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Underground Design
            Introduction
            This menu has commands that allow you to create strings with a known length,
            direction, radius and gradient. Although these strings are intended as underground
            development centre lines, the string creation functions are very useful for purposes
            other than underground design. There are also tools for connecting the centre line
            strings.
            Under the Drive Linking sub menu, there are commands that allow you to select
            and assign various drive cross sections to the centreline strings.
            This section assumes that you are familiar with the string editing and view control
            commands.




                                                        Underground Design                M-1
Centreline - Create (car)
                 This is the most useful command in this menu. Select this command and the string
                 attributes panel will appear.




                 This allows you to assign colours, symbol types, life styles and attributes for the
                 string. Choose a colour and select a start point by clicking anywhere within the
                 graphics window and enter responses to the prompts as shown.


Enter starting azimuth ...........: [          0.0    ]:
Enter gradient of string (degrees): [           -     ]:



                 You cannot give a value of ‘-’ for the gradient, so we’ll use 0.


Enter gradient of string (degrees): [           -     ]: 0


                 But you can give a radius of ‘-’.


Enter radius .....................: [           -     ]:
Enter actual distance ............: [           -     ]: 10

                 A 10m line pointing North will be drawn on the screen.

                 Now let’s use CENTRELINE - CREATE (car) to create more complex strings.
                 Select CAR, click on screen to indicate a start point, then follow these steps to
                 create a half turn spiral decline with a 10 degree gradient:


Enter starting azimuth ...........: [          0.0    ]:
Enter gradient of string (degrees): [           -     ]: -10
Enter radius .....................: [           -     ]: 25
[H]alf, Quarter, Distance or Azimuth[           H     ]:



                 Finally click on one side or other of your original point (marked with a cross) to
                 indicate the direction of turn. If you had entered ‘Q’ at the last prompt this would
                 have given you a quarter turn. If you entered ‘A’ then you can specify the final
                 azimuth of the string.


M-2      GUIDE
Finally, select CENTRELINE-CREATE and snap to the end of the string on
                   screen using the right hand mouse button.


Enter starting azimuth ...........: [                  180    ]:
Enter gradient of string (degrees): [                  -10    ]:
Enter radius .....................: [                  25     ]:



                   Selecting option ‘D’ for distance allows you to input an actual distance.


[H]alf, Quarter, Distance or Azimuth[                  H      ]: D


                   If you hit return to accept the default value of ‘-’ though, GUIDE prompts for the
                   vertical distance. If you input ‘-’again, GUIDE will then prompt for the horizontal
                   distance. Another input of ‘-’ will cycle you back to the actual distance prompt.


Enter   actual distance ............:        [         -      ]:
Enter   vertical distance ..........:        [         -      ]:
Enter   horizontal distance ........:        [         -      ]:
Enter   actual distance ............:        [         10     ]: 100



                                                 horizontal distance

                                                                                  vertical
                                                                                  distance
                                                   actual
                                                   distance



                   Finally, in plan view, click to one side of your start point to choose a clockwise or
                   anti-clockwise decline. View the results in the SET - VIEW (vi) or visualiser.




                                                                Underground Design                 M-3
Centreline - Automatic (ar)
              This command will connect two strings with an another string. You can specify
              either the gradient or the curve radius in the connecting string.

              Using STRING-NEW (ns) and PLANE-MOVE (ap) create two strings as shown
              in plan view. They should toe in slightly and be on different elevations.




              Select the CENTRELINE - AUTOMATIC (ar) command. GUIDE will ask you to
              ‘Select the first point of ramp string’ - click on the top end of the right hand string.
              When GUIDE tells you to ‘Select end point of ramp string’, click on the top end of
              the left hand string.

              Then follow the prompts below. Just accept the first two azimuths - GUIDE picks
              these up from the strings. Enter a radius value smaller then the distance between
              the two strings and leave the gradient unassigned (if you give both the radius and
              gradient, it may be geometrically impossible to create a ramp within these
              constraints).




M-4   GUIDE
Enter   starting azimuth of ramp ....:       [    346.9645      ]:
Enter   finishing azimuth of ramp ...:       [    187.8693      ]:
Enter   radius ......................:       [        25        ]:15
Enter   gradient of string (degrees) :       [       -10        ]:-



                   You should see something like this:




                                                             Underground Design   M-5
Centreline - Fit Curve (fr)
                 This command can be used to create corners with a specified radius. Create two
                 straight strings, whose ends overlap as shown:




                 Deselect all strings by pressing the SELECT - STRING button (ignore the
                 message ‘Select string’ ), then click on the CENTRELINE - FIT CURVE (fr)
                 command. You will see ‘Select string at required end’ in the message box. Click
                 on point A. You will then see the message ‘Select string and side for end for curve fit’
                 - click on point B. GUIDE will then prompt for a radius:



Enter radius ...........: [         30        ]: 20




M-6      GUIDE
Guide will then construct a curve as shown:




If you do not get a curve as shown, try using a smaller radius.




                                              Underground Design   M-7
Centreline - Connect (cog)
                 This command creates one or two new strings from a point on a string to any part
                 of another string. The strings created have a nominated gradient.


                 To demonstrate, create a spiral decline, and a single string as shown here in a
                 sectional view.




                 Select the command CENTRELINE - CONNECT (cog), and when you see the
                 message ‘Select first point for graded string’, snap to the left end of the straight
                 string using the right hand mouse button. GUIDE will then instruct you to ‘Select
                 string for connection’. Click on the spiral decline string. You will then be
                 prompted for a gradient:



Enter gradient of string (degrees): [              -10     ]:12.5




M-8      GUIDE
Guide will create one or two possible strings at the required gradient.




                                             Underground Design           M-9
Gradient Convention (gc)
               When this button is selected, a dialogue box pops up as shown. You can choose
               between using gradients expressed in degrees, per cent, or one in N.

               You can also specify whether positive gradients are up or down. The REDRAW
               button works in the same way as the ACCEPT button except that GUIDE redraws
               the screen behind the button if you select REDRAW.




               Gradient - Adjust To (at)
               This command can be used to change the gradient of a string from a selected point
               to the end of the string. GRADIENT - ADJUST TO (at) only changes the Z
               coordinates of the points on the string in order to achieve the change in gradient.
               The X and Y coordinates are left unchanged.
               The following exercise uses the GRADIENT - ADJUST TO command to change
               the gradient of a spiral decline.
               Use the CENTRELINE - CREATE (car) command to create a spiral decline




M-10   GUIDE
similar to the one shown. Use a gradient of -7.
                 Select GRADIENT - ADJUST TO (at). You will be asked to ‘Select adjustment
                 point on string’. Select a point somewhere on the decline. The arrow indicates
                 which point was selected.
                 You will then need to enter the new gradient.



Enter gradient of string (degrees): [               -       ]:-12.5



                 The gradient can be specified in degrees, one in N or percent according to the
                 setting of GRADIENT - CONVENTION (gc). The decline should now look
                 similar to this.




                                                           Underground Design                M-11
Gradient - Smooth (sg)
               This command can be used to ‘smooth out’ the gradient of a string between two
               selected points on a string. GRADIENT - SMOOTH only changes the Z
               coordinates of the points on the string in order to achieve the change in gradient.
               The X and Y coordinates are left unchanged.

               Digitise a string in section view similar to the one shown below.




               Select GRADIENT - SMOOTH (sg). You are asked to ‘Select first point on
               SELECTED adjustment point on string’. Snap to a point on the left of the string.
               You are then asked to ‘Select second point on string’, snap to a point on the right
               of the string.




M-12   GUIDE
String Commands.
All the ‘STRING’ commands except for STRING - TO ROAD are explained in
the String Edits chapter. The STRING - TO ROAD command is explained in the
chapter titled Open Pit Design.


Interpolate Elevation - (fe)
This command is used to create a 3 D drive outline strings from a 2 D drive outline
string and an ‘elevation string’. The ‘elevation string’ could be composed of points
defined by surveyed spot heights along the floor or back of the drive.

To demonstrate this command first use ERASE - ALL STRINGS (eal) to clear the
screen of data, then define a ‘drive outline’ in plan view using STRING - NEW
(ns).




                                          Underground Design                M-13
Use the PLANE - BY 2 POINTS (2) command to view a vertical section down the
               centre of the drive string. Use STRING - NEW to create an ‘elevation string’,
               which we will assume is created from spot elevation values along a drive. You
               should be able to see the first string below the elevation string.




               Select the drive outline string and then select the INTERPOLATE ELEVATION
               (fe) command. Use SET - VIEW (vi) to get an isometric view of the strings.




M-14   GUIDE
The Drive Linking Sub Menu
The commands in the previous section are to do with creating drive centre lines.
The commands in this section are used to create 3D wireframe drive shapes around
those centre lines.




Setup Menu
Select the SETUP to see the following menu.




                                        Underground Design               M-15
These commands allow you to alter the default colours of various strings and
               control the automatic display/creation of strings.

               Colour - Section (csc)
               This command sets the colour of underground cross-sectional perimeters, that may
               be created when using the commands LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY -
               SECTIONS. Sections will not be created unless the CREATE - SECTIONS
               toggle is on. The colour number may be typed or the logical colour name entered,
               e.g. ‘red’.

               Colour - Wall (wc)
               This command is used to set the colour of underground wall strings, that may be
               created when using the commands LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY -
               SECTIONS. Wall strings will not be created unless the CREATE - WALL
               STRINGS toggle is on. The colour number may be typed or the logical colour
               name entered, e.g. ‘red’.

               Colour - Back (rc2)
               This command is used to set the colour of the underground back strings, that may
               be created when using the commands LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY -
               SECTIONS. Sections will not be created unless the CREATE - WALL STRINGS
               toggle is on. The colour number may be typed or the logical colour name entered,
               e.g. ‘red’.

               Create - Sections (tdx)
               If the CREATE-SECTIONS toggle is turned on, when you use LINK BY -
               CENTRELINES or LINK BY - SECTIONS, yellow cross section strings will be
               created at every point along the drive control string.

               Create - Wall Strings (twss)
               If CREATE - WALL STRINGS is toggled on, green floor strings are created on
               either side of the drive control string. A brown roof or back string is created
               directly above the drive control string. This feature is particularly useful for
               generating drive floor outlines.

               Arc Segment length (asl)
               The arc generated using the CENTRELINE - CREATE command is made up of
               short string segments. The length of these segments can be controlled using this
               command.

               Drive Evaluation (tde)
               DRIVE EVALUATION will only work if a model is in memory. It works with
               LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY - SECTIONS. This feature allows the
               drive wireframe shape to be evaluated in the same way as EVAL. W’FRAME
               (evw) in the Mine Design Tools section. This is a powerful feature if you are
               designing development in ore, as it enables you to create a report of tonnes and
               grade for your design.




M-16   GUIDE
Select Cross Section (sx)
                      Before you create any drive wireframes, you must set up the default cross section
                      shape with SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx). Selecting this command invokes a
                      dialogue box:




                      You can select any of three drive cross sections to use: circular, arched or
                      rectangular by clicking on the relevant button. You can change the width, height
                      and arch radius (for arched cross-sections) by clicking on the relevant button and
                      typing in a value. You must then press the return key.


In any of the Guide dialogue boxes, if you select a button with the mouse, you must press ‘enter’ to
continue, even if you don’t type in a new value.



                      The CONTROL STRING H button controls the centre line string height in
                      whatever units you are using. This is represented by the position of the white cross
                      in the cross section window. The centre line string height affects how the cross
                      section is ‘hung onto’ the centre line string.

                      To save a cross section or a set of cross sections, click on the SAVE button. You
                      will be prompted for the name of a file to store the cross sections.


Enter drive cross-section file name ....[                             ]:xsec



                      To save more cross sections, just create each one and then click on the SAVE
                      button.




                                                                 Underground Design                M-17
To cycle through the saved sections use the NEXT and PREV buttons. As you
                 cycle through the sections, you will see the NUMBER button showing the number
                 of the section within the file.

                 To access another set of cross sections contained in another file, exit the SELECT
                 X-SECTION dialogue box by clicking on ACCEPT or CANCEL. Then close the
                 existing file using CLOSE FILE (clf).


Enter name of file to be closed [                   ]:xsec



                 Finally click on SELECT X-SECTION again and use the GET button to open the
                 other file:


Enter drive cross-section file name ....[                          ]:xsec2



                 The cross section file is just a string file and can be opened with OPEN FILE (of)
                 and edited with the normal string editing tool to create other cross section shapes.

                 Link By - Centrelines (lc)
                 LINK BY - CENTRELINES (lc) is the most useful command in the menu.
                 Before you use it, set up a default cross section shape with SELECT CROSS
                 SECTION (sx), and digitise a string, either with STRING - NEW (ns) or
                 CENTRELINE - CREATE (car).

                 The first time you invoke this command in a session Guide will prompt for the
                 name of a drive statistics file. You can either use an existing drive statistics file or
                 create a new one. This file will contain the length and tonnes of the drives created
                 plus various other parameters, including any extra attributes you may have set up
                 on the string.


Enter drive statistics file name ..... [                  -        ]: drvstat
Enter density for drive [           ]: 2.7



                 The density value is used in the calculation of drive tonnage.

                 If you have no string selected, Guide will ask you to ‘Select drive control string’.
                 When you do, Guide will create a 3D wireframe of the drive shape along the
                 chosen string. The cross-sectional shape of this development will be as defined by
                 SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) and the tonnes, volume, length etc of the drive
                 will be contained in the drive statistics file. Use the TOOLS - LIST FILE (lf)
                 command in the DATA MANAGEMENT menu to examine this file.




M-18     GUIDE
Using Drive Evaluation (tde)
                 Make sure that the DRIVE EVALUATION toggle in the SETUP menu is on.
                 Open a model file and create a drive centre line string within the model using
                 CENTRELINE - CREATE (car).


                 Select LINK - CENTRELINES (lc). You will be prompted for the Mining block
                 identifier. This is simply a numeric code. You either press the enter key to accept
                 the default value, or you can use a meaningful number such as the Easting or
                 Northing of the drive or the level number.

Drive evaluation against Block model data.
Enter Mining block identifier .................. [                  1.0       ]:



                 Guide than gives a report of volume and tonnes, calculated from the DENSITY
                 field within the model, or from the default density entered when you opened the
                 model file. Weighted averages are calculated for all numeric fields in the model.


Volume of model within block . . . . . .                 2126.0
Volume of wireframe . . . . . . . . . . .                2125.9
Volume difference . . . . . . . . . . . .                   0.0

Total tonnage of block . . . . . . . . .                 2126.0
Density of block . . . . . . . . . . . .                    1.0

   ROCK        AU          NO.SAMP     LGPIT1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Weighted average 5.502        2.212       58.473      1.000
Tonnes            2125.959    1812.045    1812.045    2125.959



                 Finally you are prompted to accept the evaluation. If you accept the default of ‘Y’,
                 you will be prompted for a results file name.


Accept evaluation [Y]/N ..... [Y                     ]:
Enter results file name ...... [                     ]: resfile
    1 records in results file RESFILE




                                                           Underground Design                M-19
Outline - Link Single (lso)
                 This command enables you to create a 3D drive shape from a 2D floor string. It
                 only makes sense to use this command on plan strings. A shape like the one shown
                 below might come from a survey file of floor strings of actual development.




                 Select OUTLINE - LINK SINGLE. You will be prompted for a vertical
                 projection distance.


Enter string projection distance [                     ]: 4.5



                 Guide will then project the selected string up by the projection distance and create
                 a wireframe between the projection and the original string.




M-20     GUIDE
Outline - Link Pair (lo)
This command links two strings. It’s effect is the same as using the wireframe
commands LINK-STRINGS (lst) and ENDLINK-STRING (eli) on the two
strings. To demonstrate the command, create 2 strings as shown using STRING-
NEW (ns). Make sure that the strings are on different planes.




Use OUTLINE - LINK PAIR (lo). You are prompted to ‘Select first drive wall
outline’. Click on one of the strings, you are then prompted to ‘Select second
drive wall outline’. Click on the other string. You should see a result like this:




                                           Underground Design                 M-21
Limit Commands
               The ‘LIMIT’ commands are explained in the DTM section of the chapter titled
               Wireframing.


               Link By - Sections (ld)
               Section - Assign (ax)
               These commands can be used together in situations where cross - sections vary
               along a drive, for instance a workshop or fuel bay. Use STRING-NEW (ns) to
               create a line like this.




               Assume we want a 4 x 4 m rectangular cross section along the drive except
               between points B and C, where the cross section opens out to 8m wide.




M-22   GUIDE
First set up a cross-section definition file containing the two different sections
required. This is not compulsory but is does make switching between section
profiles much easier.

     1.   Use SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) to set up the rectangular cross
          section of 4 x 4m.

     2.   Click on the SAVE button and save the section to a file xsec.

     3.   Set up a section which is 8 x 4m.

     4.   Click on the SAVE button to save this section.

     5.   Use the PREV button to go back to the 4x4m profile and select
          ACCEPT.

     6.   Select the SECTION - ASSIGN (ax) command and snap to points A and
          D using the right hand mouse button.

     7.   Select the SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) command and click on the
          NEXT button to display the second profile (8x4). Select ACCEPT.

     8.   Select the SECTION - ASSIGN (ax) command and snap to points B and
          C using the right hand mouse button.

You should end up with something like this:




                                            Underground Design                 M-23
The command LINK BY - SECTIONS will be used to create the wireframe. The
               selected profile (set in SELECT CROSS SECTION) will be created at each point.
               Therefore to between points A - B and between C - D you must ensure that the
               default profile is the 4x4m section.
                   9.   Use the SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) command and use the PREV
                        button to select the 4x4m profile.
                   10. Select the LINK BY - SECTION (lde) command. You are asked to select
                       the drive control string followed by the first section (select the section at
                       point A). Select point B for the end section.
                   11. Repeat this step to link between points C and D.
                   12. Use the SELECT CROSS SECTION command to select the 8x4m
                       profile.
                   13. Repeat the LINK BY - SECTION procedure to link between points B and
                       C.




M-24   GUIDE
Section - Align (ae)
The SECTION - ALIGN command allows you to define the orientation of the
cross-section. This is useful for creating neatly abutting drives.
Make sure that the CREATE - WALL STRINGS toggle is on and create a
wireframe to represent the main drive. Change the SNAP MODE to ‘lines’ and
snap the end of the string representing a crosscut to the wall string. Remember to
change the snap mode back to POINTS.




                                          Underground Design                M-25
Select the drive control string (i.e. the crosscut string). Use SECTION - ASSIGN
               (ae) to assign a cross section to point A.
               Select SECTION - ALIGN (ae). You are asked to “Select point for cross
               section”. Snap to point B using the right hand mouse button. You are then asked
               to ‘Indicate cross-section orientation’. Using the right hand mouse button snap to
               the nearest point on along the edge of the main drive.
               You will see the new cross-section aligned to the main drive, and elongated to
               preserve the true width of the crosscut.




               Use the LINK BY - SECTIONS (ld) to link the crosscut.




M-26   GUIDE
Fit Within (fx)
This command allows you to fit any number of drive coss-sections to underground
survey data. You need to have a survey floor perimeter and a survey back (or
roof) string. The back string may be a single string along the centreline of the
drive or a perimeter along the shoulders of the drive.
Generate a dummy floor perimeter and back centreline string as shown.




                                         Underground Design              M-27
Select a cross section using the CREATE CROSS SECTION (sx) command. You
               are prompted to select the floor perimeter followed by the back string. You must
               then snap to points along either the floor or back strings to indicate where you
               want the cross sections to be positioned. Notice that the shape of the cross section
               will change to fit the survey strings.




               You can then use the LINK - STRINGS (lst) command (Wireframing section) to
               link the cross sections and create a wireframe model of the drive.




M-28   GUIDE

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Ugrd

  • 1. Underground Design Introduction This menu has commands that allow you to create strings with a known length, direction, radius and gradient. Although these strings are intended as underground development centre lines, the string creation functions are very useful for purposes other than underground design. There are also tools for connecting the centre line strings. Under the Drive Linking sub menu, there are commands that allow you to select and assign various drive cross sections to the centreline strings. This section assumes that you are familiar with the string editing and view control commands. Underground Design M-1
  • 2. Centreline - Create (car) This is the most useful command in this menu. Select this command and the string attributes panel will appear. This allows you to assign colours, symbol types, life styles and attributes for the string. Choose a colour and select a start point by clicking anywhere within the graphics window and enter responses to the prompts as shown. Enter starting azimuth ...........: [ 0.0 ]: Enter gradient of string (degrees): [ - ]: You cannot give a value of ‘-’ for the gradient, so we’ll use 0. Enter gradient of string (degrees): [ - ]: 0 But you can give a radius of ‘-’. Enter radius .....................: [ - ]: Enter actual distance ............: [ - ]: 10 A 10m line pointing North will be drawn on the screen. Now let’s use CENTRELINE - CREATE (car) to create more complex strings. Select CAR, click on screen to indicate a start point, then follow these steps to create a half turn spiral decline with a 10 degree gradient: Enter starting azimuth ...........: [ 0.0 ]: Enter gradient of string (degrees): [ - ]: -10 Enter radius .....................: [ - ]: 25 [H]alf, Quarter, Distance or Azimuth[ H ]: Finally click on one side or other of your original point (marked with a cross) to indicate the direction of turn. If you had entered ‘Q’ at the last prompt this would have given you a quarter turn. If you entered ‘A’ then you can specify the final azimuth of the string. M-2 GUIDE
  • 3. Finally, select CENTRELINE-CREATE and snap to the end of the string on screen using the right hand mouse button. Enter starting azimuth ...........: [ 180 ]: Enter gradient of string (degrees): [ -10 ]: Enter radius .....................: [ 25 ]: Selecting option ‘D’ for distance allows you to input an actual distance. [H]alf, Quarter, Distance or Azimuth[ H ]: D If you hit return to accept the default value of ‘-’ though, GUIDE prompts for the vertical distance. If you input ‘-’again, GUIDE will then prompt for the horizontal distance. Another input of ‘-’ will cycle you back to the actual distance prompt. Enter actual distance ............: [ - ]: Enter vertical distance ..........: [ - ]: Enter horizontal distance ........: [ - ]: Enter actual distance ............: [ 10 ]: 100 horizontal distance vertical distance actual distance Finally, in plan view, click to one side of your start point to choose a clockwise or anti-clockwise decline. View the results in the SET - VIEW (vi) or visualiser. Underground Design M-3
  • 4. Centreline - Automatic (ar) This command will connect two strings with an another string. You can specify either the gradient or the curve radius in the connecting string. Using STRING-NEW (ns) and PLANE-MOVE (ap) create two strings as shown in plan view. They should toe in slightly and be on different elevations. Select the CENTRELINE - AUTOMATIC (ar) command. GUIDE will ask you to ‘Select the first point of ramp string’ - click on the top end of the right hand string. When GUIDE tells you to ‘Select end point of ramp string’, click on the top end of the left hand string. Then follow the prompts below. Just accept the first two azimuths - GUIDE picks these up from the strings. Enter a radius value smaller then the distance between the two strings and leave the gradient unassigned (if you give both the radius and gradient, it may be geometrically impossible to create a ramp within these constraints). M-4 GUIDE
  • 5. Enter starting azimuth of ramp ....: [ 346.9645 ]: Enter finishing azimuth of ramp ...: [ 187.8693 ]: Enter radius ......................: [ 25 ]:15 Enter gradient of string (degrees) : [ -10 ]:- You should see something like this: Underground Design M-5
  • 6. Centreline - Fit Curve (fr) This command can be used to create corners with a specified radius. Create two straight strings, whose ends overlap as shown: Deselect all strings by pressing the SELECT - STRING button (ignore the message ‘Select string’ ), then click on the CENTRELINE - FIT CURVE (fr) command. You will see ‘Select string at required end’ in the message box. Click on point A. You will then see the message ‘Select string and side for end for curve fit’ - click on point B. GUIDE will then prompt for a radius: Enter radius ...........: [ 30 ]: 20 M-6 GUIDE
  • 7. Guide will then construct a curve as shown: If you do not get a curve as shown, try using a smaller radius. Underground Design M-7
  • 8. Centreline - Connect (cog) This command creates one or two new strings from a point on a string to any part of another string. The strings created have a nominated gradient. To demonstrate, create a spiral decline, and a single string as shown here in a sectional view. Select the command CENTRELINE - CONNECT (cog), and when you see the message ‘Select first point for graded string’, snap to the left end of the straight string using the right hand mouse button. GUIDE will then instruct you to ‘Select string for connection’. Click on the spiral decline string. You will then be prompted for a gradient: Enter gradient of string (degrees): [ -10 ]:12.5 M-8 GUIDE
  • 9. Guide will create one or two possible strings at the required gradient. Underground Design M-9
  • 10. Gradient Convention (gc) When this button is selected, a dialogue box pops up as shown. You can choose between using gradients expressed in degrees, per cent, or one in N. You can also specify whether positive gradients are up or down. The REDRAW button works in the same way as the ACCEPT button except that GUIDE redraws the screen behind the button if you select REDRAW. Gradient - Adjust To (at) This command can be used to change the gradient of a string from a selected point to the end of the string. GRADIENT - ADJUST TO (at) only changes the Z coordinates of the points on the string in order to achieve the change in gradient. The X and Y coordinates are left unchanged. The following exercise uses the GRADIENT - ADJUST TO command to change the gradient of a spiral decline. Use the CENTRELINE - CREATE (car) command to create a spiral decline M-10 GUIDE
  • 11. similar to the one shown. Use a gradient of -7. Select GRADIENT - ADJUST TO (at). You will be asked to ‘Select adjustment point on string’. Select a point somewhere on the decline. The arrow indicates which point was selected. You will then need to enter the new gradient. Enter gradient of string (degrees): [ - ]:-12.5 The gradient can be specified in degrees, one in N or percent according to the setting of GRADIENT - CONVENTION (gc). The decline should now look similar to this. Underground Design M-11
  • 12. Gradient - Smooth (sg) This command can be used to ‘smooth out’ the gradient of a string between two selected points on a string. GRADIENT - SMOOTH only changes the Z coordinates of the points on the string in order to achieve the change in gradient. The X and Y coordinates are left unchanged. Digitise a string in section view similar to the one shown below. Select GRADIENT - SMOOTH (sg). You are asked to ‘Select first point on SELECTED adjustment point on string’. Snap to a point on the left of the string. You are then asked to ‘Select second point on string’, snap to a point on the right of the string. M-12 GUIDE
  • 13. String Commands. All the ‘STRING’ commands except for STRING - TO ROAD are explained in the String Edits chapter. The STRING - TO ROAD command is explained in the chapter titled Open Pit Design. Interpolate Elevation - (fe) This command is used to create a 3 D drive outline strings from a 2 D drive outline string and an ‘elevation string’. The ‘elevation string’ could be composed of points defined by surveyed spot heights along the floor or back of the drive. To demonstrate this command first use ERASE - ALL STRINGS (eal) to clear the screen of data, then define a ‘drive outline’ in plan view using STRING - NEW (ns). Underground Design M-13
  • 14. Use the PLANE - BY 2 POINTS (2) command to view a vertical section down the centre of the drive string. Use STRING - NEW to create an ‘elevation string’, which we will assume is created from spot elevation values along a drive. You should be able to see the first string below the elevation string. Select the drive outline string and then select the INTERPOLATE ELEVATION (fe) command. Use SET - VIEW (vi) to get an isometric view of the strings. M-14 GUIDE
  • 15. The Drive Linking Sub Menu The commands in the previous section are to do with creating drive centre lines. The commands in this section are used to create 3D wireframe drive shapes around those centre lines. Setup Menu Select the SETUP to see the following menu. Underground Design M-15
  • 16. These commands allow you to alter the default colours of various strings and control the automatic display/creation of strings. Colour - Section (csc) This command sets the colour of underground cross-sectional perimeters, that may be created when using the commands LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY - SECTIONS. Sections will not be created unless the CREATE - SECTIONS toggle is on. The colour number may be typed or the logical colour name entered, e.g. ‘red’. Colour - Wall (wc) This command is used to set the colour of underground wall strings, that may be created when using the commands LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY - SECTIONS. Wall strings will not be created unless the CREATE - WALL STRINGS toggle is on. The colour number may be typed or the logical colour name entered, e.g. ‘red’. Colour - Back (rc2) This command is used to set the colour of the underground back strings, that may be created when using the commands LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY - SECTIONS. Sections will not be created unless the CREATE - WALL STRINGS toggle is on. The colour number may be typed or the logical colour name entered, e.g. ‘red’. Create - Sections (tdx) If the CREATE-SECTIONS toggle is turned on, when you use LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY - SECTIONS, yellow cross section strings will be created at every point along the drive control string. Create - Wall Strings (twss) If CREATE - WALL STRINGS is toggled on, green floor strings are created on either side of the drive control string. A brown roof or back string is created directly above the drive control string. This feature is particularly useful for generating drive floor outlines. Arc Segment length (asl) The arc generated using the CENTRELINE - CREATE command is made up of short string segments. The length of these segments can be controlled using this command. Drive Evaluation (tde) DRIVE EVALUATION will only work if a model is in memory. It works with LINK BY - CENTRELINES or LINK BY - SECTIONS. This feature allows the drive wireframe shape to be evaluated in the same way as EVAL. W’FRAME (evw) in the Mine Design Tools section. This is a powerful feature if you are designing development in ore, as it enables you to create a report of tonnes and grade for your design. M-16 GUIDE
  • 17. Select Cross Section (sx) Before you create any drive wireframes, you must set up the default cross section shape with SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx). Selecting this command invokes a dialogue box: You can select any of three drive cross sections to use: circular, arched or rectangular by clicking on the relevant button. You can change the width, height and arch radius (for arched cross-sections) by clicking on the relevant button and typing in a value. You must then press the return key. In any of the Guide dialogue boxes, if you select a button with the mouse, you must press ‘enter’ to continue, even if you don’t type in a new value. The CONTROL STRING H button controls the centre line string height in whatever units you are using. This is represented by the position of the white cross in the cross section window. The centre line string height affects how the cross section is ‘hung onto’ the centre line string. To save a cross section or a set of cross sections, click on the SAVE button. You will be prompted for the name of a file to store the cross sections. Enter drive cross-section file name ....[ ]:xsec To save more cross sections, just create each one and then click on the SAVE button. Underground Design M-17
  • 18. To cycle through the saved sections use the NEXT and PREV buttons. As you cycle through the sections, you will see the NUMBER button showing the number of the section within the file. To access another set of cross sections contained in another file, exit the SELECT X-SECTION dialogue box by clicking on ACCEPT or CANCEL. Then close the existing file using CLOSE FILE (clf). Enter name of file to be closed [ ]:xsec Finally click on SELECT X-SECTION again and use the GET button to open the other file: Enter drive cross-section file name ....[ ]:xsec2 The cross section file is just a string file and can be opened with OPEN FILE (of) and edited with the normal string editing tool to create other cross section shapes. Link By - Centrelines (lc) LINK BY - CENTRELINES (lc) is the most useful command in the menu. Before you use it, set up a default cross section shape with SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx), and digitise a string, either with STRING - NEW (ns) or CENTRELINE - CREATE (car). The first time you invoke this command in a session Guide will prompt for the name of a drive statistics file. You can either use an existing drive statistics file or create a new one. This file will contain the length and tonnes of the drives created plus various other parameters, including any extra attributes you may have set up on the string. Enter drive statistics file name ..... [ - ]: drvstat Enter density for drive [ ]: 2.7 The density value is used in the calculation of drive tonnage. If you have no string selected, Guide will ask you to ‘Select drive control string’. When you do, Guide will create a 3D wireframe of the drive shape along the chosen string. The cross-sectional shape of this development will be as defined by SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) and the tonnes, volume, length etc of the drive will be contained in the drive statistics file. Use the TOOLS - LIST FILE (lf) command in the DATA MANAGEMENT menu to examine this file. M-18 GUIDE
  • 19. Using Drive Evaluation (tde) Make sure that the DRIVE EVALUATION toggle in the SETUP menu is on. Open a model file and create a drive centre line string within the model using CENTRELINE - CREATE (car). Select LINK - CENTRELINES (lc). You will be prompted for the Mining block identifier. This is simply a numeric code. You either press the enter key to accept the default value, or you can use a meaningful number such as the Easting or Northing of the drive or the level number. Drive evaluation against Block model data. Enter Mining block identifier .................. [ 1.0 ]: Guide than gives a report of volume and tonnes, calculated from the DENSITY field within the model, or from the default density entered when you opened the model file. Weighted averages are calculated for all numeric fields in the model. Volume of model within block . . . . . . 2126.0 Volume of wireframe . . . . . . . . . . . 2125.9 Volume difference . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 Total tonnage of block . . . . . . . . . 2126.0 Density of block . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 ROCK AU NO.SAMP LGPIT1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Weighted average 5.502 2.212 58.473 1.000 Tonnes 2125.959 1812.045 1812.045 2125.959 Finally you are prompted to accept the evaluation. If you accept the default of ‘Y’, you will be prompted for a results file name. Accept evaluation [Y]/N ..... [Y ]: Enter results file name ...... [ ]: resfile 1 records in results file RESFILE Underground Design M-19
  • 20. Outline - Link Single (lso) This command enables you to create a 3D drive shape from a 2D floor string. It only makes sense to use this command on plan strings. A shape like the one shown below might come from a survey file of floor strings of actual development. Select OUTLINE - LINK SINGLE. You will be prompted for a vertical projection distance. Enter string projection distance [ ]: 4.5 Guide will then project the selected string up by the projection distance and create a wireframe between the projection and the original string. M-20 GUIDE
  • 21. Outline - Link Pair (lo) This command links two strings. It’s effect is the same as using the wireframe commands LINK-STRINGS (lst) and ENDLINK-STRING (eli) on the two strings. To demonstrate the command, create 2 strings as shown using STRING- NEW (ns). Make sure that the strings are on different planes. Use OUTLINE - LINK PAIR (lo). You are prompted to ‘Select first drive wall outline’. Click on one of the strings, you are then prompted to ‘Select second drive wall outline’. Click on the other string. You should see a result like this: Underground Design M-21
  • 22. Limit Commands The ‘LIMIT’ commands are explained in the DTM section of the chapter titled Wireframing. Link By - Sections (ld) Section - Assign (ax) These commands can be used together in situations where cross - sections vary along a drive, for instance a workshop or fuel bay. Use STRING-NEW (ns) to create a line like this. Assume we want a 4 x 4 m rectangular cross section along the drive except between points B and C, where the cross section opens out to 8m wide. M-22 GUIDE
  • 23. First set up a cross-section definition file containing the two different sections required. This is not compulsory but is does make switching between section profiles much easier. 1. Use SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) to set up the rectangular cross section of 4 x 4m. 2. Click on the SAVE button and save the section to a file xsec. 3. Set up a section which is 8 x 4m. 4. Click on the SAVE button to save this section. 5. Use the PREV button to go back to the 4x4m profile and select ACCEPT. 6. Select the SECTION - ASSIGN (ax) command and snap to points A and D using the right hand mouse button. 7. Select the SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) command and click on the NEXT button to display the second profile (8x4). Select ACCEPT. 8. Select the SECTION - ASSIGN (ax) command and snap to points B and C using the right hand mouse button. You should end up with something like this: Underground Design M-23
  • 24. The command LINK BY - SECTIONS will be used to create the wireframe. The selected profile (set in SELECT CROSS SECTION) will be created at each point. Therefore to between points A - B and between C - D you must ensure that the default profile is the 4x4m section. 9. Use the SELECT CROSS SECTION (sx) command and use the PREV button to select the 4x4m profile. 10. Select the LINK BY - SECTION (lde) command. You are asked to select the drive control string followed by the first section (select the section at point A). Select point B for the end section. 11. Repeat this step to link between points C and D. 12. Use the SELECT CROSS SECTION command to select the 8x4m profile. 13. Repeat the LINK BY - SECTION procedure to link between points B and C. M-24 GUIDE
  • 25. Section - Align (ae) The SECTION - ALIGN command allows you to define the orientation of the cross-section. This is useful for creating neatly abutting drives. Make sure that the CREATE - WALL STRINGS toggle is on and create a wireframe to represent the main drive. Change the SNAP MODE to ‘lines’ and snap the end of the string representing a crosscut to the wall string. Remember to change the snap mode back to POINTS. Underground Design M-25
  • 26. Select the drive control string (i.e. the crosscut string). Use SECTION - ASSIGN (ae) to assign a cross section to point A. Select SECTION - ALIGN (ae). You are asked to “Select point for cross section”. Snap to point B using the right hand mouse button. You are then asked to ‘Indicate cross-section orientation’. Using the right hand mouse button snap to the nearest point on along the edge of the main drive. You will see the new cross-section aligned to the main drive, and elongated to preserve the true width of the crosscut. Use the LINK BY - SECTIONS (ld) to link the crosscut. M-26 GUIDE
  • 27. Fit Within (fx) This command allows you to fit any number of drive coss-sections to underground survey data. You need to have a survey floor perimeter and a survey back (or roof) string. The back string may be a single string along the centreline of the drive or a perimeter along the shoulders of the drive. Generate a dummy floor perimeter and back centreline string as shown. Underground Design M-27
  • 28. Select a cross section using the CREATE CROSS SECTION (sx) command. You are prompted to select the floor perimeter followed by the back string. You must then snap to points along either the floor or back strings to indicate where you want the cross sections to be positioned. Notice that the shape of the cross section will change to fit the survey strings. You can then use the LINK - STRINGS (lst) command (Wireframing section) to link the cross sections and create a wireframe model of the drive. M-28 GUIDE