed = pas’          Perfect = Perfec’
Desk = des’            Right = Righ’
Friend = frien’         Left = lef’
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
2. Deletion of word-final single
   consonant.

Cat = ca’             chat = cha’
Vet = ve’             Get = gi’
That = da’            Shit = shi’
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
3. Realization of final “ng” as “n” in
 gerunds:

Walking = walkin’
Talking = talkin’
Mc Donalds’ slogan = I’m lovin’ it!
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
4. Realization of voiceless “th” as “t” or “f” or “v”:


Nothing = nuttin’, nu’in, nuffin’
Thin = tin
Keith = Keif
Death = Deaf
*Brother = Brover
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
5. Realization of voiced“th” as “d”:


That = da’
Brother = broda, bro’, bruh.
The = da (50 Cent – In da Club)
This = dis
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
6. Realization of “thr” sequence to “th”:

Threw = thew
Threaten = thweten
I’m throwed! = I’m thowed!
(I’m fresh,I’m cool = I’m clean = No stain on me)
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
7. Deletion or vocalization of “r” after a
  vowel: It also happens in British English.

Sister = sistuh, sis’          Water =
 watah
Gangster = gangsta             For sure = fo’
 sho’ (Fo’ shizzle!)
Your = yo’                    Open the
 door! = open da do’!
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
8. Deletion of unstressed initial “a”

About = ‘bou(t) “Cuz dey kno’ ‘bout dat,
 hataz bettah chill plus I’m packin’ somn dat
 dey classify as steal...” by TRAE

Afraid = ‘frai (d)’

Among = ‘mong
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
9. Swap “ai” for “ah” such as in:

I’m = “ah’m”
Time = t”ah”m
My car= mah ca:
While = wh’ah’le
“I’m hot cuz I’m fly, you ain’t cuz ya
  not.” by MIMS
Pronunciation Features of
AAVE
10. Deletion or reduction of the
  sound“v” in words ended in –”ve”:
Love = luv
I love you = I lu’ ya!
I believe in God = “Ah” belie’ in Go’.
They deserved it = Dey deser’d it.
Black English - Girias e Palavroes?
Grammatical Features
Grammatical Features
 In AAVE or colloquially Ebonics, the verb “be” is often
 not included. See some examples:
  Ebonics                     Standard English

              He all right               He is all right


            She at home now           She is at home now


             Where you at?             Where are you?


               He workin`               He is working
Grammatical Features
 The use of the verb “be”, in Ebonics, is simplified to
  “be”, “was”, “wuz” or “is”, for all persons.

  Ebonics                        Standard English
            I be here everyday            I am here everyday


            She my homegirl         She is my close friend/ girlfriend


        We was here yesterday           We were here yesterday


            You my homeboy              You are my best friend
Grammatical Features (Song)
“Nigga you’s a window shopper
Mad at me, I think I know why
Nigga you's a window shopper
In the jewelery sto’, looking at shit you can't buy
Nigga you's a window shopper
In the dealership, trynna get a test-drive
Nigga you's a window shopper
Mad as fuck when ya see me ride by”
                         50 Cent – Window shopper
Some Slang Terms in AAVE
Man, you nuts!              I do mah thang!
She my sis!                 How ya doin’?
He my bro!
                            How ya been?
Who you?
Where ya stay?              What’s poppin’?
What’cha gon’ do tonight?   What’s crackin’ ?
“Dont’cha wish yo           Wuz gud?
girlfriend wuz hot like     Fo sho! = Fo shizzle
me?” by Pussy Cat Dolls     What it is yo’?
She bad! = Smokin’ hot!
                            What up? = Wussap?
Smoke show!
She badder!                 Sup?
She da baddast!             What it do? (Houston,TX)
Whoa, dat’s a smoke show!   Lemme git back to da
Don’t pay’em any mind!      grind!
Dat’s what she said!        Ya got chris-browned?
Negative Sentences (Double
Negative)
 I ain't step on no line. = I didn’t step on any
  line
 I ain't belie’ed what she said, man. = I did not
  believe in what she said.
 I ain't seen nobody. = I have not seen anybody.
 I ain't see nu’in = I didn’t see anything
 I ain’t no liar = I am not a liar.
 I ain’t got no cheddar = I don`t have any
  money
Grammatical Features (Song)
  Ain't no mountain high
 Ain't no valley low
 Ain't no river wide enough, baby
 If you need me call me
 no matter where you are,
 no matter how far (don't worry baby)
 just call out my name.
 I'll be there in a hurry
 You don’t need to worry
 'Cause baby there
 Ain't no mountain high enough
 Ain't no valley low enough
 Ain't no river wide enough
 To keep me from getting to you babe
                                    By Marvin Gaye
Immediate Future
 “Be + going to” is generally replaced by
 other terms such as:
  1. Finna (about to) – I finna hit the mall.
  2.Fixin’ to – I’m fixin’ to go home!
  3. I’mma - I’mma do somn now. I’mma call
 ya later!
  4. Fittin’ to – What’cha fittin’ to do homie?
  5. Gon’ – She gon’ be here in a blink of an
 eye.
Challenge – Reading in Ebonics
 What y'all up 2? Damn it! I been lookin' fo' dat jawb fo' a
  long tahme. Whatcha think we shoo b doin' 'bout dat shit?
  What I can letcha kno' bah now is dat I applied fo' it. I
  ain't no snitch but I needa keep on stackin' up da dough,
  ya knowmsayin?
 I finna jet cuz ya kno' I gotta flip a bird 2nite so I finna git
  da slab ready, nahImean? Damn, peep dis shit out nigga, a
  car fulla white girls to be taken to dat 'hood where ya
  smoked dat fuckin' punk. Whattama tell ya is dat ain't
  nobody gon' put da hands on mah doja, ya heard? I'mma
  bus da goddamn cap on dey ass if dey fuckin' jump at it,
  aaight. Lemme head out cuz five-oh 'bout to show up!
Sleep on it!
“Black English is not
 all slang, but all
 black slang is Black
 English.”
Reference Books
 Akmajian, Demers and Harnish - LINGUISTICS An
 Introduction to Language and Communication –
 Second Edition (315-320) Cambridge University Press,
 University of Arizona

 LABOV, William – Introduction to African American
 and Latino English – (122-145)
 University of Pennsylvania

 LABOV, ASH and BOBERG – Atlas of North American
 English - Department of Sociolinguistics/ University
 of Pennsylvania
Keep it Throwed!
“The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.”
“Da limits o’ mah language mean da limits o’ mah world.”
                                           * Ludwig Wittgestein

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Black English - Girias e Palavroes?

  • 1. Department of Languages PUC Minas - Sociolinguistics/ Dialectology Prof. Rodrigo Pelegrini Honorato Enfoque Letras
  • 2. How it all started… Back in the dates - Migration from England to the USA, Slaveholders, Uncle Toms, Africans, skin color (yellow bone, red bone), lack of reading and writing;
  • 3. African American Vernacular English – (AAVE)  AAVE is colloquially known as Ebonics, which is a portmanteau / combination of “Ebony” and “Phonics” also called Black English, Black Vernacular, or Black English Vernacular (BEV);  It has pronunciation characteristics in common with various West African languages, Creole, and British English.
  • 4. Warm-up Is there a specific grammar? Is BEV “incorrect”, “inappropriate”, or “sloppy”? Do black people linguistically suffer because of it? Is it accepted in the Business world?
  • 5. Warm-up  What is slang? How much slang does Ebonics have?  How is slang used?/What is it for? (DEA/FBI)  Does every single black person speak BEV?  Is it very different from Mainstream English/ Standard English?  Are African Americans bilingual? “Code switch proposed by Garrard McClendon.
  • 6. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 1. Reduction of a word-final consonant Hand = Han’ About = ‘Bou Passed = pas’ Perfect = Perfec’ Desk = des’ Right = Righ’ Friend = frien’ Left = lef’
  • 7. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 2. Deletion of word-final single consonant. Cat = ca’ chat = cha’ Vet = ve’ Get = gi’ That = da’ Shit = shi’
  • 8. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 3. Realization of final “ng” as “n” in gerunds: Walking = walkin’ Talking = talkin’ Mc Donalds’ slogan = I’m lovin’ it!
  • 9. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 4. Realization of voiceless “th” as “t” or “f” or “v”: Nothing = nuttin’, nu’in, nuffin’ Thin = tin Keith = Keif Death = Deaf *Brother = Brover
  • 10. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 5. Realization of voiced“th” as “d”: That = da’ Brother = broda, bro’, bruh. The = da (50 Cent – In da Club) This = dis
  • 11. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 6. Realization of “thr” sequence to “th”: Threw = thew Threaten = thweten I’m throwed! = I’m thowed! (I’m fresh,I’m cool = I’m clean = No stain on me)
  • 12. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 7. Deletion or vocalization of “r” after a vowel: It also happens in British English. Sister = sistuh, sis’ Water = watah Gangster = gangsta For sure = fo’ sho’ (Fo’ shizzle!) Your = yo’ Open the door! = open da do’!
  • 13. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 8. Deletion of unstressed initial “a” About = ‘bou(t) “Cuz dey kno’ ‘bout dat, hataz bettah chill plus I’m packin’ somn dat dey classify as steal...” by TRAE Afraid = ‘frai (d)’ Among = ‘mong
  • 14. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 9. Swap “ai” for “ah” such as in: I’m = “ah’m” Time = t”ah”m My car= mah ca: While = wh’ah’le “I’m hot cuz I’m fly, you ain’t cuz ya not.” by MIMS
  • 15. Pronunciation Features of AAVE 10. Deletion or reduction of the sound“v” in words ended in –”ve”: Love = luv I love you = I lu’ ya! I believe in God = “Ah” belie’ in Go’. They deserved it = Dey deser’d it.
  • 18. Grammatical Features  In AAVE or colloquially Ebonics, the verb “be” is often not included. See some examples: Ebonics Standard English He all right He is all right She at home now She is at home now Where you at? Where are you? He workin` He is working
  • 19. Grammatical Features  The use of the verb “be”, in Ebonics, is simplified to “be”, “was”, “wuz” or “is”, for all persons. Ebonics Standard English I be here everyday I am here everyday She my homegirl She is my close friend/ girlfriend We was here yesterday We were here yesterday You my homeboy You are my best friend
  • 20. Grammatical Features (Song) “Nigga you’s a window shopper Mad at me, I think I know why Nigga you's a window shopper In the jewelery sto’, looking at shit you can't buy Nigga you's a window shopper In the dealership, trynna get a test-drive Nigga you's a window shopper Mad as fuck when ya see me ride by” 50 Cent – Window shopper
  • 21. Some Slang Terms in AAVE Man, you nuts! I do mah thang! She my sis! How ya doin’? He my bro! How ya been? Who you? Where ya stay? What’s poppin’? What’cha gon’ do tonight? What’s crackin’ ? “Dont’cha wish yo Wuz gud? girlfriend wuz hot like Fo sho! = Fo shizzle me?” by Pussy Cat Dolls What it is yo’? She bad! = Smokin’ hot! What up? = Wussap? Smoke show! She badder! Sup? She da baddast! What it do? (Houston,TX) Whoa, dat’s a smoke show! Lemme git back to da Don’t pay’em any mind! grind! Dat’s what she said! Ya got chris-browned?
  • 22. Negative Sentences (Double Negative)  I ain't step on no line. = I didn’t step on any line  I ain't belie’ed what she said, man. = I did not believe in what she said.  I ain't seen nobody. = I have not seen anybody.  I ain't see nu’in = I didn’t see anything  I ain’t no liar = I am not a liar.  I ain’t got no cheddar = I don`t have any money
  • 23. Grammatical Features (Song) Ain't no mountain high Ain't no valley low Ain't no river wide enough, baby If you need me call me no matter where you are, no matter how far (don't worry baby) just call out my name. I'll be there in a hurry You don’t need to worry 'Cause baby there Ain't no mountain high enough Ain't no valley low enough Ain't no river wide enough To keep me from getting to you babe By Marvin Gaye
  • 24. Immediate Future  “Be + going to” is generally replaced by other terms such as: 1. Finna (about to) – I finna hit the mall. 2.Fixin’ to – I’m fixin’ to go home! 3. I’mma - I’mma do somn now. I’mma call ya later! 4. Fittin’ to – What’cha fittin’ to do homie? 5. Gon’ – She gon’ be here in a blink of an eye.
  • 25. Challenge – Reading in Ebonics  What y'all up 2? Damn it! I been lookin' fo' dat jawb fo' a long tahme. Whatcha think we shoo b doin' 'bout dat shit? What I can letcha kno' bah now is dat I applied fo' it. I ain't no snitch but I needa keep on stackin' up da dough, ya knowmsayin?  I finna jet cuz ya kno' I gotta flip a bird 2nite so I finna git da slab ready, nahImean? Damn, peep dis shit out nigga, a car fulla white girls to be taken to dat 'hood where ya smoked dat fuckin' punk. Whattama tell ya is dat ain't nobody gon' put da hands on mah doja, ya heard? I'mma bus da goddamn cap on dey ass if dey fuckin' jump at it, aaight. Lemme head out cuz five-oh 'bout to show up!
  • 26. Sleep on it! “Black English is not all slang, but all black slang is Black English.”
  • 27. Reference Books  Akmajian, Demers and Harnish - LINGUISTICS An Introduction to Language and Communication – Second Edition (315-320) Cambridge University Press, University of Arizona  LABOV, William – Introduction to African American and Latino English – (122-145) University of Pennsylvania  LABOV, ASH and BOBERG – Atlas of North American English - Department of Sociolinguistics/ University of Pennsylvania
  • 28. Keep it Throwed! “The limits of my language mean the limits of my world.” “Da limits o’ mah language mean da limits o’ mah world.” * Ludwig Wittgestein