2. Armitage J, Harris N, Dalla-Favera R. Non-Hodgkin Lympohomas. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins,
2ª ed. 2010
Robbins, Cotran, Kummar V, Abbas A, Fausto N, Aster J. Patología estructural y funcional.
Elsevier, 8ª ed. 2010
Sans-Sabrafen J, Besses C, Vives JL. Hematología Clínica. Elsevier, 5ª ed. 2006
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. National Cancer Institute: US Department of Health and Human
Services
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/non-hodgkinlymphoma/detailedguide/non-hodgkin-lymphoma-
what-is-non-hodgkin-lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A histopatologic and prognostic evaluation. 2010. Genentech, USA
Labardi-Méndez J, Cervera-Ceballos E, Corrales-Alfaro C, Balbuena-Martínez M, Barbosa-
Ibarra A, Espinoza-Zamora JR, et al. Onco Guía: Linfoma No Hodgkin. Cancerología 6 (2011):
139 – 152
3. “Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system”
Sist. Linfático → ganglios, vasos y órganos linfáticos → linfa →
linfocitos → sistema inmune
Enfermedades clonales de células B, T o NK en varios estadios de
diferenciación
Las células NK se consideran dentro del mismo grupo con linfocitos T,
por sus rasgos inmunofenotípicos y funcionales similares
4. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. National Cancer Institute: US Department of Health and Human Services
“Diseases need to be defined and named before they can be diagnosed and treated”
- Disease Definition (Class discovery): is the process of determining what diseases exist and
how to define them; “developing a classification” when applied to a large group of diseases
- Disease Diagnosis (Class prediction): is the act of deciding which category of disease a given
patient has.
5. Lymphosarchoma → Robert Virchow (1863) lo distinguió de la leucemia que el describió (1845)
Malignant Lymphoma → Theodore Billroth (1871)
Controversia para clasificar los NHL basados en:
1) Morfología
2) Características clínicas
3) Linaje Celular y diferenciación
1902, Carl Sternberg and Dorothy Reed described the characteristic binucleate cell that camed to be called…. Sternberg-Reed Cell
1908, Sternberg described an aggressive mediastinal tumor in young males (Sternberg Sarchoma) ≈ Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
6. Armitage J, Harris N, Dalla-Favera R. Non-Hodgkin Lympohomas. Lippincot Williams &
Wilkins, 2ª ed. 2010
Used heterogenously:
- Lymphoma
- Lymphosarcoma
- Follicular lymphoma
- Lymphocytoma
- Lymphoblastoma
- Reticulum cell sarcoma
- Hodgkin disease
- Morphologic + clinical features
7. Armitage J, Harris N, Dalla-Favera R. Non-Hodgkin Lympohomas. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, 2ª ed. 2010
Terms such as lymphosaroma or lymphoblastoma were applied to those
composed of smaller cells recognized as lymphocytes.
Gall: “when such variation of opinion exists it seems probable that the
individual authors…cannot be describing the same tumor”
1941, follicular lymphoma or giant follicle lymphoma was recognized by GALL
1958, Burkitt described a tumor of African children, which was rapidly recognized as a
new and distinctive type of lymphoma which also occured in the Western countries…
Led to suspicion that it may be caused by a virus = discovery of the VEB.
The term reticulum cell sarcoma was generally applied to large cell
neoplasms; this uncertainty about the lineage of large cell neoplasms of
lymphoid tissues persisted until later half of the 20th century.
In the belief that each neoplasm corresponded to a recognizable normal
cell or differentiation stage:
1942:
Morphology + different
categories = different
clinical behavior
8. Proposed the term nodular to
replace follicular…when
describing the pattern of the
lymphoma
Useful in stratifying patients for
treatment and predicting clinical
outcome
Regression on understanding
9. Discoveries about inmune system & neoplasms:
1) Potential of lymphocytes: had been thought to be end-
stage not proliferating cells in response to mitogens or
antigens
2) Existence of distinctive lymphocyte lineages (T/B):
w/different funcitons and physiology
- Surface antigens exploited to ID lineage
3) Effective therapies for some types of lymphomas
11. Armitage J, Harris N, Dalla-Favera R. Non-Hodgkin Lympohomas. Lippincot
Williams & Wilkins, 2ª ed. 2010
Inmunologically based classification
- Required primary division into T and B-cell
lineage
- It didn’t recognize pattern at all
- Folicular center cell types = all neoplasms
14. [1] Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. National Cancer Institute: US Department of Health and Human Services
[2] Sans-Sabrafen J, Besses C, Vives JL. Hematología Clínica. Elsevier, 5ª ed. 2006
The most common are diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and
follicular lymphoma
2 groups according to the speed of growth:
Indolent (low-grade): they grow slowly and cause few
symptoms
Over time they can become aggresive lymphomas
Aggresive (intermediate-grade and high-grade): they
grow and spread more quickly; and tend to cause
severe symptoms.
15. Más frecuentes en adultos que niños e incrementan gradualemente con edad >50a
(45-55 edad Dx promedio)
NIÑOS
Incidencia es rara, tiene predominio extranodal, el 50-70% presentan inmunofenotipo B, es
agresivo y se cura en el 70 al 90% de los casos.
ADULTOS
Incidencia es alta, tiene predominio nodal, el 70 al 90% corresponden a inmunofenotipo B,
curso clínico variable y la tasa de curación es alrededor del 30%
OMS:
Tasa de incidencia mundial de LNH en H fue de 5.6/100,000 y la TM 3.2/100,000.
En Mujeres la TI y TM fueron < respectivamente: 4.1/100,000 y 2.4/100,000
En MEXICO los datos de Globocan 2002 para en hombres fueron:
Hombres TI: 4.5/100,000, TM: 2.1/100,000
Mujeres TI: 3.3/100,000 y TM: 1.6/100,000.
16. Agentes infecciosos:
Virus:
VEB (LNH de Burkitt africano, LNH asociado al VIH, linfomas posrtrasplante)
HTLVI (leucemia/linfoma T del adulto), etc.
Bacterias:
Helicobacter pylori (Iinfoma MALT gástrico)
B. burgdorferi (LNH MALT cutáneo)
Chlamydia (LNH MALT de las glándulas lagrimales
Alteraciones inmunitarias:
Inmunodepresion: VIH, enfermedad injerto contra huesped
Enf. Autoinmunes: (tiroiditis de Hashimoto)
Exposición a agentes tóxicos:
Radiaciones ionizantes, herbicidas, pesticidas
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24. [1] Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. National Cancer Institute: US
Department of Health and Human Services
Derivadas de infiltración:
90% adenopatías
50% hepato o esplenomegalia
1/3 MO infiltrada (>en>º)
1/3 afectación extraganglionar
- TD (Placas de Peyer)
- Orofaringe (Anillo de Waldeyer)
- Mediastino
- SNC
- Piel
Síntomas “B” o
constitucionales: 60%
Estadios avanzados
1/3 síntomas es (+)
1) Fiebre inexplicada >38 ºC
2) Sudoración nocturna
3) Pérdida de peso injustificada de
>10% en 6m precedentes
• Ganglios inflamados, s/dolor: Cuello, axilas, inguinales
• Pérdida de peso inexplicable
• Fiebre
• Sudoración nocturba
• Tos, disnea, dolor torácico
• Astenia
• Dolor, inflamación o sentimiento de plenitud abdominal
Infecciones o algun problema alterno puede ser la causa de estos síntomas
25.
26. Debe realizarse en tejido ganglionar o extraganglionar
obtenido preferentemente por biopsia escisional.
Inmunohistoquímica mínima obligatoria: CD45, CD20 y
CD3.
Deberá complementarse con la sospecha diagnóstica.
33. Neoplasia de células precursoras de linaje B o T
75% niños <6a >25 Blastos=leucemia
Pueden afectar a la MO, sangre, sitios nodales y extranodales.
Se diferencia de LAL por su presentación clínica con masa tumoral y la presencia o
no de infiltración en MO de células con cromatina madura.
Diagnóstico
El abordaje por inmunofenotipo, cariotipo y biología molecular en la MO ≈ LAL
Inmunohistoquímica en tejidos: CD19, CD79a, CD22, CD10, bcl2 y TdT.
Biopsia de ganglio, tejido o aspirado de MO
Origen en células T: Tumor mediastinal, adenomegalias y hepatoesplenomegalia
y puede infiltrar el SNCy testículos.
34.
35. ≈ al de LAL
Se agrega Rituximab 375 mg/m2 en
pacientes que expresan:
CD20 por inmunohistoquímica o
CD20 en más del 10% por inmunofenotipo
36.
37. 48% del total de linfomas en México.
Dx en tejido ganglionar/extraganglionar por biopsia escicional preferentemente
Inmunohistoquímica mínima obligatoria: CD45, CD20 y CD3
Complementada con BCL-2, BCL-6, MUM-1, CD-10, CD-30 y ALK.
La valoración del riesgo se calculará de acuerdo al (IPI) e IPI ajustado a la edad
38.
39. Infiltración a SNC, iniciar Tx intratecal:
Metotrexate 12 mg
Citarabina 40 mg
Dexametasona 4 mg
2 x sem hasta obtener 3 LCR (-)
Evaluar RT o dosis altas de metotrexate.
40.
41. Neoplasia de células B del centro germinal (centrocitos y centroblastos) con un patrón de
crecimiento folicular y bajo grado de agresividad.
20% de todos los LNH. Afecta predominantemente a adultos, 60-70 años
Manifestaciones clínicas
Enfermedad en estadios clínicos avanzados y con infiltración a MO en 40 a 70%; s/MsCs
Predominio nodal
Diagnóstico
Especificar el grado histológico de acuerdo al # de centroblastos por campo de alto poder
(grado 1-2; ≤ 15 centroblastos, grado 3 >15 centroblastos)
El linfoma folicular grado 3b (75% de patron difuso) se considera un linfoma agresivo y asi
debe ser tratado
Inmunohistoquímica incluya al menos: CD20, BCL2, CD10.
45. Linfoma de células B de crecimiento rápido
Con fc se presenta con infiltración extranodal o leucemia aguda.
Células monomórficas de tamaño mediano con presencia de vacuolas.
Translocación (t8;14) que involucra al gen c-myc
3 variantes clínicas
1) Esporádica (>fc) representa del 1 al 2% de todos los linfomas en Europa Occidental y EU
2) Endémica predomina en África Ecuatorial
- El genoma del VEB se encuentra en la mayoría de células neoplásicas de todos los enfermos
- Se asocia a zonas de alta prevalencia de paludismo
3) Asociada a inmunodeficiencia predomina en pacientes con VIH.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51. Type of immunotherapy known as a monoclonal antibody.
A MA is a man-made version of an immune system protein that fits like a lock
and key with one certain protein.
Rituximab is designed to seek out and lock onto a protein receptor (CD20)
found on B lymphocytes (B cells) in the body.
When the antibody attaches to the receptor, it sends a signal to the cell to die. It
can also bring in other immune cells to help kill the cell.
El rituximab produce una tasa de respuesta de 40 a 50% en aquellos pacientes
que recaen por linfomas de células B de crecimiento lento.
Se puede administrar también con quimioterapia combinada.
Ganglios, vasos linfáticos y órganos (bazo, timo y MO) + linfa de linfocitos
Crecimiento descontrolado o falta de apoptosis y > de Vida media linfocitaria
Morphologic pattern, inmunophenotypic or genetic, clinical spectrum
ARP: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
Variably understood, still insufficient data
1942: Morphology + different categories = different clinical behavior
Dr pensaban que la hiperplasia folicular era lesión precursora o que se formaba en seguimiento con el linfoma folicular
PDL: Poorly differenciated lymphoma
Biologically incorrect but clinical relevance in USA
Follicular lymphomas 40% NODULAR
Diffuse large B-cell 70% DIFFUSE
AILD: angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia
HTLV-1: human T-cell leukemia virus type I
LgX: lymphogranulomatosis X
TODOS linfomas linfoides
Morphology, immunophenotype, genetic features
Virus Humano T-linfortrópico en células T del adulto
La inmunosupresión es el factor de riesgo más claramente definida, lo que lleva a 50-100 veces el exceso de riesgo.
Early B-cell development occurs:
➜ bone marrow
➜ B-cell precursor cells undergo Ig heavy and light chain rearrangement and are equipped with a functional surface antigen receptor. The descendants now called naive B cells
➜ found in the bloodstream
➜ undergo clonal expansion in germinal centers (GCs), which are found in the cortex of lymph nodes.
In the lymph node GC, the Ig genes are further modified by somatic hypermutation, a process by which cells undergo rapid mutations and class-switch recombination.
Most lymphoid tumors have gene rearrangements characteristic of the cell type from which they arose.
Stages in B-cell development that give rise to CLL, follicular lymphoma, DLBCL, Burkitt’s lymphoma, MALT lymphoma, and other B-cell lymphomas.
Precursor B-cell (lymphoblast/progenitor)
Undergo Ig VDJ gene rearrangement
Differentiate into mature surface Ig (sIg)
IgM+ / igD+ naive cells CD5+ PB and 1º lypmhoid follicules
“Mantle cell lymphoma”
Encounter AG that fits their Ig ®, undergo transformation
Transform, Proliferate and mature into antibody-secreting plasma and memory cells
“Early igM Ac response to AG”
Other AG exposed migrate into centre of primary follicule
Proliferate and fill the Follicular Dendritic Cell (FDC) meshwork = germinal centre
GC centroblasts express low leves of sIg and turn off BCL-2 expression = susceptible death through apoptosis
Centroblasts express CD10, BCL6 (also centrocytes) nuclear transcription factor
Switched off in memory and plasma cells, not expressed in naïve B cells
In GC, somatic hypermutation occurs in the Ig heavy/light chain variable (IGV) region genes
May result in a non functional gene or less affinity of AB
Some cells turn to IgA+ production
IGV and BCL6 = markers that have been through GC
Centrocytes turn off BCL6 and differentiate into plasma or memory cells
Follicular lymphomas tumors of GC cells which fail to undergo apoptosis due to chromosomal rearrangement t(14;18) prevents switching off of BCL2
B-cell differentiation
Other AG exposed migrate into centre of primary follicule
Proliferate and fill the Follicular Dendritic Cell (FDC) meshwork = germinal centre
GC centroblasts express low leves of sIg and turn off BCL-2 expression = susceptible death through apoptosis
Centroblasts express CD10, BCL6 (also centrocytes) nuclear transcription factor
Switched off in memory and plasma cells, not expressed in naïve B cells
In GC, somatic hypermutation occurs in the Ig heavy/light chain variable (IGV) region genes
May result in a non functional gene or less affinity of AB
Some cells turn to IgA+ production
IGV and BCL6 = markers that have been through GC
Centrocytes turn off BCL6 and differentiate into plasma or memory cells
Follicular lymphomas tumors of GC cells which fail to undergo apoptosis due to chromosomal rearrangement t(14;18) prevents switching off of BCL2
B-cell differentiation
In GC, somatic hypermutation occurs in the Ig heavy/light chain variable (IGV) region genes
May result in a non functional gene or less affinity of AB
Some cells turn to IgA+ production
IGV and BCL6 = markers that have been through GC
Centrocytes turn off BCL6 and differentiate into plasma or memory cells
Follicular lymphomas tumors of GC cells which fail to undergo apoptosis due to chromosomal rearrangement t(14;18) prevents switching off of BCL2
B-cell differentiation
Precursor B-cell (lymphoblast/progenitor)
Undergo Ig VDJ gene rearrangement
Differentiate into mature surface Ig (sIg)
IgM+ / igD+ naive cells CD5+ PB and 1º lypmhoid follicules
“Mantle cell lymphoma”
Encounter AG that fits their Ig ®, undergo transformation
Transform, Proliferate and mature into antibody-secreting plasma and memory cells
“Early igM Ac response to AG”
Other AG exposed migrate into centre of primary follicule
Proliferate and fill the Follicular Dendritic Cell (FDC) meshwork = germinal centre
GC centroblasts express low leves of sIg and turn off BCL-2 expression = susceptible death through apoptosis
Centroblasts express CD10, BCL6 (also centrocytes) nuclear transcription factor
Switched off in memory and plasma cells, not expressed in naïve B cells
In GC, somatic hypermutation occurs in the Ig heavy/light chain variable (IGV) region genes
May result in a non functional gene or less affinity of AB
Some cells turn to IgA+ production
IGV and BCL6 = markers that have been through GC
Centrocytes turn off BCL6 and differentiate into plasma or memory cells
Follicular lymphomas tumors of GC cells which fail to undergo apoptosis due to chromosomal rearrangement t(14;18) prevents switching off of BCL2
Thymus function and maturation
AG specifics Tcells mature in the thymic cortex
Express TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)
CD1a, CD3, CD5, CD7
CD3 is first expressed in the cytoplasm prior to complete T-cell receptor gene rearrangement and export to the cell membrane
Later more mature Tcells express only CD4+ or CD8+
Mediastino (linfoma B mediastínico o linfoblástico de células precursoras T)
A: s/sintomas B
B: con síntomas B
S: afectado el bazo (spleen)
E: afectación extraganglionar por contigüidad desde una región linfática a un órgano o tejido
Solo puede haber E en ! Y III
X: masas bulky >7.5cm
----- Meeting Notes (10/2/14 07:44) -----
todo fgNGLION>3
Fase A: Ciclofosfamida, MESNA, Vincristina, Doxorrubicina, Dexametasona
Fase B: Metotrexato, Acido folinico, metilprednisolona
Gen bcl-6 (derivative 3) que puede translocarse a los genes de las Ig u otras regiones
Composed of cells that at least in part resemble centroblasts and mutated IGV genes
----- Meeting Notes (10/2/14 07:47) -----
CD30 y CD 15 + en Hodgkin
CD15- y ALK + LNH LDCGB
CD30 ALK + Linfoma aAnaplásico
Vigilancia
Obtenida la RC vigilar cada 3 meses los primeros 24 mese
Posteriormente cada 6 meses por 3 años y luego anualmente de forma indefinida.
(C)yclophosphamide, an alkylating agent which damages DNA by binding to it and causing the formation of cross-links
(H)ydroxydaunorubicin (Doxorubicin or Adriamycin), an intercalating agent which damages DNA by inserting itself between DNA bases
(O)ncovin (vincristine), which prevents cells from duplicating by binding to the protein tubulin
(P)rednisone or (P)rednisolone, which are corticosteroids.
t(14;18), que implica al gen bcl-2 y gen de la cadena pesada de las Ig
Overexpression of BCL-2 ø apoptosis in germinal centre B-cells
Follicular CD10, CD20, CD79a: bcl-2 +/1, bcl-6 +, c-myc +/-
Los sitios extranodales con mayor incidencia de infiltración son: bazo, médu- la ósea, anillo de Waldeyer, piel, duodeno, anexos oculares, mamas y testículos.
R-Ciclofosfamida-Vancristina-Prednisona
Evaluación y Seguimiento
Los pacientes en los que se logró RC o RP deberán ser observados.
En caso de progresión, se deberá valorar quimioterapia de segunda línea previa biopsia de ganglio y BAMO ante la posibilidad de transformación.
t(8;14), t(2;8) y t(8;22), que implican al gen myc (cromosoma 8) y genes de Ig (H en Cr 14, Ken Cr 2 y A. en Cr 22)
BCL6+ and IGH genes mutated
Burkitt’s CD10, CD20, CD79a: bcl-6 +, c-myc +
En las variantes 1 y 3 seobserva el 30% y 25-40% de VEB respectivamente.
Burkitt’s CD10, CD20, CD79a: bcl-6 +, c-myc +
Course A: cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin (also known by its trade name, Adriamycin), and dexamethasone
Course B: methotrexate and cytarabine.
Pronóstico y factores predictivos
En las variantes endémica y esporádica, el tumor es altamente agresivo pero potencialmente curable. La estratificación se realiza de acuerdo al esquema propuesto por Murphy y clasifica a los pacientes con enfermedad limitada y pacientes con enfermedad extendida (10).
La afección a médula ósea, SNC (sistema nervioso central) tumor no resecable mayor de 10 cm, niveles de DHL elevados se consideran como pobres fac- tores pronósticos particularmente en la variante es- porádica. Los regímenes de quimioterapia intensiva proporcionan promedios de cura de más de 90% en pacientes con enfermedad de bajo grado y de 60 a 80% en pacientes con enfermedad avanzada.