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Presentation
on GSM
What is GSM ?
 Global System for Mobile (GSM) is
a second generation cellular
standard developed to cater voice
services and data delivery using
digital modulation
GSM: History
 Developed by Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) which was
an initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and
Telecommunication )
 Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system
 Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides
with special mobile group under ETSI ( European
telecommunication Standards Institute )
 Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990
 Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile
communication “
 Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than
135
 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)
 More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million
subscriber in India.
Figures: March, 2005
37%
1%
4%43%
4%
3%
3%
3% (INDIA)
3%
Arab World
Asia Pacific
Africa
East Central Asia
Europe
Russia
India
North America
South America
GSM in World
Figures: March 2005
Bharti
27%
BSNL
22%
Spice
4%
IDEA
13%
Hutch
19%
BPL
6%
Aircel
4%
Reliance
3%
MTNL
2%
Bharti
BSNL
Hutch
IDEA
BPL
Aircel
Spice
Reliance
MTNL
GSM in India
GSM Services
 Tele-services
 Bearer or Data Services
 Supplementary services
Tele Services
Telecommunication services that enable
voice communication via mobile phones
 Offered services
- Mobile telephony
- Emergency calling
Bearer Services
 Include various data services for information
transfer between GSM and other networks like
PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps
 Short Message Service (SMS) up to 160 character
alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile
terminal
 Unified Messaging Services(UMS)
 Group 3 fax
 Voice mailbox
 Electronic mail
Supplementary Services
 Call related services :
 Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the
handset
 Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call
 Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls
 Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined
by the user
 Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together
 CLIP – Caller line identification presentation
 CLIR – Caller line identification restriction
 CUG – Closed user group
GSM System Architecture
BSC
BSC
MSC
MS
MS
MS BTS
BTS
BTS
GMSC
PSTN
ISDN
PDN
EIR
AUC
HLR
VLR
GSM System Architecture
 Mobile Station (MS)
 Mobile Equipment (ME)
 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
 Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 Home Location Register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Authentication Center (AUC)
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
 The Mobile Station is made up of two
entities :-
1. Mobile Equipment (ME)
2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS)
 Mobile Equipment
 Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device
 Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
 Voice and data transmission
 Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells
for optimum handover
 Power level : 0.8W – 20 W
 160 character long SMS.
System Architecture
Mobile Station (MS) contd.
 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
 Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI)
 Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed
services
 Encoded network identification details - Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and
A8 algorithms
 Protected by a password or PIN
 Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key information to
activate the phone
System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Base Station Subsystem is composed of two
parts that communicate across the
standardized Abis interface allowing
operation between components made by
different suppliers
1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) :-
 Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates
and feeds the RF signals to the antenna.
 Frequency hopping
 Communicates with Mobile station and BSC
 Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
System Architecture
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
 Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Manages Radio resources for BTS
 Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in
its area
 Handles call set up
 Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality
 Handover for each MS
 Radio Power control
 It communicates with MSC and BTS
System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 Heart of the network
 Manages communication between GSM and other
networks
 Call setup function and basic switching
 Call routing
 Billing information and collection
 Mobility management
- Registration
- Location Updating
- Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff
 MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to
other network by using HLR/VLR.
System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
 Home Location Registers (HLR)
- permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large
service area(generally one per GSM network operator)
- database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid,
roaming restrictions, supplementary services.
 Visitor Location Registers (VLR)
- Temporary database which updates whenever new MS
enters its area, by HLR database
- Controls those mobiles roaming in its area
- Reduces number of queries to HLR
- Database contains IMSI, TMSI, MSISDN, MSRN,
Location Area, authentication key
System Architecture
Network Switching Subsystem
 Authentication Center (AUC)
- Protects against intruders in air interface
- Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and
provides security triplets ( RAND, SRES, Kc)
- Generally associated with HLR
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
- Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI
(International Mobile Equipment Identity)
- Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The
Black List and the Gray List
- Only one EIR per PLMN
GSM Specifications-1
 RF Spectrum
 GSM 900
- Mobile to BTS (uplink) :- 890-915 MHz
- BTS to Mobile(downlink) :- 935-960 MHz
- Bandwidth :- 2* 25 MHz
 GSM 1800
- Mobile to BTS (uplink) :- 1710-1785 MHz
- BTS to Mobile(downlink) :- 1805-1880 MHz
- Bandwidth :- 2* 75 MHz
GSM Specification-2
 Carrier Separation :- 200 KHz
 Duplex Distance :- 45 MHz
 No. of RF carriers :- 124
 Access Method :- TDMA/FDMA
 Modulation Method :- GMSK
 Modulation data rate :- 270.833 Kbps
Speech decoding
Channel decoding
De-interleaving
Burst Formatting
De-ciphering
DemodulationModulation
Ciphering
Burst Formatting
Interleaving
Channel Coding
Speech coding
Radio Interface
Speech Speech
13 Kbps
22.8 Kbps
22.8 Kbps
33.6 Kbps
33.6 Kbps
270.83 Kbps
GSM Operation
Call Routing
Call Originating from MS
Call termination to MS
Outgoing Call
1. MS sends dialled number to
BSS
2. BSS sends dialled number to
MSC
3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is
allowed the requested service. If
so, MSC asks BSS to allocate
resources for call.
5 MSC routes the call to GMSC
6 GMSC routes the call to local
exchange of called user
7, 8, 9,10 Answer back(ring back)
tone is routed from called user
to MS via GMSC, MSC, BSS
Incoming Call
1. Calling a GSM subscribers
2. Forwarding call to GSMC
3. Signal Setup to HLR
4,5. Request MSRN from VLR
6. Forward responsible MSC to
GMSC
7. Forward Call to current
MSC
8,9. Get current status of MS
10,11. Paging of MS
1 2,13. MS answers
14,15. Security checks
16,17. Set up connection
Security in GSM
 On air interface, GSM uses encryption and
TMSI instead of IMSI.
 SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the
ownership of SIM
 3 algorithms are specified :
- A3 algorithm for authentication
- A5 algorithm for encryption
- A8 algorithm for key generation
Characteristics of GSM Standard
 Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency
band.
 TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.
 8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per
carrier.
 User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
 Encryption of speech and data transmission over the
radio path.
 Full international roaming capability.
 Low speed data services (up to 9.6 Kb/s).
 Compatibility with ISDN.
 Support of Short Message Service (SMS).
Advantages of GSM over Analog system
 Capacity increases
 Reduced RF transmission power and longer
battery life.
 International roaming capability.
 Better security against fraud (through
terminal validation and user authentication).
 Encryption capability for information
security and privacy.
 Compatibility with ISDN, leading to wider
range of services
GSM Applications
Mobile telephony
GSM-R
Telemetry System
- Fleet management
- Automatic meter reading
- Toll Collection
- Remote control and fault reporting
of DG sets
Value Added Services
Future Of GSM
 2nd Generation
 GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
 2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)
 HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
 Data rate :- 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
 GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
 Data rate :- 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
 EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
 Data rate :- 547.2 Kbps (max)
 3 Generation
 WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
 Data rate :- 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps
Thanks !

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GSM network

  • 2. What is GSM ?  Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digital modulation
  • 3. GSM: History  Developed by Group Special Mobile (founded 1982) which was an initiative of CEPT ( Conference of European Post and Telecommunication )  Aim : to replace the incompatible analog system  Presently the responsibility of GSM standardization resides with special mobile group under ETSI ( European telecommunication Standards Institute )  Full set of specifications phase-I became available in 1990  Under ETSI, GSM is named as “ Global System for Mobile communication “  Today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 135  countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)  More than 1300 million subscribers in world and 45 million subscriber in India.
  • 4. Figures: March, 2005 37% 1% 4%43% 4% 3% 3% 3% (INDIA) 3% Arab World Asia Pacific Africa East Central Asia Europe Russia India North America South America GSM in World
  • 6. GSM Services  Tele-services  Bearer or Data Services  Supplementary services
  • 7. Tele Services Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones  Offered services - Mobile telephony - Emergency calling
  • 8. Bearer Services  Include various data services for information transfer between GSM and other networks like PSTN, ISDN etc at rates from 300 to 9600 bps  Short Message Service (SMS) up to 160 character alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal  Unified Messaging Services(UMS)  Group 3 fax  Voice mailbox  Electronic mail
  • 9. Supplementary Services  Call related services :  Call Waiting- Notification of an incoming call while on the handset  Call Hold- Put a caller on hold to take another call  Call Barring- All calls, outgoing calls, or incoming calls  Call Forwarding- Calls can be sent to various numbers defined by the user  Multi Party Call Conferencing - Link multiple calls together  CLIP – Caller line identification presentation  CLIR – Caller line identification restriction  CUG – Closed user group
  • 10. GSM System Architecture BSC BSC MSC MS MS MS BTS BTS BTS GMSC PSTN ISDN PDN EIR AUC HLR VLR
  • 11. GSM System Architecture  Mobile Station (MS)  Mobile Equipment (ME)  Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)  Base Station Subsystem (BSS)  Base Transceiver Station (BTS)  Base Station Controller (BSC)  Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)  Mobile Switching Center (MSC)  Home Location Register (HLR)  Visitor Location Register (VLR)  Authentication Center (AUC)  Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
  • 12. System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)  The Mobile Station is made up of two entities :- 1. Mobile Equipment (ME) 2. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
  • 13. System Architecture Mobile Station (MS)  Mobile Equipment  Portable,vehicle mounted, hand held device  Uniquely identified by an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)  Voice and data transmission  Monitoring power and signal quality of surrounding cells for optimum handover  Power level : 0.8W – 20 W  160 character long SMS.
  • 14. System Architecture Mobile Station (MS) contd.  Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)  Smart card contains the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)  Allows user to send and receive calls and receive other subscribed services  Encoded network identification details - Key Ki,Kc and A3,A5 and A8 algorithms  Protected by a password or PIN  Can be moved from phone to phone – contains key information to activate the phone
  • 15. System Architecture Base Station Subsystem (BSS)  Base Station Subsystem is composed of two parts that communicate across the standardized Abis interface allowing operation between components made by different suppliers 1. Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 2. Base Station Controller (BSC)
  • 16. System Architecture Base Station Subsystem (BSS)  Base Transceiver Station (BTS) :-  Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna.  Frequency hopping  Communicates with Mobile station and BSC  Consists of Transceivers (TRX) units
  • 17. System Architecture Base Station Subsystem (BSS)  Base Station Controller (BSC)  Manages Radio resources for BTS  Assigns Frequency and time slots for all MS’s in its area  Handles call set up  Transcoding and rate adaptation functionality  Handover for each MS  Radio Power control  It communicates with MSC and BTS
  • 18. System Architecture Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)  Mobile Switching Center (MSC)  Heart of the network  Manages communication between GSM and other networks  Call setup function and basic switching  Call routing  Billing information and collection  Mobility management - Registration - Location Updating - Inter BSS and inter MSC call handoff  MSC does gateway function while its customer roams to other network by using HLR/VLR.
  • 19. System Architecture Network Switching Subsystem  Home Location Registers (HLR) - permanent database about mobile subscribers in a large service area(generally one per GSM network operator) - database contains IMSI, MSISDN, prepaid/postpaid, roaming restrictions, supplementary services.  Visitor Location Registers (VLR) - Temporary database which updates whenever new MS enters its area, by HLR database - Controls those mobiles roaming in its area - Reduces number of queries to HLR - Database contains IMSI, TMSI, MSISDN, MSRN, Location Area, authentication key
  • 20. System Architecture Network Switching Subsystem  Authentication Center (AUC) - Protects against intruders in air interface - Maintains authentication keys and algorithms and provides security triplets ( RAND, SRES, Kc) - Generally associated with HLR  Equipment Identity Register (EIR) - Database that is used to track handsets using the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) - Made up of three sub-classes: The White List, The Black List and the Gray List - Only one EIR per PLMN
  • 21. GSM Specifications-1  RF Spectrum  GSM 900 - Mobile to BTS (uplink) :- 890-915 MHz - BTS to Mobile(downlink) :- 935-960 MHz - Bandwidth :- 2* 25 MHz  GSM 1800 - Mobile to BTS (uplink) :- 1710-1785 MHz - BTS to Mobile(downlink) :- 1805-1880 MHz - Bandwidth :- 2* 75 MHz
  • 22. GSM Specification-2  Carrier Separation :- 200 KHz  Duplex Distance :- 45 MHz  No. of RF carriers :- 124  Access Method :- TDMA/FDMA  Modulation Method :- GMSK  Modulation data rate :- 270.833 Kbps
  • 23. Speech decoding Channel decoding De-interleaving Burst Formatting De-ciphering DemodulationModulation Ciphering Burst Formatting Interleaving Channel Coding Speech coding Radio Interface Speech Speech 13 Kbps 22.8 Kbps 22.8 Kbps 33.6 Kbps 33.6 Kbps 270.83 Kbps GSM Operation
  • 24. Call Routing Call Originating from MS Call termination to MS
  • 25. Outgoing Call 1. MS sends dialled number to BSS 2. BSS sends dialled number to MSC 3,4 MSC checks VLR if MS is allowed the requested service. If so, MSC asks BSS to allocate resources for call. 5 MSC routes the call to GMSC 6 GMSC routes the call to local exchange of called user 7, 8, 9,10 Answer back(ring back) tone is routed from called user to MS via GMSC, MSC, BSS
  • 26. Incoming Call 1. Calling a GSM subscribers 2. Forwarding call to GSMC 3. Signal Setup to HLR 4,5. Request MSRN from VLR 6. Forward responsible MSC to GMSC 7. Forward Call to current MSC 8,9. Get current status of MS 10,11. Paging of MS 1 2,13. MS answers 14,15. Security checks 16,17. Set up connection
  • 27. Security in GSM  On air interface, GSM uses encryption and TMSI instead of IMSI.  SIM is provided 4-8 digit PIN to validate the ownership of SIM  3 algorithms are specified : - A3 algorithm for authentication - A5 algorithm for encryption - A8 algorithm for key generation
  • 28. Characteristics of GSM Standard  Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency band.  TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.  8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.  User/terminal authentication for fraud control.  Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio path.  Full international roaming capability.  Low speed data services (up to 9.6 Kb/s).  Compatibility with ISDN.  Support of Short Message Service (SMS).
  • 29. Advantages of GSM over Analog system  Capacity increases  Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.  International roaming capability.  Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and user authentication).  Encryption capability for information security and privacy.  Compatibility with ISDN, leading to wider range of services
  • 30. GSM Applications Mobile telephony GSM-R Telemetry System - Fleet management - Automatic meter reading - Toll Collection - Remote control and fault reporting of DG sets Value Added Services
  • 31. Future Of GSM  2nd Generation  GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)  2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)  HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)  Data rate :- 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)  GPRS (General Packet Radio service)  Data rate :- 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps  EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)  Data rate :- 547.2 Kbps (max)  3 Generation  WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)  Data rate :- 0.348 – 2.0 Mbps