مصطلحـات المشاركـة المدنيــة

Civic Participation Terminology A Guide to Frequently Used Terms and Phrases ed ‫ﻣـﺼـﻄـﻠﺤـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸـﺎﺭﻛـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺪﻧـﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺼـﻄـﻠﺤــﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﻌـﺒــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﺋــﻌــﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻟـﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟـﻤـﺼـﻄـﻠﺤــﺎﺕ‬ G Governance Campaign Plan p g M Majority R l Election n J dicial Pow Judicial PoweBias i NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strength-en and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practicalassistance to civic and political party leaders advancing democratic values, practices, and institutions. NDI workswith democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, to safeguard elections, and topromote citizen participation, openness, and accountability in government.Copyright © National Democratic Institute (NDI) 2009. All rights reserved. Portions of this work may be repro-duced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materi-al and is sent copies of any translation. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 2030 M Street, NW, 5th Floor Washington, DC 20036-3306 tel: (202) 728-5500 fax: (202) 728-5520 website: www.ndi.orgTranslated by Nathalie Sleimane, Designed by Marc Rechdane.For any comments or suggestions please contact: arabictranslation@ndi.org~¡©ŸG ôaƒjh .⁄É©dG ‘ ™°SGh ¥É£f ≈∏Y Égô°ûfh á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ π«Ñ°S ‘ πª©J á«ëHQ ÒZ áª¶æe ƒg á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸGá«ŸÉY áμÑ°ûH kÉæ«©à°ùe ,á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh äÉ°SQÉªŸGh º«≤dG ôjƒ£J πLCG øe Ú«°SÉ«°ùdGh Ú«f~ŸG IOÉ≤∏d á«∏ª©dG I~YÉ°ùŸG »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG,äÉHÉîàf’G ágGõf ¿ƒ°Uh ,á«f~ŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉª¶æŸG AÉæH ±~¡H ⁄É©dG AÉëfCG πc ‘ Ú«WGô≤Á~dG ™e kÉ° jCG ~¡©ŸG ¿hÉ©àjh .ÚYƒ£àŸG AGÈÿG øe .ºμ◊G ‘ ádAÉ°ùŸGh ìÉàØf’G õjõ©Jh ,ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«é°ûJ ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉHÜÉàμdG Gòg øe AGõLCG êÉàfEG IOÉYEG øμÁ .¬d áXƒØﬁ ¥ƒ≤◊G ™«ªL .2009 á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ª∏d ™Ñ£dG ¥ƒ≤M Oƒ©J © .~¡©ŸG ¤EG áªLÎdG øY áî°ùf ∫É°SQEGh IQƒ°ûæŸG IOÉª∏d Gk Q~°üe »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ôcP •ô°T ájQÉŒ ÒZ mäÉjÉ¨d É¡àªLôJ hCG/h .¿G~°TQ ∑QÉe »YÉÑW º«ª°üJ ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf áªLôJ arabictranslation@ndi.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ¤EG ÜÉàμdG Gòg áªLôJ ∫ƒM ∫GDƒ°S hCG ≥«∏©J …CG ∫É°SQEG AÉLôdG

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE Foreword This Glossary was developed by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) as part of the Citizen Lebanon: Civic Education and Advocacy Program. Building on decades of experience working with citizens and civil society organizations, NDI has developed numerous tools and approaches to enhance the quality and consistency of citizen input in political processes. Citizen Lebanon works to increase citizens’ understanding of democratic principles, facilitate their identification and conceptu- alization of issues that most affect them, and then support direct interaction between citizens and public officials to address these issues. The guiding principle of Citizen Lebanon is a spirit of partnership andrespectful dialogue - in order to achieve this, a common set of terms and agreement about their meaning is essential.This Glossary is part of NDI’s growing library of publications which form the basis for the Institute’s efforts to cre-ate a new and precise lexicon to convey the concepts central to democracy and governance. Putting some of theseprinciples into practice, the Glossary was developed through a consultative process with NDI’s staff in Lebanon,other field offices throughout the Middle East as well as the Institute’s Citizen Participation team. Special thanksalso to NDI’s civic partners in the Citizen Lebanon program, who served as the inspiration for this project and alsooffered valuable feedback throughout the process of development.While efforts to develop this Glossary have been exhaustive, it is by no means an authoritative resource. Userfeedback is essential - comments and thoughts on terms, definition, usage and regional application are desiredand actively encouraged. To make this process as simple as possible, please feel free to email any commentsto arabictranslation@ndi.org.

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE áÄWƒJèeÉfôH :øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH øe Gk AõL ¬àØ°üH Gòg äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO OG~YEÉH (NDI) á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ΩÉbäÉª¶æeh ÚæWGƒŸG ™e ÜhDh~dG ¬∏ªY øe Oƒ≤©dG ôe ≈∏Y ~¡©ŸG É¡Ñ°ùàcG »àdG á∏jƒ£dG IÈÿG π° ØÑa .á©aG~ŸG ¿hDƒ°Th á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG q.É¡JÉÑKh É¡à«Yƒf á¡÷ ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe õjõ©J ¤EG »eôJ äÉHQÉ≤eh äGhOCG I~Y ôjƒ£J øe øqμ“ ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛGôKDƒJ »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ~j~– ‘ º¡J~YÉ°ùeh ,á«WGô≤Á~dG ÇOÉÑŸÉH ÚæWGƒŸG áaô©e ™«°SƒJ ¤EG ¤hCG á∏Môe ‘ øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ≈©°ùjhÚæWGƒŸG ÚH ô°TÉÑŸG πYÉØàdG øe ´ƒf ≥∏N √ÉŒÉH ™a~dG ¤EG á≤M’ á∏Môe ‘h ,É¡æY áë°VGh Iôμa øjƒμJh ÒKCÉJ ~°TCG º¡JÉ«M ≈∏Y qìhQ ‘ ≈∏éààa É¡æe m »MƒH øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH πª©j »àdG á«¡«LƒàdG ÇOÉÑŸG ÉeCG .ÉjÉ° ≤dG √òg á÷É©Ÿ ΩÉ©dG π≤◊G ‘ ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGh .ájÉ¨dG √ò¡d kÉ≤«≤– ,É¡«fÉ©e ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàdGh äÉë∏£°üŸG øe áeÉY áYƒª› ™°Vh øe ~H ’ ¿Éc ,∂dòd .ΩGÎM’G ≈∏Y ºFÉ≤dG QGƒ◊Gh ácGô°ûdG qπ«Ñ°S ‘ ~¡©ŸG É¡dòÑj »àdG Oƒ¡÷G É¡«∏Y õμJÎa ,»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG i~d á«eÉæàŸG äGQƒ°ûæŸG áÑàμe øe Gk AõL Gòg äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO πμ°ûjh»ØXƒe ™e IOƒ≤©ŸG äGQhÉ°ûŸG øe Qm É°ùe IôªK π«d~dG Gòg AÉL ~bh .ºμ◊G IQGOEGh á«WGô≤Á~dG »ndÉ› ‘ ájQƒﬁ º«gÉØe π≤f ‘ ~«ØJ á≤«bO äGOôØe çG~ëà°SG rº¡©«ªL Gƒ©°Vh ¿CG ~©H ,á«f~ŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG ¿hDƒ°ûH »æ©ŸG ~¡©ŸG ≥jôa ™e ∂dòch ,§°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG á≤£æe ‘ á∏eÉY iôNCG á«fG~«e ÖJÉμeh ¿ÉæÑd ‘ ~¡©ŸG,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øª°V øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ~¡©ŸG AÉcô°T ¤EG ¢UÉN ôμ°T ¬«LƒJ øe kÉ° jCG ~H ’ ,QÉWE’G Gòg ‘h .≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ÇOÉÑŸG ∂∏J øe kÉ° ©H .kÉHÉéjEG hCG kÉÑ∏°S ¬«∏Y ≥«∏©àdG ¢Vô©e ‘ èeÉfÈdG πMGôe OG~àeG ≈∏Y áªq«b äÉeƒ∏©e Gƒe~bh ´hô°ûŸG Gò¡d »Mh Q~°üe Gƒ∏μ°T º¡fC’¿CG Éæª¡j ,∂dòd .kÉ«FÉ¡fh kÉ«ª°SQ Gk Q~°üe πμ°T …CÉH ônÑà©oj ’ ƒ¡a ,´ƒ°VƒŸG Gòg ÖfGƒL qπμH §«– ¿CG âdhÉM äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO OG~YE’ ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G ¿CG ™eh q q,É¡dÉª©à°SG á≤jôWh ,É¡JÉØjô©Jh ,äÉë∏£°üŸG øY º¡FGQBG hCG º¡JÉ≤«∏©J AG~HEG ¤EG ìÉ◊EÉH º¡qãëfh ,¬æY äÉYÉÑ£fG øe º¡j~d ¿ƒμàj ÉÃ π«d~dG ƒe~îà°ùe ÉfOhõj q.arabictranslation@ndi.org :‹ÉàdG ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ÈY OOôJ ¿hO Éæà∏°SGôe AÉLôdG ,ºμJÉ≤«∏©J ∫É°üjE’ kÓ«¡°ùJh .≥WÉæŸG ‘ É¡dÉª©à°SG á«°Uƒ°üNh

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 1 AAccountability The relationship between government ,øWGƒŸGh áeƒμ◊G ÚH ÉC °ûæJ »àdG ábÓ©dÉH ≈q∏éàJ and citizens. Acknowledgement and äGQGô˘≤˘dG ø˘Y É˘¡˘ à˘ «˘ dhDƒ˘ °ùÃ á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ô˘˘≤˘ J å«˘˘MáÑ°SÉﬁ/ádAÉ°ùe e assumption of responsibility for deci- q sions, actions, and policies, in light of πªëàJh ,É¡æY Q~°üJ »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ∫ÉªYC’Gh q agreed expectations, such as an agree- øe ±ôW πc ¬©bƒàj Ée Aƒ°V ≈∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùŸG √òg q ment between an elected official and ∫hDƒ˘ ˘°ùŸG ÚH Oƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘©ŸG ¥É˘˘ Ø˘ ˘J’G ¬˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘°ûj ÉÃh ,ô˘˘ NB’G his/her consituents. .¬«ÑNÉfh ÖîàæŸG nActivist A person who believes in or participates Gòg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh ,ô°TÉÑŸG ∑ôëàdÉH øeDƒj ¢üî°T πc q§°TÉf in direct action to make changes in gov- ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGÒ«¨J çG~MEG á«¨H ,∑ôëàdG ernment or social conditions by cam- paigning in public or working for an º˘«˘¶˘æ˘J ∫Ó˘N ø˘e ∂dPh ,á˘«˘YÉ˘ª˘à˘L’G ±hô˘˘¶˘ dG hCG organization. An activist is described as .áæ«©e áª¶æe ìÉæL â– πª©dG hCG á«æ∏Y äÓªM q someone who pursues vigorous actions ‘ áã«ãM »YÉ°ùe ∫òÑj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG kÉ° jCG ƒgh to pursue a political or social end. .á«YÉªàLG hCG á«°SÉ«°S äÉjÉZ ≥«≤– π«Ñ°SAd Hoc Committee Committee which may be formed to ç~◊ hCG áæ«©e á«° b á÷É©Ÿ ÉC °ûæJ »àdG áæé∏dG q address a particular issue or event, but äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’G ‘ ôªà°ùJ ’ É¡æμdh ø«©e¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûæe áæ÷ æ does not have standing responsibilities. q .É¡àª¡e AÉ¡àfÉH É¡∏ªY »¡àæj PEG É¡«dEG án∏cƒŸG nAdvocacy A process of influencing discussion, äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh äGAGôLE’Gh ä’hG~ŸG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«∏ªY procedures and policies of government. »àdG á«∏ª©dG √òg πqãªàJh .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒÃ á≤∏©àŸGá©aG~e This process, usually guided by civil society and citizens, is a set of organized, á˘˘∏˘ °ù∏˘˘°ùH ¿ƒ˘˘æ˘ WGƒŸGh Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG kIOÉ˘˘Y É˘˘gOƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘j strategic actions over a period of time áæ«©e á«æeR IÎa ≈∏Y º s¶æoJ á«é«JGÎ°SG äGƒ£N q directed at bringing about change ácQÉ°ûŸG ∫ÓN øe Üƒ∏£ŸG Ò«¨àdG çG~MEG ¤EG ±~¡Jh through political participation to address issues. Advocacy campaigns could be äÓªM º q¶æoJh .áMhô£ŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG á÷É©Ÿ á«°SÉ«°ùdG organized to encourage change such as πμ°T kÓãe òNCÉj …òdG Ò«¨àdG √ÉŒÉH ™a~∏d á©aG~ŸG demanding access to information, exert- á˘˘°SQÉ‡h ,äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ˘©ŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘ °Uƒ˘˘ dG ≥˘˘ ë˘ ˘H á˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘dÉ˘˘ £ŸG ing pressure to ensure accountability and ,á«aÉØ°ûdGh ádAÉ°ùŸG …CG~Ñe ¿ƒ°U πLCG øe •ƒ¨° dG transparency, and drawing public official’s attention to problems in democrat- »àdG πcÉ°ûŸG ¤EG Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG √ÉÑàfG âØdh ic institutions. .á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG É¡æe ÊÉ©J

2 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEAlien/Non-Citizen Individuals living in a country who are áØ°U πªëj ¿CG ÒZ øe ø«©e ~∏H ‘ ¢û«©j Oôa q not legal citizens of the nation or of the áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG ÉjÉYôd I~FÉ©dG »Yô°ûdG øWGƒŸG»ÑæLCG state in which they reside, and therefore do not have access to the same rights ¥ƒ˘≤◊É˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘dG ¬˘dƒ˘î˘j ’ É‡ ,É˘¡˘«˘a º˘«˘≤˘ j »˘˘à˘ dG q and responsibilities as citizens. .É¡«æWGƒe ¤EG IOƒ¡©ŸG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’GhAlliance An association of groups, people, or ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàJ k’hO hCG kÉ°UÉî°TCG hCG äÉYƒª› º° j ™ªŒ q q nations who agree to cooperate to .∑Î°ûe ±~g ≥«≤– πLCG øe É¡æ«H Ée ‘ ¿hÉ©àdG∞∏M/∞dÉ– achieve a common goal. An alliance is usually a formal agreement. .»ª°SQ ¥ÉØJG πμ°T kIOÉY ∞dÉëàdG òîàjhAlternative Process A decision-making process to change Ò«¨J ¤EG »eôjh äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U ¬μ∏°ùj …òdG QÉ°ùŸG policies that exist wholly outside the QÉ˘˘WEG êQÉ˘˘N π˘˘eÉ˘˘μ˘ dÉ˘˘H É˘˘¡˘ H ∫ƒ˘˘ª˘ ©ŸG äÉ˘˘°SÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘°ùdGπj~H QÉ°ùe/á∏j~H á«∏ªY e official procedures stated by law or documented organizational policy. hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«ª°SôdG äGAGôLE’G .á≤KƒŸG á«ª«¶æàdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ÉgO~– »àdGAssociation Group of individuals who organize kÉYÉaO º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª q¶æj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe áYƒª›á£HGQ/á«©ªL around a common idea or cause, with ¿ƒ∏ªëj GƒfÉcCG AGƒ°S ,ácÎ°ûe á«° b hCG Iôμa øY either formal or informal status in a political system. Associations are con- .»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædG πNGO á«ª°SQ ÒZ hCG á«ª°SQ áØ°U sidered civil society organizations and ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ΩÉ≤Ã Èà©oJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷G √ògh can include non-governmental organi- hCG á˘˘«˘ eƒ˘˘μ◊G ÒZ äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG º˘˘° J ¿CG ø˘˘ μÁ Ê~ŸG q zations or labor unions. .á«dÉª©dG äGOÉ–’GAuction A fundraising technique in which objects ìôW ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ á«æ≤J»æ∏Y OGõe or services are donated to be sold and ‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G ºMGõàj ,™«Ñ∏d áæ«©e äÉe~N hCG OGƒe people bid against each other for a partic- q ular sale item. The person who bids the áMhô£ŸG IOÉŸÉH RƒØjh .É¡«∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d º¡æ«H Ée highest amount purchases that item. The ‘ ¢Vô˘Y π˘˘° aCÉ˘ H Ω~˘˘≤˘ à˘ j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG ™˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ ∏˘ d q o money raised, less expenses for the kÉ°übÉf ,ç~◊G Gòg øe á∏°üÙG ìÉHQC’G ÉeCG .I~jGõŸG q event, is the sponsoring group’s profit. ¤EG É¡©jQ Oƒ©˘«˘a ,¬˘æ˘Y á˘Ä˘°TÉ˘æ˘dG ∞˘«˘dÉ˘μ˘à˘dG É˘¡˘æ˘e .¬ª«¶æJ âYQ »àdG áYƒªÛGAudience A person or people to whom informa- hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¿ƒq≤∏àj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ¿ƒμàj q tion is conveyed or messages are .πFÉ°SôdG º¡«dEG ¬sLƒoJQƒ¡ªL directed.

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 3Authority Quality that leads the judgments, deci- AπÃ Gƒ∏Ñ≤àj ¿CG ≈∏Y øjôNB’G πª– »àdG áØ°üdGá£∏°S sions, recommendations, and orders of ô˘eGhC’Gh äÉ˘«˘°Uƒ˘à˘dGh äGQGô˘≤˘dGh ΩÉ˘μ˘MC’G º˘¡˘JOGQEG certain individuals and institutions to be accepted voluntarily as right and there- ÉgQÉÑàYÉH äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG OGôaC’G ¢ ©H øY IQOÉ°üdG fore to be implemented by others ∫ÓN øe Égƒ≤˘Ñ˘£˘j ¿CG ≈˘∏˘Yh ,á˘ë˘«˘ë˘°Uh á˘ª˘«˘∏˘°S through obedience and cooperation. í«ë°U .É¡©e ¿hÉ©àdG hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG √ò¡d ´É«°üf’G l Authority is a main source of political øe ∫hC’G É¡Jƒb Q~°üe ~ªà°ùJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG q¿CG power, but it is not identical to it. For q example, the State may be the main á¡éc á£∏°ùdG Ωƒ¡Øe qøμdh ,É¡d áMƒæªŸG á£∏°ùdG holder of authority, and therefore be á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e ø˘Y ™˘Ñ˘£˘ dÉ˘˘H ∞˘˘∏˘ à˘ î˘ j á˘˘dhDƒ˘ °ùe the target of advocacy. á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ±~¡à°ùJ kÓãe Éæg øe .á«MÓ°üc o »àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G á¡÷G kÓãe ¿ƒμJ ~b É¡qfCG ÉÃ ádh~dG n .á£∏°ùdG É¡«dEG πncƒoJAutonomy Political independence and self-govern- ,»JGòdG ºμ◊Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«©ÑàdG Ω~©H ≈q∏éàJá«dÓ≤à°SG ment, the ability to operate without IôFGO øY Gk ~«©H πª©dG á°SQÉ‡ ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH ∂dòch outside control. The capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG ≈∏Yh êQÉÿG ¬°SQÉÁ …òdG PƒØædG .™°SGh ´ÓWG øY ºæJ »àdG Iô◊G q

4 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE BBias A leaning in favor of or against some- Ω~Yh ôNBG ¿hO ±ôW hCG á«° ≤d Ö°ü©àdG hCG ÜõëàdGRÉ«ëfG/õ«– thing or someone; partiality or prejudice. .ájOÉ«◊G qBicameral Parliament In government, bicameralism is the ¿CG ¤EG ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡ QÉª° e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûjÚ°ù∏› hP ¿ÉŸôH ∏ practice of having two legislative or par- Ú°ù∏› øe ¿Éfƒμàj ¿ÉŸÈdG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral q parliament or bicameral legislature is a .ÚàæKG ÚàaôZ hCG ÚæKG parliament or legislature which consists of two chambers or houses.Bill Proposed act not yet passed by .~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √ô≤j ⁄ ìÎ≤e ¿ƒfÉb q n¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûe e Parliament.Bipartisan Consisting of, or supported by, mem- ¿GÈà˘©˘jo Ú«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S ÚHõ˘M AÉ˘° YCÉ˘H ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e π˘˘c qÚHõM øe ~js ƒe/ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe D bers of two parties, especially two major ø˘e qπ˘c hCG ,á˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G Rô˘˘HCG ø˘˘e á˘ °UÉ˘˘N k political parties. .º¡ªY~H ≈¶ëjBloc Group with a shared interest/purpose; äÉjÉZ hCG ídÉ°üe º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›á∏àc/πàμJ group of voters or politicians who share øjòdG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG ÚÑNÉædG øe áYƒª› hCG ;ácÎ°ûe common goals, an alliance. .∞dÉëàdG øe ´ƒf ƒg .ácÎ°ûe ±G~gCG º¡©ªŒ lBoard of Directors A governing body of a civil society ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ IQGOE’G ¿hDƒ°T ¤ƒàJ »àdG áÄ«¡dGIQGOE’G ¢ù∏› ∏ organization, which is elected and volun- AÉ° YCG ø˘e á˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æŸG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘μ˘à˘Jh .Ê~ŸG tary, consisting of individuals who are n q committed to the mission of the organi- á˘Wƒ˘æŸG á˘ª˘¡ŸG ò˘«˘Ø˘ æ˘ à˘ H º˘˘¡˘ JOGQEG AπÃ ¿ƒ˘˘eõ˘˘à˘ ∏˘ j zation. Board members responsibilities AÉ° YCG É¡H ™∏£° j »àdG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG ÉeCG .áª¶æŸÉH may include guiding the strategic plan of á«é«JGÎ°S’G á£ÿG ¬«LƒJ πª°ûàa IQGOE’G ¢ù∏› the organization, by involvement in ∫ÓN øe í«ë°üdG √ÉŒ’G ‘ áª¶æŸG É¡©° J »àdG strategic decisions about fundraising, staffing, and advocacy approaches. á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘é˘«˘JGÎ°S’G äGQGô˘≤˘dG ‘ º˘¡˘à˘ cQÉ˘˘°ûe .á©aG~ŸG äÉHQÉ≤eh ∞«XƒàdGh äÉYÈàdG ™ªéH

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 5Briefing A short and clear summary of a situa- ƒgh .ç~M hCG ™°Vh …CG øY í°VGhh õLƒe ¢üî∏e q≥Ñ°ùe ¢üî∏e e tion or an event. A briefing can be a πμ°T ≈∏Y ´ sRƒoj ¿CG hCG ´ÉªàLG πμ°T òîàj ¿CG øμÁ meeting or a set of written materials. .áYƒÑ£e OGƒeBudget Monitoring “A relatively new initiative whereby ¿ƒ£°TÉædG É¡ÑLƒÃ Ωƒ≤j kÉ«Ñ°ùf ~¡©dG áãj~M IQOÉÑeáfRGƒŸG áÑbGôe civil society activists or organizations áeƒμ◊G πªY áÑbGôÃ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ‘ äÉª¶æŸG hCG monitor the government budgeting process - considered as a means to á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e π˘qμ˘°ûJh .É˘˘gQGô˘˘bEGh á˘˘fRGƒŸG OG~˘˘YEG ∫É› ‘ strengthen government accountability §Ñ°Vh áeƒμ◊G ádAÉ°ùe õjõ©J ¤EG kÓ«Ñ°S áfRGƒŸG and curb corruption in public finance .áeÉ©dG á«dÉŸG IQGOEG ‘ OÉ°ùØdG management.”By-Law A law or rule governing the internal ¿hDƒ˘°ûdG ≈˘Yô˘J á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘b ΩÉ˘μ˘MCG á˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG ¿ƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘b»∏NGO ΩÉ¶f affairs of an organization; or a second- á«fÉãdG áÑJôŸG πàëj ¿ƒfÉb hCG ;áª¶æª∏d á«∏NG~dG q ary law. .¬à«ªgCG å«M øe

6 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE CCampaign Political activity, including meetings, ral- äÉYÉªàL’G πª°ûJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£°ûfC’G øe á∏ªL lá∏ªM lies, speeches, demonstrations, parades, äÉ˘°VGô˘©˘à˘ °S’Gh äGÒ°ùŸGh Ö˘˘ n£oÿGh äÉ˘˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh other events, and the use of the media, intended to inform citizens or govern- .áª q¶æŸG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG øe ÉgÒZh IQÉ«°ùdG ÖcGƒŸGh q ment about the platform of a particular ΩÓYEG á«æH ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SG É¡«dEG ±É° jo q civic organization, coalition, or group of qp áª¶æe Ég~©oJ »àdG èeGÈdÉH áeƒμ◊G hCG ÚæWGƒŸG citizens to gather support. hCG ∞dÉ– hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe øe áæ«©e q .ºY~∏d Gk ~°ûM ÚæWGƒŸG øe ≥jôaCampaign Donation A contribution of money to fund a polit- á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πjƒªàd Ω~≤oJ »àdG á«dÉŸG áªgÉ°ùŸG sá∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ ical or civic campaign. There are two :äÉYÈàdG øe ÚYƒæH äÓª◊G ≈¶–h .á«f~e hCG types of campaign donations: ‘hard money,’ which is regulated by campaign πjƒªàH á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ¬ª q¶æJ …òdG ~«≤ŸG ∫ÉŸG q finance laws, and ‘soft money’ which is ÚfGƒ≤∏d ™° îj ’ …òdG ~«≤ŸG ÒZ ∫ÉŸGh ,á∏ª◊G q not subject to campaign finance laws, í˘°Tô˘e …CG º˘Y~˘d ¬˘dÉ˘ª˘ ©˘ à˘ °SG Qqò˘ ©˘ à˘ j É‰EG IQƒ˘˘còŸG but cannot be used to diretly support a .kGô°TÉÑe kÉªYO ‹GQ~a Ö°üæŸ candidate in federal office. The written document bringing together á˘eÉ˘¡˘dG çÉ˘ë˘HC’G ™˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘Hƒ˘˘à˘ μŸG á˘˘≤˘ «˘ Kƒ˘˘dGCampaign Plan the important research, the targeting, the á«é˘«˘JGÎ°S’Gh á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘dGh á˘na~˘¡˘à˘°ùŸG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛGhá∏ª◊G á£N message, and the strategy of the advocacy campaign. This should be drafted at á£ÿG √òg áZÉ«°U Q~Œh .á©aG~ŸG á∏ªM ‘ á©ÑàŸG q the beginning of the campaign and pro- á«Ø«c Iƒ£N kIƒ£N ¢Vô©à°ùàa ,á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘ vide a step-by-step outline of how the .á∏ª◊G √òg ±G~gCG ≥«≤– campaign will achieve its goal.Candidate This is the person running for a particular Ö°üæÃ Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¢Vƒ˘î˘j …ò˘dG ¢üî˘°ûdGí°Tôe elected position. The role of the candi- ™∏£° j …òdG Qh~dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í°TôŸG ~ª©jh .ø«©e date is to meet voters and potential q donors to the campaign and persuade øjòdG ÚëfÉŸGh ÚÑNÉædG ™e äGAÉ≤d ~≤Y ¤EG ,¬H them to support the candidate. The can- º¡YÉæbEG π«Ñ°S ‘ á∏ª◊G πjƒªàH GƒYÈàj ¿CG πªàëjo n didate cannot be the campaign manager, ≈∏Y Qqò©àj ,πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ ,øμdh .¬d ºY~dG Ë~≤àH responsible for the strategic development and day to day running of the campaign. øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG á∏ª◊G ôj~e Qh~H ™∏£° j ¿CG í°TôŸG .á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T ÒH~Jh É¡à«é«JGÎ°SG º°SQ

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 7Canvass This is a type of citizen contact in which πq≤æàj å«M ,ÚæWGƒŸÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T(QGO ¤EG QGO øe) ±GƒW campaign organizers or volunteers go ç~ëà∏d QGO ¤EG QGO øe ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG hCG á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe from one house or apartment to anoth- q er, talking directly to citizens. This can πFÉ°Sh ÌcCG »g á∏«°SƒdG √òg π©dh .º¡©e Iô°TÉÑe q be one of the most persuasive methods ºY~dGh á«bG~°üŸG Ö°ùc ≈∏Y kIQ~bh kÉYÉæbEG ∫É°üJ’G of gaining credibility and support, .¬Ñ∏£àJ …òdG å«ã◊G ~¡÷Gh âbƒdG ºZQ q though it is time and labor intensive.Caucus A meeting of party leaders or civic á˘«˘f~˘e á˘∏˘ª˘M »˘ª˘¶˘æŸ hCG Üõ◊G IOÉ˘≤˘d ´É˘ª˘ à˘ LG/Úª¶æŸG hCG äGOÉ«≤dG ´ÉªàLG organizers, the purpose of which may á˘æ˘«˘©˘e á˘«˘° b ø˘e ~˘˘Mƒ˘˘e ∞˘˘bƒ˘˘e AG~˘˘HEG ±~˘˘¡˘ H be to show unity for a particular issue q q»HõM ô“Dƒe (usually held privately) or to select a QÉ«˘à˘NG ±~˘¡˘H hCG (á˘≤˘∏˘¨˘e IQƒ˘°üH kIOÉ˘Y ~˘≤˘©˘æ˘j) candidate for office. .øq«©e Ö°üæŸ í°TôeCharacteristics A campaign message must be concise, »MƒJ ¿CGh ábOÉ°Uh IõLƒe á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ¿ƒμJ ¿CG Öéjof Message truthful and credible, persuasive, easy kÉ° jCG Öéjh ;´ÉæbE’G ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH õ«ªàJh á«bG~°üŸÉH q to remember, and be important to citi-ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e zens. A good message speaks to the ô¶f ‘ á«ªgCG πà– ¿CGh ádƒ¡°ùH ¿ÉgPC’G ‘ ≥∏©J ¿CG q heart, is targeted, and is repeated. ∑ô– »àdG ádÉ°SôdG »g áëLÉædG ádÉ°SôdÉa .ÚæWGƒŸG q .ÉgOGOôJ Ìμjh ±~¡dG ≈∏Y õqcôJh ôYÉ°ûŸGChange Agent A person or group of people who are øe ¿ƒæqμªàj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°ûdGÒ«¨àdG iƒb able to garner influence and shift pub- º˘¡˘cÓ˘à˘eÉ˘H √Ò«˘¨˘ J hCG ΩÉ˘˘©˘ dG …CGô˘˘dG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ÒKCÉ˘ à˘ dG lic opinion through charisma, argu- mentation, or other methods for πFÉ°Sh hCG á©æ≤e áéM hCG (ÉeõjQÉc) Iqòa á«°üî°T encouraging change in a community or ‘ hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ‘ ä’ƒ– çG~MEÉH á∏«Øc iôNCG political process. .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dGCharter Guiding principles and statement of äÉ˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ø˘˘Y ¿Ó˘˘YE’G hCG á˘˘«˘ ¡˘ «˘ Lƒ˘˘à˘ dG ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸGáYô°T/¥Éã«e policies on the nature of work within a äÉª¶æe É¡jODƒJ »˘à˘dG ∫É˘ª˘YC’G á˘©˘«˘Ñ˘£˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG civil society organization, association, or coalition. .äÉØdÉëàdG hCG äÉ«©ª÷G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛGCitizen An individual who is a naturalized or hCG kÉ°ùæ› ¿ÉcCG ,¿G~∏ÑdG øe m~∏H ‘ º«≤j …òdG øWGƒŸG qøWGƒe native-born resident of a state, displays á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG √ÉŒ A’ƒdÉH ô©°ûjh ,√~«dGƒe øe allegiance to that state’s political and legal authority, and who is therefore ¥ƒ≤◊ÉH ‹ÉàdÉH ™àªàj ƒgh .¬ªμ– »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dGh q entitled to the rights and protections of ≥M ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ) ~∏ÑdG Gòg ÚfGƒb É¡«∏Y ¢üæJ »àdG q its laws, including the right to political .É¡àjÉªëH π¶à°ùjh (á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG q participation.

8 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTECitizen Journalism The act of non-professionals partici- ≈∏Y áaÉë°üdG Úæ¡àªŸG ÒZ Ú«f~ŸG ΩG~bEÉH πqãªàJ/áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U pating in the collecting, reporting, á˘ZÉ˘«˘°Uh ,äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh QÉ˘Ñ˘NC’G ™˘˘ª˘ L ‘ á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG analysis, and dissemination of newsÚaÎfi ÒZ Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U and information. Citizen journalism π˘ª˘°ûJh .É˘gô˘°ûfh ,É˘¡˘∏˘«˘∏–h ,É˘˘¡˘ dƒ˘˘M ô˘˘jQÉ˘˘≤˘ à˘ dG incorportes a variety of mediums, π˘FÉ˘°Sh ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘æ˘ à˘ e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG á˘˘aÉ˘˘ë˘ °üdG q including blogging, SMS or text mes- áe~Nh ,âfÎfE’G ÈY äÉfh~ŸG ΩÉ¶f É¡«a ÉÃ ∫É°üJ’G saging, twitter, photography, video, ÈY π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘dGh äÉ˘fh~ŸG ΩÉ˘¶˘fh ,IÒ°ü≤˘dG π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘˘dG and traditonal news pieces. Major broadcasting networks, such as Al- ,(ÎjƒJ ™bƒeh áe~N ΩG~îà°SÉH) ∫É≤ædG ∞JÉ¡dG Jazeera, BBC, and CNN, have ájQÉÑNE’G ä’É≤ŸGh ƒj~«ØdG ~gÉ°ûeh Qƒ°üdG ô°ûfh launched citizen journalism projects. ,ájQÉÑNE’G ∫É°SQE’G äÉμÑ°T á«Ñ˘dÉ˘¨˘a .á˘j~˘«˘∏˘≤˘à˘dG »˘°S »˘H »˘H á˘«˘fÉ˘£˘jÈdG á˘YGPE’G á˘Ä˘«˘gh Iô˘jõ÷É˘c ‘ ™jQÉ°ûe â≤∏WCG ~b á«cÒeC’G ¿G ¿G »°S áμÑ°Th .áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ∫É›Citizen Jury A form of deliberative democracy in ºÄà∏J å«M ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°TÚæWGƒŸG øe ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g which small groups of people are ¤EG ´É˘ª˘à˘°S’G á˘«˘¨˘H ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘°U á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› brought together to hear evidence about a policy or legislative issue, πFÉ°ùe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°S ∫ƒM É¡«∏Y á°Vhô©ŸG äÉæq«ÑdG debate and determine a judgement É¡«a π°üØdGh É¡fCÉ°ûH ∫hG~àdG ºK ,áæ«©e á«©jô°ûJ based on the evidence received. They ¢UÉî°TC’G A’Dƒg QhO Ωƒ≤jh .äÉæ«ÑdG ∂∏J ¤EG Gk OÉæà°SG q are used to inform issue-based advoca- ÉjÉ° b ∫ƒM º s¶æoJ »àdG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ~jhõJ ≈∏Y cy campaigns or public officials decision making on complex policy mat- ¿ƒ«ª°SôdG ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG Égòîàj »àdG äGQGô≤dG hCG áæq«©e ters. Also see Deliberative Democracy .áeRÓdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉH áμFÉ°ûdG á°SÉ«°ùdG ¿hDƒ°T ∫ƒM and Advocacy. .á©aG~ŸGh ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG »JQÉÑY kÉ° jCG ™LGQCitizenship Right of national identity bestowed by a ádh~dG É¡ëæ“ »àdG á«°ùæ÷G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ‘ ≥◊Gá«æWGƒe/á«°ùæL æ state to individual members of that sys- ÖLƒÃ hCG IO’ƒdG ºμëH É¡eÉ¶æd Ú©°VÉÿG OGôaC’G ¤EG tem by birth or application, which requests citizen allegiance. É¡d A’ƒdG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ º¡æe »° à≤j É‡ ,á«°ùæ÷G Ö∏W .ÚæWGƒŸG A’hCivic Education Programs which introduce the basic á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘dÉ˘H ±ô˘©˘ J »˘˘à˘ dG è˘˘eGÈdG ´ƒ˘˘ª› qá«f~e á«HôJ rules and institutional features of a »˘˘ °SÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘˘ ¶˘ ˘ æ˘ ˘ dG ‘ äÉ˘˘ ˘°ù°SDƒŸG äÉ˘˘ ˘eƒ˘˘ ˘≤˘ ˘ eh democratic political system, and provide knowledge about democratic ¥ƒ˘˘≤◊É˘˘H á˘˘ aô˘˘ ©ŸG ™˘˘ «˘ ˘°ûJ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dGh ,»˘˘ WGô˘˘ ≤Á~˘˘ dG rights and practices, such as under- ,ájQƒà°S~dG ¥ƒ≤◊G º¡Øc á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQÉªŸGh standing constitutional rights, gender ‘h .»˘˘ YÉ˘˘ ª÷G π˘˘ ˘ª˘ ˘ ©˘ ˘ dGh ,Ú°ùæ÷G ÚH IGhÉ˘˘ ˘°ùŸGh equity and collective action. By better º¡àaô©e ™«°SƒJ π° ØH ,¿ƒæWGƒŸG øqμªàj ,πHÉ≤ŸG understanding their constitutional rights and community organizing tech- º«¶æJ ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«æ≤àdGh ájQƒà°S~dG º¡bƒ≤ëH niques, citizens are able to more effectively πªY ‘ á«∏©a ácQÉ°ûe ácQÉ°ûŸG øe ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG k

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 9 participate in their government. Civic º˘˘ ˘°SQ ‘h º˘˘ ˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘ ˘°ù°SDƒ˘ ˘ eh »˘˘ ˘ ∏ÙG ™˘˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ ˘àÛG education programs aim to impart the .»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG necessary knowledge and skills needed to effectively participate in the community, government, and politics.Civic Engagement Involvement in or commitment of citi- ‘ Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æ˘ eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG á˘˘cQÉ˘˘ °ûeá«f~e ácQÉ°ûe e zens and citizen’s organizations into the øY »YÉª÷G πª©dG QÉ°ùe hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG political or community process as they fulfill their rights and responsibilities. .º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùÃ ´Ó£°V’Gh º¡bƒ≤ëH ™àªàdG ≥jôWCivic Journalism Professional media that has focuses on ≈∏Y √Oƒ¡L qÖ°üj …òdG ±ÎÙG ΩÓYE’ÉH πqãªàJ/áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U putting the interest of citizens above Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üe ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe Ö«∏¨J that of politicians and journalists. It isÚaÎfi Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U based on the understanding that jour- Ú«aÉë°üdG øq≤«J ≈∏Y õμJôJ »gh .Ú«aÉë°üdGh nalists have a fundamental responsibili- áaÉ≤ãdG õjõ©J ∫É› ‘ á«°SÉ°SCG á«dhDƒ°ùe øe º¡d Éªdp ty for strengthening civic culture and á«f~ŸG á˘aÉ˘ë˘°üdÉ˘a .á˘«˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG º˘«˘Y~˘Jh á˘«˘f~ŸG democracy. Civic journalism seeks to É¡«a ¢Vô©à°ùj »àdG á≤jô£dG ¤EG »¨°üJ áaÎÙG listen to how citizens frame their problems and what citizens see as solutions á≤aGƒe É¡fhôj »àdG ∫ƒ∏◊G ¤EGh º¡∏cÉ°ûe ¿ƒæWGƒŸG to those problems. The civic journalism ~≤a á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ácôM ÉeCG .πcÉ°ûŸG ∂∏J π◊ q movement began in the 1988 U.S. elec- ΩÉ©dG ‘ á«cÒeC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ÉHEG QƒædG äô°üHCG tions when journalists and scholars began looking for a better way to cover øY ¿ƒãëÑj ¿ƒ°SQG~dGh ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG ìGQ ÚM 1988 politics. Today, it is practiced by news- ∞ë°üdG âJÉHh .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG á«£¨àd ™‚CG πFÉ°Sh papers, radio, and television stations in øe ≥WÉæe I~Y ‘ á«fƒjõØ∏àdGh á«YGPE’G äÉ£ÙGh many parts of the world. .áaÉë°üdG øe ´ƒædG Gòg Ωƒ«dG ¢SQÉ“ ⁄É©dGCivil Liberties Protections from the power of govern- ,ºμ◊G äÉ£∏°S É¡æeDƒJ »àdG ájÉª◊G ∫Éμ°TCÉH πqãªàJ qá«f~e äÉjôM ments. Examples include freedom of ájôMh ,ÒÑ©àdG ájôM ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y É¡æe ôcòfh speech, freedom of assembly, and trial by jury. Civil liberties are usually pro- .ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g ΩÉeCG áªcÉëª∏d ´ƒ° ÿGh ,™ªéàdG q tected by a constitution. .kIOÉY Qƒà°S~dG É¡«ªëj äÉjôM »g á«f~ŸG äÉjô◊Gh lCivil Registry A list of all national citizens maintained I~˘¡˘Y ‘ ß˘nØ˘ ë˘ oJh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘«˘ ª˘ L º˘˘° J á˘˘ª˘ FÉ˘˘b q/¢SƒØædG πé°S/Ê~e πé°S ° ° by the government. Civil registries are Gòg ≈∏Y kIOÉY ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ~æà°ùJh .áeƒμ◊G sometimes used as the basis of a voter list,~«≤dG πé°S ° however, they may not contain all infor- á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc øª° àj ’ ~b ¬fCG ™e πé°ùdG q q mation relevant to the voting process. .´GÎb’G á«∏ª©H

10 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTECivil Society Refers to all sorts of voluntary collective É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á«Yƒ£àdG á£°ûfC’G ´GƒfCG πc ¤EG Ò°ûjqÊ~e ™ªà› activities organized around shared inter- πª°ûJh .ácÎ°ûe ±G~gCGh º«bh ídÉ°üe ∫ƒM áYÉª÷G ests, values, and objectives. These civil society activities can be very diverse and É˘¡˘«˘a •ô˘î˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘jÉ˘¨˘∏˘d á˘Yƒ˘æ˘àŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G √ò˘˘g may include providing services, sup- º˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ©˘ à˘ dG º˘˘YO hCG ,äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ ˘J Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ ª˘ ˘àÛG porting independent education, or QÉWEG »Øa .áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG hCG ,π≤à°ùŸG affecting public policy. In the last example, citizens may come together outside ¿ƒæWGƒe ™ªàéj ¿CG Rƒéj ,kÓãe ÒNC’G •É°ûædG Gòg of government to inform, bring pres- ∫ƒM äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûæd »eƒμ◊G πª©dG IôFGO êQÉN sure to bear on, or reinforce policies Égõjõ©J hCG ,É¡fCÉ°ûH •ƒ¨° dG á°SQÉ‡ hCG ,äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG (punish or reward policymakers). .(º¡JCÉaÉμe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG »©fÉ°U áÑbÉ©e)Civil Society Comprised of people who form associ- Iô˘°üæ˘d π˘ª˘©˘J äÉ˘«˘©˘ª˘L ¿hDƒ˘°ûæ˘jo kÉ˘°UÉ˘î˘°TCG º˘˘° J qOrganization ations to work for a common cause. ÒZ äÉ˘˘ ª˘ ˘¶˘ ˘æŸG π˘˘ ª˘ ˘°ûJ »˘˘ gh .á˘˘ cÎ°ûe á˘˘ «˘ ˘ ° b This includes Non-GovernmentalÊ~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe Organizations (NGOs) and Community- É¡æe wπc õeôj »àdG á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G Based Organizations (CBOs) both of ™˘ª˘àÛG ‘ äÉ˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ∫É˘˘μ˘ °TCG ø˘˘e O~ﬁ π˘˘μ˘ °T ¤EG which are specific types of CSOs. äÉª¶æe ÚH ™ªŒ »àdG ácÎ°ûŸG Iõ«ŸG ÉeCG .Ê~ŸG Although extremely diverse, the one πãªàJ »¡a ,É¡YƒæJ I~°T ≈∏Y ,káaÉc Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG commonality between all forms of q CSOs is their autonomy, in principle at øe ¬∏bCG ¢UÉÿG ´É£≤dGh áeƒμ◊G øY É¡dÓ≤à°SÉH least, from government and private sec- Ée ƒg ‹Ó≤à°S’G ™HÉ£dG Gòg π©dh .CG~ÑŸG å«M q tor. It is this independence that allows ¢VQC’G ≈˘∏˘Y π˘ª˘ ©˘ J ¿CÉ˘ H äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG √ò˘˘¡˘ d í˘˘ª˘ °ùj for such organizations to exist and play an important role in a democracy. See kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»WGô≤ÁO ΩÉ¶f …CG ‘ ΩÉg Qh~H ™∏£° Jh also Non-Governmental Organization .á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG and Community-Based Organization.Coalition An alliance, temporary or permanent, áYƒæàe áYƒª› ,áªFGO hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ,º° j ∞dÉ– q l of different persons or organizations º˘gOƒ˘¡˘L ¿h~˘Mƒ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘ °TC’G hCG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ø˘˘e±ÓàFG that unify for a common cause or to engage in a joint activity, usually •É˘˘°ûf ‘ á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG hCG á˘˘ cÎ°ûe á˘˘ «˘ ˘° b ø˘˘ Y ´É˘˘ a~˘˘ ∏˘ ˘d focused on advocating to government ™a~J »àdG á©aG~ŸG ∫ÉªYCG ≈∏Y kIOÉY ¿hõqcôjh ,»æeÉ° J for change. .Ò«¨àdG ƒëf áeƒμ◊ÉHCode of Ethics A set of general rules of civil society äÉª¶æe ÉgÉYôJ »àdG áeÉ©dG ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›πª©dG ÜGOBG/äÉ«bÓNCG organizations, their members, and sup- ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j É˘e ‘ ,ø˘jô˘°UÉ˘æ˘eh AÉ˘° YCG ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG porters relating to their participation in k the organization or its activities, to which ≥aGƒj »àdGh ,É¡à£°ûfCG ‘ hCG áª¶æŸG ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûÃ parties ideally will voluntarily agree and »gh ,∫GƒMC’G ø°ùMCG ‘ º¡JOGQEG AπÃ ±GôWC’G É¡«∏Y which may, subsequent to that agree- áfh~ŸG √òg ø∏©Jh .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ‘ ∂dP ~©H êQ~oJ ~b n ment be incorporated in law. Proclaims guidelines of behavior and standards that äÉ«cƒ˘∏˘°ùdÉ˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG ÇOÉ˘ÑŸG kÉ˘° jCG are difficult to embody in a statute. .ÚfGƒ≤dG ‘ É¡LGQOEG Ö©°üj »àdG ÒjÉ©ŸGh

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 11Commission A formal group of experts brought ¿ƒ˘©˘ª˘à˘é˘j ø˘jò˘dG Ú«˘ª˘ °Sô˘˘dG AGÈÿG ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›áæ÷/á«°VƒØe together on a regular or ad hoc basis to ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG ΩÉ¶àfÉH debate matters within that sphere of expertise, and with regulatory or quasi- √òg ™àªàJh .º¡°UÉ°üàNG IôFGO øª°V ™≤J »àdG judicial powers such as the ability to πãe á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH áÄ«¡dG license activity or to subpoena witness- hCG ø˘˘«˘˘©˘ e π˘˘ª˘ Y á˘˘dhGõÃ ¿PE’G í˘˘æ˘ e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dG q es. Commissions usually also have advi- øY kÓ° a .áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ∫ƒãª∏d ~gÉ°T AÉY~à°SG sory powers to the government. The organizational form of a commission is äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ J á˘˘«˘ MÓ˘˘°üH kÉ˘ ° jCG ™˘˘ qà˘˘ ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘J ,∂dP often resorted to by governments to ¤EG äÉeƒμ◊G ÉC é∏J Ée kÉÑdÉZ .áeƒμë∏d ájQÉ°ûà°S’G exhaustively investigate a matter of AGôLEG πLCG øe πμ°ûdG Gòg ≈∏Y äÉÄ«¡dG º«¶æJ national concern, and is often known as a “commission of inquiry.” This legal ∑GòfBG ±ô˘©˘à˘a ,á˘«˘æ˘Wh á˘dCÉ˘°ùe ∫ƒ˘M π˘eÉ˘°T ≥˘«˘≤– n o structure can be contrasted with a á«∏μ«¡dG √òg áfQÉ≤e øμÁh .≥«≤ëàdG áæé∏H council, the latter not enjoying quasi- ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j ’ …ò˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘g ™˘e á˘«˘fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘ dG judicial or regulatory powers. .á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG á«ª«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üHCommunity State of being shared or held in com- .áYƒª› ÚH kÉcÎ°ûe ¿ƒμj hCG ™ªéj Ée qπc ádÉM»∏fi ™ªà›/áYÉªL mon. With regard to participation, com- ≈∏Y ácQÉ°ûŸG Ωƒ¡Øe å«M øe áØ°üdG √òg ≥Ñ£æJh munity can apply to spatial communities (a body of people living and/or working áYƒª› …CG) áæ«©e áMÉ°ùe º°SÉ≤àJ »àdG äÉYÉª÷G in the same area), which can come (¬JGP ¿ÉμŸG ‘ πª©J hCG/h ¢û«©J »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G together at any spatial scale for the local »∏ÙG ¥É£ædG øe ~àÁ ⁄É©dG øe m¿Éμe …CG ‘ ™ªàŒh q q to the global. .»ŸÉ©dG ¥É£ædG ¤EGCommunity Based Organization made up of individuals in áYÉªL øª°V ¿ƒ°û«©j OGôaCG øe ¿ƒμàJ äÉª¶æe q lOrganization a self-defined community at the local É¡°ùØf º q¶æJh ,»∏ÙG ~«©°üdG ≈∏Y ⁄É©ŸG IO~fi level, who have organized around com-á«∏gCG äÉª¶æe mon interests. Examples include sports, ∂dP ≈˘˘∏˘ Y k’É˘˘ã˘ e ô˘˘cò˘˘fh .á˘˘cÎ°ûe í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üe ∫ƒ˘˘ M youth and student clubs, women’s ,á˘˘«˘ HÓ˘˘£˘ dGh á˘˘«˘ HÉ˘˘Ñ˘ ˘°ûdGh á˘˘ «˘ ˘°VÉ˘˘ jô˘˘ dG …OGƒ˘˘ æ˘ ˘dG groups, cooperative and farmers associ- äÉ«©ªLh ,äÉ«fhÉ˘©˘à˘dGh ,á˘«˘FÉ˘°ùæ˘dG äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛGh ations. CBOs can be either informal ™ªŒ øe á«∏gC’G äÉª¶æŸG ¿ƒμàJ ~bh .ÚYQGõŸG associations of individuals or have for- q q malized rules, policies, and procedures. ÚfGƒb ™ÑqàJ ~b hCG kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW πªëj ’ OGôaCG m .kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW É¡«∏Y »Ø° J äGAGôLEGh äÉ°SÉ«°ShCommunity Mapping A social network assessment tool used to ~j~ëàd í∏°üJ á«YÉªàL’G áμÑ°ûdG º««≤àd IGOCGäÉLÉ«àMG/äÉeƒ≤e ~j~– determine stakeholders and power bro- .ø˘«˘©˘e »˘∏fi ™˘ª˘à› ‘ Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dGh í˘dÉ˘°üŸG ÜÉ˘ë˘ °UCG kers in a particular community. This tech- q»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG nique for collecting information is often á«æ≤àdG √òg á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸG Ω~îà°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ used by civic organizations in order to äÉLÉ«àMG ~j~– ¢Vô¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ á°ü°üıG determine community needs, identify ‘ Iƒ˘˘≤˘ dG QOÉ˘˘°üe ¤EG ±ô˘˘©˘ à˘ dGh ,»˘˘ ∏ÙG ™˘˘ ª˘ ˘àÛG community assets or resources, identify ÜÉë°UCG ájƒg ~j~–h ,√OQGƒe hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG stakeholders, and design appropriate responses, including advocacy campaigns. á˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ ∏˘ à˘ d á˘˘Ñ˘ °SÉ˘˘æŸG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG PÉ˘˘ î˘ ˘JGh ,í˘˘ dÉ˘˘ °üŸG .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM É¡«a ÉÃ ,äÉLÉ«àM’G

12 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTECommunity Needs The key priorities or concerns of a øe m ≥jôa äÉeÉªàgGh äÉjƒdhCG º∏°S ‘ êQ~æj Ée ∫hCG»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG group of citizens in a specific geograph- hCG á˘˘«˘ aGô˘˘¨˘ L á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› ø˘˘ª˘ °V ¿ƒ˘˘YRq ƒ˘˘à˘ j Úæ˘˘ WGƒŸG ic, demographic, or other classified group. These needs can be collected áØæ°üŸG äÉÄØdG øe áÄa …CG øª°V hCG IO~ﬁ á«aGôZƒÁO through a community mapping exercise ∫Ó˘N ø˘e äÉ˘˘LÉ˘˘«˘ à˘ M’G √ò˘˘g ~˘˘°UQ ø˘˘μÁh .iô˘˘N’G C to determine possible policy reform èeGÈdG QGôbEG ¤EG kÉ«©°S »q∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉeƒ≤e ~j~– platforms. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ìÓ°UEG ∫É› ‘ É¡≤«Ñ£J øμÁ »àdGCommunity Method to gather community resources √Oƒ¡L ¬«LƒJh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG OQGƒe ™ª÷ á∏«°ShOrganizing and efforts around a common issue or O~Y ΩÉªàgG π¨°ûJ ácÎ°ûe á«° b hCG ádCÉ°ùe ƒëf cause that a significant number of peo-»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ ple care enough about to take action, ∑ô˘ë˘à˘dG ¤EG º˘¡˘©˘a~˘jm π˘μ˘°ûH ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e ÒÑ˘˘c with the long term goal of building sus- AÉæH ‘ ~«©ÑdG i~ŸG ≈∏Y º¡æe kÉ©ªW ,É¡à÷É©Ÿ tained citizen-based movements to Oƒ¡L ≈∏Y ~æà°ùJ »àdG áeG~à°ùŸG äÉcô◊G äGQ~b improve the quality of life and enhance º˘FÉ˘YO ï˘«˘°Sô˘Jh ¢û«˘©˘ dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ™˘˘aô˘˘d Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG the democratic environment. .á«WGô≤Á~dG áÄ«ÑdGCompetition The process of different groups or hCG í˘dÉ˘°üŸG ÜÉ˘ë˘°UCG É˘¡˘«˘a π˘N~˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dGá°ùaÉæe/¢ùaÉæJ a a interests engaging with one another. ~°V má¡LGƒe ‘ ,º¡aÉ«WCG ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,äÉYƒªÛG Competition is legitimized through democratic practice (one of the best ~˘˘ª˘ à˘ °ùj …ò˘˘dG ,¢ùaÉ˘˘æ˘ ˘à˘ ˘dGh .¢ ©˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘dG º˘˘ ¡˘ ˘° ©˘˘ H q examples being elections), and can gen- IQÉ°TE’G ™e) á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQÉªŸG øe ¬à«Yhô°ûe erate higher quality solutions and poli- √ò˘˘g ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ∫É˘˘ã˘ e ™˘˘£˘ °SCG »˘˘g äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G q¿CG ¤EG cy platforms which respond to com- π° aCG èeGôHh ∫ƒ∏M ¤EG »° Øj ¿CG øμÁ ,(äÉ°SQÉªŸG munity needs. .»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG »Ñ∏J äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ¿CÉ°ûHConflict of Interest A situation in which someone in a posi- ‘h á≤K ™°Vƒe ¿Éc øe ÊÉ©j ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJ nídÉ°üŸG ÜQÉ° J tion of trust or authority, has competing á«æ¡ŸG ¬◊É°üe ÚH Ée mÜQÉ° J øe á£∏°ùdG ™bƒe professional or personal interests, which can make it difficult to fulfill duties impar- πμH ¬JÉÑLGh AGOCG ¬«∏Y Ö©°üj å«ëH ,á«°üî°ûdGh tially. A conflict of interest exists even if ‘ ≈˘˘à˘ M kÉ˘ ° jCG í˘˘dÉ˘˘°üŸG ‘ lÜQÉ˘˘° J RÈjh .á˘˘jOÉ˘˘«˘ M no unethical or improper act results from hCG ¥ÓNCÓd m±Éæe π©a …CG É¡æY ÉC °ûæj ’ »àdG ä’É◊G it and can create an appearance of impro- p ~≤ØoJh π©ØdG Gòg áë°U ‘ ∂qμ°ûoJ ~b É‰EG ,∫ƒ°UCÓd priety that can undermine confidence in the person/position/office. For example, ~ª©j ¿CÉc ,øjôNB’G á≤K Ö°üæŸG hCG ™bƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG if a board of directors or staff of a civic áª¶æe i~d ¿ƒ∏eÉ©dG ¿ƒØXƒŸG hCG IQGOE’G ¢ù∏› kÓãe organization or campaign take actions ÒHG~àdG ¢ ©H PÉîJG ¤EG äÓª◊G QÉWEG ‘ hCG á«f~e in the name of the organization or coalition for personal interest of the hCG á«°üî°T ídÉ°üŸ áe~N ±ÓàF’G hCG áª¶æŸG º°SÉH k interests of a third party. Clear guide- ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG í˘˘∏˘ ˘°üJ ∂dò˘˘ d .ådÉ˘˘ K ±ô˘˘ W …CG á˘˘ ë˘ ˘∏˘ ˘°üŸ lines spelled out in bylaws and memo- á«∏NG~dG áª¶fC’G ‘ OpônJ »àdG áë°VGƒdG á«¡«LƒàdG randa of understandings serve to pre- ‘ ÜQÉ° J …CG ´ƒbh ¿hO ∫hDƒë∏d ºgÉØàdG äGôcòeh vent actual, potential, or perceived con- q flicts of interest. .πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ kÉ©bƒàe hCG kÓªàﬁ hCG kÉægGQ ¿EG ,ídÉ°üŸG

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 13Consensus General agreement that involves seek- ±GôWC’G πc AGQBG ‘ åMÉÑàdG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G ¥ÉØJG q≥aGƒJ ing and taking into account the view of ÚH ≥«aƒàdG ∂dòch ,QÉÑàY’G Ú©H ÉgòNCGh Ú«æ©ŸG all parties concerned, and reconciling any conflicting arguments. Consensus »æ©j ’ ¥ÉØJ’G Gòg qøμdh .áHQÉ° àŸG ô¶ædG äÉ¡Lh does not imply unanimity. Consensus π«Ñ°ùdG ƒg πH ,~MGh …CGQ ≈∏Y ´ÉªLE’G IQhô° dÉH is a way of making decisions which ‘ ™«ª÷G ∑Gô°TEÉH íª°ùj ƒëf ≈∏Y äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’ m aims to include everyone in the process .Ú©fÉªŸG I~≤Y πMh ºFÉ≤dG QÉ°ùŸG and resolve any objections. qConsolidation The consolidation of democracy is the ™°ShCG á«Yhô°ûe »WGô≤Á~dG ΩÉ¶ædG Ö°ùμoJ á«∏ªY k p lof Democracy process by which democracy becomes ≈∏Y π¡°ùj ’ ƒëf ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ≥ªYCGh q m so broadly and profoundly legitimatizedá«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ among its citizens that it is very unlike- ≈∏Y ∫~j É‰EG á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SÎa .¬∏«£©J íLQC’G q ly to break down. When democracy is ¿hO áÑ©∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG º¶©e á≤aGƒe consolidated, it has been accepted by äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG »° à≤j ƒgh ,ÉgGƒ°S most citizens as the only game in town. á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™«Ñ£J πLCG øe äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh The consolidation of democracy involves behavioral and institutional É˘˘eGC .É˘˘¡˘ dƒ˘˘M Ωƒ˘˘ë˘ j …ò˘˘dG ∂°ûdG ¢ûeÉ˘˘g ¢ü«˘˘∏˘ ≤˘ Jh changes that normalize democratic pol- á˘cQÉ˘°ûŸG ´É˘°ùJG Ö∏˘£˘à˘à˘a √ò˘g ™˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘ Y itics and narrow its uncertainty. This á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh á˘˘«˘ æ˘ WGƒŸG º˘˘«˘ gÉ˘˘Ø˘ e ô˘˘jƒ˘˘£˘ Jh ,á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG normalization requires the expansion of citizen access, development of demo- õ˘˘cGôŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘dG ¢Uô˘˘a Ú°ù–h ,á˘˘«˘ ˘WGô˘˘ ≤Á~˘˘ dG cratic citizenship and culture, broaden- ,∂dP øe ºgC’Gh ,m ´Gh Ê~e ™ªà› øª°V ájOÉ«≤dG ing of leadership recruitment of a .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y »˘JÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e ™˘HÉ˘˘W AÉ˘˘Ø˘ °VEG mature civil society, and more impor- ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ¢SôªàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG oï«°SôJ Ö∏£àj ∂dòch tantly, political institutionalization. q Consolidation requires that habituation π˘FÉ˘°Sƒ˘dÉ˘H äÉ˘YGõ˘æ˘dG π˘M ≈˘Yô˘J »˘˘à˘ dG äGAGô˘˘L’Gh q E to the norms and procedures of demo- ìÉ‚ ô°S q¿GE ∫ƒ≤dG øY »æZh .Égôjƒ£Jh á«WGô≤Á~dG q w cratic conflict regulation be developed. ÒÑc ~M ¤EG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG OÉ«àYG ‘ øªμj á«∏ª©dG √òg A high degree of institutional routiniza- x tion is key to such process. .äÉ°SQÉªŸG øe §ªædG Gòg ≈∏YConstituency A portion of the population represent- hCG Öîàæe ø«©e ∫hDƒ°ùÃ πsã‡ ¿Éμ°ùdG øe AõL n qÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL ed by a particular elected leader or .äÉª¶æŸG i~MEÉH organization.Constituent A citizen who lives in a legislator’s area ~˘MCÉ˘H π˘ã˘ª˘à˘J á˘≤˘£˘æ˘e ø˘ª˘°V ¿ƒ˘°û«˘©˘j ¿ƒ˘æ˘ WGƒ˘˘ehCG ¿ƒÑNÉf of representation. A CSO constituent º¡∏qã“ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G ÉeCG .ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG may be physically located in the organi-äÉª¶æŸG øe á∏ã‡ äÉÄa zations area of work, or share common kÉ«∏ªY Gh~LGƒàj ¿CG Rƒé«a Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe interests which the organization advo- hCG É¡dÉªYCG áª¶æŸG É¡«a ¢SQÉ“ »àdG IôFG~dG øª°V cates towards. .É¡æY á©aG~ŸG ¤ƒàJ ácÎ°ûe ídÉ°üe É¡H º¡©ªŒ

14 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEConstitution Set of basic rules by which the govern- πªY º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘°SC’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª›Qƒà°SO ment of a state is organized, regulating ÚH äÉ˘˘bÓ˘˘©˘ dG ∂dò˘˘ch ∫h~˘˘dG ‘ º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e the relationships between the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. .á«FÉ° ≤dGh ájò«ØæàdGh á«©jô°ûàdG äÉ£∏°ùdGContingency A percentage of a budget that is unas- ‘ ¢VôZ …C’ ¢ü°üîJ ’ »àdG ∫GƒeC’G øe áÑ°ùf nÇQGƒ£dG »WÉ«àMG hCG ¢ü°üﬂ signed and can be used for unexpected á©bƒàŸG ÒZ äÉ≤Øæ∏d É¡dÉª©à°SG øμÁh ,áfRGƒŸG expenses or increases in costs that were not considered in the original budget. á˘fRGƒŸG É˘gò˘NCÉ˘J ’ »˘à˘ dG I~˘˘FGõ˘˘dG ∞˘˘«˘ dÉ˘˘μ˘ à˘ dG hCG .¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘ á«∏°UC’GCounterpart, peer Someone who is of equal standing as ôNBG ¢üî°T ¬∏¨°ûj …òdG ¬JGP ΩÉ≤ŸG π¨°ûj ¢üî°T lÒ¶f another person in a group and who has .É¡JGP ΩÉ¡ŸÉH ™∏£° j ƒgh ,áYƒªÛG øª°V a similar funciton.Court A branch of government established ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG º˘μ◊G äÉ˘£˘ ∏˘ °S i~˘˘MEGá°ù∏L/áªμﬁ ∏ to adminster the civil and criminal law. kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Opôjh .á«FÉæ÷Gh á«f~ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG This is also a session of an official body that has the authority to try πncƒJ á«ª˘°SQ á˘Ä˘«˘g É˘g~˘≤˘©˘J »˘à˘dG á˘°ù∏÷G ≈˘æ˘©Ã cases, resolve disputes, or make other ‘ π˘°üØ˘dG hCG ,ihÉ˘Y~˘dG ‘ ô˘¶˘æ˘dG á˘«˘MÓ˘°U É˘˘¡˘ «˘ dEG legal decisions. .iôNC’G á«fƒfÉ≤dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG hCG ,äÉaÓÿGCredibility The positive or negative view citizens É˘¡˘«˘a ô˘¶˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘Ñ˘∏˘°ùdG hCG á˘«˘ HÉ˘˘é˘ j’G Iô˘˘¶˘ æ˘ dG Eá«bG~°üe have of a civic organization or cam- ¿CG øμÁh .á«f~ŸG äÓª◊G hCG äÉª¶æŸG ¤EG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG paign. Credibility may be generated in a number of ways, including a track ‘ ÉÃ ,πFÉ°Sh I~©H É¡à«bG~°üe IÒNC’G √òg Ö°ùàμJ record of proven action, prestige in a ,É¡d Oƒ¡°ûŸG äGRÉ‚E’G øe πaÉM ïjQÉàH »∏ëàdG ∂dP community as a result of familial or »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG •É°ShCG ÚH á©«aQ áfÉμÃ ™àªàdG hCG ethnic ties, or other types of seniority hCG ,É¡ª«≤J »àdG á«æKE’G hCG á«∏FÉ©dG §HGhôdG áé«àf such as age or gender. By creating contrast through outreach and effec- øY ≈JCÉàJ »àdG á«≤Ñ°SC’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG π° ØH tive message development, campaigns øe ,äÓª◊G ™«£à°ùJh .»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG hCG ôª©dG can use the message to raise their ∫É˘°üJ’G π˘FÉ˘°Sh ÈY É˘¡˘ª˘«˘≤˘J »˘à˘dG äÉ˘fQÉ˘˘≤ŸG ∫Ó˘˘N credibility, lower their opponents’ credibility, or both. ‘ IÒNC’G √òg ∞ qXƒJ ¿CG ,á«∏©ØdG ádÉ°SôdG ôjƒ£Jh á˘«˘bG~˘°üe º˘«˘£– hCG É˘¡˘à˘ «˘ bG~˘˘°üe õ˘˘jõ˘˘©˘ J π˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ °S .kÉ©e Úa~¡dG øjòg ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ hCG ,É¡eƒ°üN

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 15 DDebate Face-to-face discussion between or ±ƒØ°U øª°V hCG ÚH ¬Lƒd kÉ¡Lh Qh~j …òdG ¢TÉ≤ædGIôXÉæe/¢TÉ≤f á°ù∏L ∏ among citizens, candidates, and/or ÚÑîàæŸG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG hCG/h ,Úë°TôŸG hCG/h ,ÚæWGƒŸG elected officials on issues of concern where different sides of an argument ≈æ°ùàj å«Mh ,º¡eÉªàgG ÒãJ »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ∫ƒM q are presented and defended. Debates á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘e ô˘¶˘f äÉ˘¡˘Lh Gƒ˘˘°Vô˘˘©˘ à˘ °ùj ¿CG ±Gô˘˘WCÓ˘ d can occur at all levels of government or á˘aÉ˘c ≈˘∏˘Y äÉ˘°TÉ˘≤˘æ˘dG ~˘n≤˘©˘ oJ .É˘˘¡˘ æ˘ Y Gƒ˘˘©˘ aG~˘˘«˘ a a community, and serve as one tactic of advocacy campaigns. ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG hCG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äÉjƒà°ùŸG .á«μ«àμJ á∏«°Sƒc á©aG~ŸG äÓªM Ég~ªà©JhDecency Degree to which formation and stew- ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùdGh ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘ dG ™˘˘°Vh ≈˘˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dG i~˘˘e∫ƒ°UC’G hCG ÜGOB’G IÉYGôe ardship of rules are undertaken with- .¢UÉî°TC’ÉH ádòŸG hCG iPC’G ¥É◊EG ¿hO øe É¡≤«Ñ£J out harm or humiliation to people. The concept is often applied when áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ô¶æj ÚM GC ~ÑŸG Gòg ≥Ñ£jo Ée kÉÑdÉZ s legislators consider reform or new I~˘˘j~÷G äGQOÉ˘˘ÑŸG hCG äÉ˘˘MÓ˘˘°UE’G ‘ á˘˘«˘ ©˘ jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG policy initiatives. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉH á≤∏©àŸGDecision-Maker A person who has the authority to cre- hCG çG~˘ë˘à˘°SG á˘£˘∏˘°S ¬˘«˘ dEG ~˘˘¡˘˘©˘ oJ …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG nQGô≤dG ™fÉ°U ate or change communal, organiza- á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG hCG èeGÈdG hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG πj~©J tional, or governmental policies, pro- .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe hCG äÉª¶æŸG hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛÉH grams or laws.Delegate An individual authorized to act as a ‘) ÖFÉædÉc ,ôNBG ¢üî°T π«ã“ ¢VƒØŸG ¢üî°ûdG sÜh~æe representative for another, as a deputy ô“Dƒe ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG çƒ©ÑŸG hCG ,π«cƒdG hCG (¿ÉŸÈdG or an agent, or as a representative to a conference or convention; .áæ«©e á¡L hCG áÄa øY πãªªc »ª°SQ ´ÉªàLG hCG q A representative, usually chosen äGô“DƒŸG QÉWEG ‘ ÉeEG kIOÉY √QÉ«àNG ºàj …òdG πãªŸG either in state caucuses or presidential äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G hCG äÉ˘˘j’ƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y á˘˘ «˘ ˘Hõ◊G primaries, who will be responsible for QÉ«àNG øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒ˘μ˘«˘a ,á˘j~˘«˘¡˘ª˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘Fô˘dG choosing presidential and vice presidential nominees at the national party con- ô“DƒŸG ‘ ¢ù«FôdG ÖFÉfh ¢ù«FôdG »Ñ°üæŸ ¬ë°Tôern ventions every four years. Most delegates º¶©e ~¡©àjh .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG πc Üõë∏d »æWƒdG

16 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE are pledged to support a specific candi- »°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG q¿GC kÉª∏Y ø«©e í°Tôe ºY~H ÚHh~æŸG q date. A majority of the delegates’ votes äGƒ°UCG ájÌcCÉH RÉa GPEG ’EG Üõ◊G í«°TÎH ≈¶ëj ’ at the convention is needed for a presidential candidate to receive the party’s í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫Éª©à°SG ™«°ûj .ô“DƒŸG ‘ ÚHh~æŸG nomination. This term is used specifically .I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩÉ¶ædG øª°V Gk ~j~– within the U.S. electoral system.Delegation When public decisions are transferred äÉÄ«g ¤EG áeÉ©dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG á«MÓ°U ádÉMEG ƒg¢ jƒØJ to lower levels of government, civil hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe hCG ,káÑJôe ≈fOC’G ºμ◊G society organizations, or any authority outside the regular political administra- á˘jQGOE’G á˘«˘∏˘ μ˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG êQÉ˘˘N ø˘˘e iô˘˘NCG á˘˘£˘ ∏˘ °S …CG tive structure to implement programs èeGÈdG ≥«Ñ£J ÉgQh~H ¤ƒààd ,IOƒ¡©ŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdGh on behalf of the government. .áeƒμ◊G º°SÉHDeliberative Based on the principle that legitimate ~ªà°ùJ á«WGô≤Á~dG q¿ÉC H πFÉ≤dG GC ~ÑŸG ≈∏Y õμJôJ qDemocracy democracy arises from the public delib- ÚH á˘jQÉ÷G á˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘ dG äGQhÉ˘˘°ûŸG ø˘˘e É˘˘¡˘ à˘ «˘ Yhô˘˘°ûe eration of citizens. Activities associatedájQhÉ°ûJ á«WGô≤ÁO J with this process include citizen juries, á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG √ò˘¡˘H á˘£˘Ñ˘JôŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G É˘˘eCG .Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG town hall meetings, public debates, and ,Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG qº˘˘° J »˘˘à˘ dG ÚØ˘˘∏ÙG á˘˘Ä˘ «˘ g π˘˘ª˘ °ûà˘˘a citizen forums. ,™˘˘«˘ ª÷G ΩÉ˘˘eCG á˘˘Mƒ˘˘à˘ ØŸG á˘˘eÉ˘˘©˘ dG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ L’Gh .á«f~ŸG äÉj~àæŸGh ,áeÉ©dG ¢TÉ≤ædG äÉ°ù∏LhDemocracy Political system in which the people á£°ûfCG ¬«LƒàH Ö©°ûdG ¬«a º¡°ùj »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f lá«WGô≤ÁO share in directing the activities of the É¡«∏Y ô£«°ùJ »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fC’ kÉaÓN ,ádh~dG state, as distinct from governments controlled by a single class, select .§q∏°ùàe ºcÉM hCG áæ«©e áYƒª› hCG I~MGh á≤ÑW q group, or autocrat. The definition of á«Ø°ù∏a º«gÉØe πª°û«d ™°SƒJ ∞jô©àdG Gòg q¿GC ÒZ q democracy has been expanded to º˘˘qμ˘ ë˘ à˘ dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG á˘˘«˘ ˘∏˘ ˘gCGh ≥˘˘ M ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y O~˘˘ °ûJ q describe a philosophy that insists on ¬˘«˘∏˘ã‡ á˘£˘°SGƒ˘H hCG ô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘em π˘μ˘°ûH É˘eEG ,¬˘JÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒÃ the right and the capacity of a people, acting either directly or through repre- .á°UÉÿG ¬aG~gC’ kÉ≤«≤– sentatives, to control their institutions for their own purposes.Disclosure The release, transfer, provision of hCG ,É¡H øjôNB’G ~jhõJ hCG ,É¡∏≤f hCG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûføY ∞°ûc c access to, or divulging in any other ¥É£f êQÉN âfÉc á∏«°Sh áqjCÉH ∫hG~àdG ‘ É¡©°Vh manner of information outside the entity holding the information. .É¡H ßØà– »àdG áÄ«¡dGDisenfranchise(ment) Explicit or implicit revocation of, or ≥◊G Gòg íæe øY ´Éæàe’G hCG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M AÉ¨dEGâjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe ¿ÉeôM/~jôŒ failure to grant, the right to vote to a á«æ∏Y á≤jô£H ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°T ¤EG person or a group of people. .á«æª°V hCG

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 17Districting Generally, the process of marking off or ≈∏Y É¡©jRƒJ hCG ≥WÉæŸG ~j~– á«∏ªY ,ΩÉY m¬LƒHá«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J ≤ dividing into districts - for example, into »˘∏˘ã‡ ÜÉ˘î˘à˘fG ±~˘¡˘H á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘ à˘ f’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dÉ˘˘c ô˘˘FGhO electoral districts for the purposes of electing representatives to a legislature. á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘∏˘d Oƒ˘©˘j ~˘bh .á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG .á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J ≥M É¡JGP ~ëH á«©jô°ûàdGDiversity Situation in which a multiplicity of ¿CG øμÁ »àdG AGQB’G ájO~©àH íª°ùJ mádÉM øY ºæj q´ƒæJ perspectives exist - possibly based hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG á˘«˘æ˘j~˘dG äÉ˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J q on religious, political, racial, or other differences. .É¡«dEG Ée hCG á«bô©dG

18 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE EEfficiency Characteristic of participation which á«HÉéjE’G èFÉàædG ≈°übCG ≥q≤– »àdG ácQÉ°ûŸG Iõ«eá«∏YÉa gives maximum positive outcomes for ∫òH AÉ≤d ÚæWGƒŸG i~d ¢û«©dG iƒà°ùe Ú°ù– á¡÷ improving citizens quality of life, for a minimum level of effort, time, or .OQGƒŸG hCG âbƒdG hCG Oƒ¡÷G øe Q~b πbCG q resources.Election Decision-making process through Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG ∫ƒîJ »àdG QGô≤dG PÉîJG á«∏ªY qÜÉîàfG which citizens of a State who are eligi- ¢üî°T QÉ«àNG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G âjƒ°üà∏d ble to vote choose an individual or group of individuals to hold public á˘eÉ˘©˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG π˘¨˘°ûd ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG office and work on their behalf. .º¡ª°SÉH πª©dGhElection Day/ The day on which the voters come to ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ¬Lƒàj …òdG Ωƒ«dGPolling Day the polls and cast their votes to elect .º¡JOÉb ÜÉîàfGh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd their leaders.´GÎb’G Ωƒj/ÜÉîàf’G ΩƒjElection Monitoring/ Gathering of information regarding an á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øY mäÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©˘e ™˘ª˘é˘H π˘ã˘ª˘à˘JObservation electoral process by an organization √òg ‘ πN~àdÉH kÉ«F~Ñe É¡d íª°ùjo ’ máª¶æe ~j ≈∏Y which is not inherently authorized to q näÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe intervene in the process. Unbiased ,¿h~jÉﬁ ¢UÉî°TCG áª¡ŸG √òg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .á«∏ª©dG l accredited persons, domestic or inter- …CG øY ∞°ûμ∏d ‹h~dGh »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º¡H~àæj q national, participate to detect any fraud .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ ¢ûZ hCG ôjhõJ or cheating in the electoral process.Election Monitor/ Accredited person participating in elec- .äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe á«∏ªY ‘ ácQÉ°ûª∏d Ü~àæoj ¢üî°T nObserver tion observation. Can be domestic or .‹h~dG hCG »∏ÙG ÖbGôŸG áØ°U πªëj ¿CG øμÁh international.äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 19Elector/Voter Person who is eligible and registered to áëF’ ‘ ¬ª°SG êQ~ŸGh âjƒ°üà∏d πgDƒŸG ¢üî°ûdG nÖNÉf/´Î≤e vote. .ÚÑNÉædGElectoral/Election Authority responsible for the conduct á«∏ª©dG Ò°S ≈∏Y ô¡°ùJ »àdG á∏≤à°ùŸG á£∏°ùdGCommission or supervision of the electoral process. .É¡«∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàJ hCG á«HÉîàf’Gá«°VƒØe/á«HÉîàfG áæ÷äÉHÉîàf’GElectoral The individual responsible for ensuring á¡jõf má≤jô£H äÉHÉîàf’G Ò°S ÚeCÉJ øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸGCommissioner the fair and impartial conduct of elec- ;ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ¬˘«˘∏˘Y ¢üæ˘j É˘e ≥˘ah á˘jOÉ˘˘«˘ Mh tions described under the electoral law, q/á«HÉîàf’G áæé∏dG ƒ° Y ∏ managing the operations of the elec- ±G~˘gC’G ≥˘«˘≤– π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ‘ á˘æ˘é˘∏˘dG ∫É˘˘ª˘ YCG IQGOEGhäÉHÉîàf’G ¢VƒØe toral commission to achieve objectives IÉYGôe á¡÷ äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG πμH ´Ó£°V’Gh IOƒ°ûæŸG q and meet all legislative and reporting ¢Uô◊Gh ;ôjQÉ˘≤˘à˘dG Ë~˘≤˘J äÉ˘eõ˘∏˘à˘°ùeh ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG responsibilities; maintaining accurate electoral rolls; promoting public aware- »˘Yƒ˘dG á˘YÉ˘°TEGh ;ÚÑ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG ∫hG~˘L ‘ á˘b~˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y ness of electoral practices through edu- èeGôH ∫ÓN øe á«HÉîàf’G äÉ°SQÉªŸG √ÉŒ ΩÉ©dG cation and information programs; con- ∫ƒM çÉëHC’G AGôLEGh ;äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ÒaƒJh á«YƒàdG ducting research on electoral matters; √òg ∫ƒM í°üædG AG~°SEG Gk ÒNCGh ;á«HÉîàf’G ¿hDƒ°ûdG and providing advice on electoral matters to members of the legislature, polit- ÜGõMC’Gh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ¤EG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ical parties, and others. .ºgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdGElectoral Law The law or body of law and regulations ≈YôJ »àdG áª¶fC’Gh ÚfGƒ≤dG áYƒª› hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dGÜÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉb governing the electoral process. .ÜÉîàf’G á«∏ªYElectoral List/Electoral A list of names and other relevant º¡«a ôaGƒàJ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G nAÉª°SCG qº° J íFGƒdRoll/Voters List details of persons who meet the eligibil- á≤∏©àŸG π«˘°UÉ˘Ø˘à˘dGh âjƒ˘°üà˘∏˘d á˘«˘∏˘gC’G •hô˘°T ity requirements to vote. This list is n/ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd used as a control document during the §˘Ñ˘° d á˘≤˘«˘Kƒ˘c í˘FGƒ˘∏˘dG √ò˘g π˘ª˘©˘à˘°ù˘oJh .º˘˘¡˘ H n/ÚÑNÉædG πé°S q ° voting process. .´GÎb’G á«∏ªYÖ£°ûddG íFGƒdElectoral Participation The ratio or percentage of voters cast- ‘ º˘¡˘JGƒ˘˘°UCÉ˘ H ¿ƒ˘˘d~˘˘j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ÚYÎ≤ŸG á˘˘Ñ˘ °ùf O~–äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ácQÉ°ûe e ing their votes to eligible voters in a .áæ«©e mäÉHÉîàfG specific election. q

20 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEElectoral Process Steps involved in the preparation and AGô˘˘LE’ Ò° ë˘˘à˘ dG QÉ˘˘WEG ‘ ò˘˘î˘ à˘ oJ »˘˘à˘ dG äGƒ˘˘£ÿGá«HÉîàfG á«∏ªY carrying out of an election. It usually ~˘Yƒ˘e ø˘Y ¿Ó˘YE’É˘H kIOÉ˘Y CG~˘Ñ˘J »˘gh ,äÉ˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G starts with the announcement of the election and includes the enactment of πª°ûJh (áÑNÉædG äÉÄ«¡dG IƒY~H) äÉHÉîàf’G AGôLEG the electoral law, the registration of vot- ÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJh ,»HÉîàf’G ¿ƒfÉ≤dG QGôbEG kÉ° jCG ers and candidates, the campaign, the ,´GÎb’G á«∏ªYh ,á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊Gh ,Úë°TôŸGh voting, and the tabulation of votes until ‘ É¡LGQOEGh äGƒ°UC’G ÜÉ°ùàMG) äGƒ°UC’G ádh~Lh the announcement of results. .èFÉàædG ¿ÓYEÉH »¡àæJh ,(∫hG~LElectoral System Combination of formulas and mecha- A’OE’G ø˘˘e ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG ø˘˘ qμ“ mäÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘dBGhm ≠˘˘ «˘ ˘°U è˘˘ eO»HÉîàfG ΩÉ¶f nisms which provides for the electorate »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸG ‘ äGƒ°UC’G √òg πqãªààa º¡JGƒ°UCÉH to cast the votes and to translate these votes into seats in the parliament or the .á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG hCG ¿ÉŸÈdG πNGO É¡H RƒØJ legislature.Electorate This is the portion of the population .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ´GÎbÓd á∏gDƒŸG á«fÉμ°ùdG áëjô°ûdG/ÚÑNÉædGQƒ¡ªL able to vote in a given election. .ÖNÉf ™LGQáÑNÉf äÉÄ«gEligible Voter Individual who satisfies the legal á˘˘«˘ fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘≤˘ dG •hô˘˘°ûdG ¬˘˘«˘ a ô˘˘aGƒ˘˘à˘ ˘J …ò˘˘ dG Oô˘˘ Ø˘ ˘dG(âjƒ°üà∏d) π gƒe ÖNÉf requirements to participate in the elec- qD tion. Those requirements are usually •hô˘°ûdG √ò˘g §˘Ñ˘Jô˘Jh .äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘d related to nationality, age, soundness of ,π≤©˘dG á˘eÓ˘°Sh ,ô˘ª˘©˘dGh ,á˘«˘°ùæ÷G π˘eGƒ˘©˘H kIOÉ˘Y mind, and absence of a criminal record. .ΩôL …CG øe ‹~©dG ¬∏é°S ƒ∏Nh qEndorsement Practice by which an influential individ- ,äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª› hCG Gƒ˘fÉ˘c Gk OGô˘aCG ,Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dG ÜÉ˘ë˘°UCG ΩÉ˘˘«˘ bºY~dG hCG ~«jCÉàdG ¿ÓYEG ual or group legitimizes a candidate or .á°SÉ«°S hCG ÖNÉf …CG ≈∏Y á«Yhô°ûŸG AÉØ°VEÉH policy.Enfranchise(ment) To grant the privilege of voting to a ¢üî°ûdG ¤EG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe í∏£°üŸG Gòg »æ©jâjƒ°üàdG ≥M íæe person who meets requirements set by Éªc ,âjƒ°üà∏d á«∏gC’G •hô°T ¬«a ôaGƒàJ …òdG the state for voter eligibility. More broadly, enfranchisement can refer to ƒ¡a ,™°ShC’Gh πª°TC’G √Éæ©e ‘ ÉeCG .ádh~dG ÉgO~– the process by which an individual or ø«©e ≥jôa hCG OôØd íª°ùJ »àdG á«∏ª©dG ¤EG Ò°ûj q group receives the right for some sort .¬jCGôH A’OE’G hCG Ée ∑ôëàH ΩÉ«≤dG ≥M ∫Éæj ¿CÉH of action or voice.

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 21Equal Opportunity/ An equal entitlement to something áæ«©e ¢Uôa hCG ¥ƒ≤ëH IGhÉ°ùŸG Ω~b ≈∏Y ™àªàdG qRights (despite race, gender, ethnicity, creed, hCG »YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG hCG ¥ô©dG øY ô¶ædG ¢ ¨H) etc). Access to concepts like justice q¥ƒ≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ°ùe/¢UôØdG ƒaÉμJ e D and due process, or to ownership of øe É¡«dEG Ée hCG ,á«æj~dG I~«≤©dG hCG »æKE’G AÉªàfE’G property or some interest in property, kÓãe á≤∏©àŸG º«gÉØŸG ¢ ©H øe IOÉaE’Éc ,(πeGƒY real or personal. These rights include AÉ˘æ˘à˘bG hCG ,á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG ∫ƒ˘°UC’G IÉ˘YGô˘eh á˘dG~˘˘©˘ dÉ˘˘H various freedoms, protection against interference with enjoyment of life and ÒZ hCG ájQÉ≤Y ∑ÓeCG øe ´ÉØàf’G hCG äÉμ∏àªŸG property, civil rights enjoyed by citi- ,É¡YƒæJ ≈∏Y ,äÉjô◊G πª°ûJ ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡a .ájQÉ≤Y zens such as voting and access to the ≥M ‘ πN~àdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG ~°V ø°üëàdGh q q courts, natural rights accepted by civi- ¥ƒ˘≤◊G kÉ˘° jCG π˘ª˘°ûJh ,á˘«˘μ˘∏ŸGh IÉ˘«◊É˘H ™˘˘à˘ ª˘ à˘ dG lized societies, human rights to protect people throughout the world from ter- Aƒé∏dGh ´GÎb’G ≥ëc ÚæWGƒª∏d áMƒæªŸG á«f~ŸG ror, torture, barbaric practices, and É˘¡˘H ô˘≤˘J »˘à˘dG á˘˘«˘ ©˘ «˘ Ñ˘ £˘ dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤◊Gh ,º˘˘cÉÙG ¤EG q deprivation of civil rights and profit »ª– »àdG ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤Mh ,áf~ªàŸG äÉ©ªàÛG from their labor. äÉ˘°SQÉ˘ªŸGh Öjò˘©˘à˘dGh ÜÉ˘gQE’G ø˘e ⁄É˘©˘dG Üƒ˘©˘ °T á«f~ŸG ¥ƒ≤◊G √òg øe É¡fÉeôM ¿hO ∫ƒ–h ájôHÈdG .É¡dÉªYCG øe ìÉHQC’G Ö°ùc øehEqual Suffrage Principle according to which every per- ~MGh äƒ°üH A’OE’G Oôa qπμd √É° à≤Ã q≥ëj GC ~Ñe´GÎb’G ‘ IGhÉ°ùe e son is entitled to one vote (one person, .(~MGƒdG ÖNÉæ∏d ~MGh äƒ°U) one vote).Equity (Electoral) Demands that voting operations offer áÄaÉμàe kÉ°Uôa ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY ôqaƒJ ¿CÉH áÑdÉ£ŸG±É°üfEG equal opportunities for participation to âjƒ˘˘°üà˘˘∏˘ d Ú∏˘˘gDƒŸG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ™˘˘«˘ ª˘ L á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸ all eligible voters and political partici- q pants. Encompasses aspects of accessi- Gò˘g ø˘° à˘ë˘jh .»˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘ dG ‘ ÚWô˘˘î˘ æŸGh bility and transparency. .ádAÉ°ùŸGh á«aÉØ°ûdG ôgÉ¶e ¢ ©H Ωƒ¡ØŸGEstablishment The label given to powerful, elite indi- äÉ˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e má˘Ñ˘î˘æ˘d ≈˘£˘©˘jo Ö≤˘˘d lPƒØædG ÜÉë°UCG viduals or groups who can make impor- I~©°UC’G ≈∏Y áeÉg mäGQGôb òîàJ ¿CG É¡©°ùj »àdG tant social, political, and economic policy decisions for society. ≈∏Y ∂dòch ,ájOÉ°üàb’Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«YÉªàL’G .™ªàéª∏d áeƒ°SôŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ~«©°U

22 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE FFacilitator Someone who helps a group of people á˘aô˘©˘e ≈˘∏˘Y ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª› ~˘YÉ˘°ùj ø˘e n§°ûæe/ô °ù«e understand their common objectives á˘£˘N OG~˘YEG ‘ º˘¡˘æ˘ «˘ ©˘ «˘ a ,á˘˘cÎ°ûŸG º˘˘¡˘ aG~˘˘gCG qæ q« and assists them to plan and achieve them without taking a particular posi- ‘ kÉ˘æ˘«˘©˘e kÉ˘Ø˘bƒ˘e ò˘î˘à˘j ¿CG ¿hO ø˘e É˘¡˘≤˘«˘≤˘ë˘à˘ d q tion in the discussion. .¢TÉ≤ædG ¢Vô©eFacilitation Creating opportunities for learning by õjõ©Jh IõqcôŸG á£°ûfC’G ∫ÓN øe ºq∏©à∏d m ¢Uôa ≥∏N§«°ûæJ/Ò°ù«J æ « focusing activities and promoting par- .á˘Mhô˘£ŸG π˘FÉ˘°ùŸG ‘ ≥˘«˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG Òμ˘˘Ø˘ à˘ dGh á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûŸG ticipation and reflection. Facilitation is goal oriented and guides participants ±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf á¡LƒŸG §«°ûæàdG á«∏ªY ~«ØJh but does not drive them. Civic groups .ø«©e √ÉŒÉH º¡©a~J ¿CG ÒZ øe ÚcQÉ°ûŸG OÉ°TQEG ‘ q often use facilitation techniques to rep- Ò°ù«àdG äÉ«æ≤àH á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG Ú©à°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ resent citizen interests in political .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe πqãªàd processes.Fairness The degree to which laws and polices ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ≥˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ £˘ J ‘ IGhÉ˘˘°ùŸG CG~˘˘Ñ˘ e IÉ˘˘YGô˘˘e i~˘˘e∫~Y apply equally to all citizens in a socie- ¢ ¨H ™ªàÛG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ™«ªL ≈∏Y äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ty, regardless of status. While difficult q to measure or quantify, the principle is ¢SÉ«b áHƒ©°U ºZQh .º¡eÉ≤e hCG º¡©bƒe øY ô¶ædG often the focus of civic organizations πqμ°ûj Ée kÉÑdÉZ ƒ¡a ,á«ªc hCG ¢SÉ«≤Ã GC ~ÑŸG Gòg who engage in government monitor- ‘ ∑QÉ°ûJ »àdG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ΩÉªàgG õcôe ing activities. .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πªY áÑbGôÃ á≤∏©àŸG á£°ûfC’GFederal Of or describing a constitutionally É˘˘gOh~˘˘M º˘˘°Sô˘˘j äÉ˘˘j’h OÉ–G ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ≥˘˘n∏˘ £˘ oJ á˘˘ Ø˘ ˘°U…OÉ–G/‹GQ~a delineated union of states having a cen- OÉ–’G ÉeCG .ájõcôe áeƒμM IQGOE’ ™° îJh Qƒà°S~dG tral government. In the American system, a federal union is ultimately based ≈∏Y Gk ÒNCGh k’hCG õμJÒa »cÒeC’G ΩÉ¶ædG ‘ ‹GQ~ØdG upon national supremacy but is also a áÑ«cÎdG Ö°ùëH ,¬qfCG q’GE á«æWƒdG áeƒμ◊G IOÉ«°S political arrangement that reserves kÉ° jCG äÉ˘j’ƒ˘dG í˘æÁ ,É˘¡˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG powers for the states. .äÉ«MÓ°üdG ¢ ©H

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 23Federalism National or international political sys- øe Újƒà°ùe ¢SQÉÁ ‹hO hCG »æWh »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶fá«dGQ~a tem in which two levels of government .º˘¡˘°ùØ˘fCG Úæ˘WGƒŸGh É˘˘¡˘ JGP »˘˘°VGQC’G ≈˘˘∏˘ Y º˘˘μ◊G control the same territory and citizens. Countries with federal political systems ‹GQ~˘Ø˘dG »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘dG ™˘Ñ˘qà˘J »˘à˘dG ¿G~˘∏˘Ñ˘dÉ˘a have both a central government and äÉeƒμ◊Gh ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d ~MGh m¿BG ‘ ™° îJ governments based in smaller political kIOÉY ±ô©oJ kÉªéM ô¨°UCG á«°SÉ«°S äG~Mh ‘ áªFÉ≤dG n units, usually called states, provinces, or √òg ∫RÉæàJh .äÉ©WÉ≤ŸG hCG º«dÉbC’G hCG äÉj’ƒdÉH territories. These smaller political units surrender some political power to the á˘˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG É˘˘¡˘ JÉ˘˘«˘ MÓ˘˘°U ¢ ©˘˘H ø˘˘Y äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘ μ◊G central government, relying on it to act πª©à°S IÒNC’G √òg ¿CÉH É¡à≤ãd ájõcôŸG áeƒμë∏d for the common good. .ΩÉ©dG ÒÿG Ω~îj ÉÃFocus Group A method of sociological research in ¤EG ≈˘˘Y~˘˘J »˘˘à˘ dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘°U á˘˘ Yƒ˘˘ ª›õ«cÎdG áYƒª› which a small group of people is ±~¡j .á∏Ä°SC’G øe á∏°ù∏°S É¡«∏Y ìô£«d ´ÉªàL’G brought together and asked a series of questions. The aim is to receive qualita- ∫ƒ°ü◊G á«YÉªàL’G çÉëHC’G ‘ ~ªà©ŸG è¡æŸG Gòg tive information about public attitudes áYƒªÛG AÉ° YCG ∞bƒe øY á«Yƒf äÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y and test reactions to various messages äGOQ QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘NGh á˘Yƒ˘æ˘àŸG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh π˘FÉ˘°Sô˘dG ø˘e and information. .É¡gÉŒ º¡∏©aForum One tactic used to further an advocacy »YƒdG áYÉ°TEG hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM º«Y~àd ∂«àμJi~àæe campaign or raise awareness on an issue á«HÉî˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ∫ƒ˘M hCG á˘æ˘«˘©˘e á˘«˘° b ∫ƒ˘M - electoral processes for example. A q forum gathers members of a communi- ™ªà› hCG áYÉªL øe AÉ° YCG ™ªéj i~àæŸGh .kÓãe ty, possibly including citizens, politi- Ú«˘˘ °SÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘°ùdGh Úæ˘˘ WGƒŸG º˘˘ ° j ¿CG ø˘˘ μÁ ø˘˘ «˘˘ ˘©˘ ˘ e q q cians, government officials, etc. .¢UÉî°TC’G øe ºgGƒ°Sh Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGhFree and Fair The definition of a free and fair election å«˘M ø˘e ,á˘¡˘jõ˘æ˘dGh Iô◊G äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘°üà˘˘≤˘ J ’Elections is about more than just a smooth tech- ,á°SÓ°ùH …ôŒ á«æ≤J á«∏ªY Oô› ≈∏Y ,∞jô©àdG nical process, but also includes theá¡jõfh IôM äÉHÉîàfG respect for basic civil and political ΩGÎMG CG~˘˘Ñ˘ e »˘˘YGô˘˘J á˘˘ «˘ ˘∏˘ ˘ª˘ ˘Y ¤EG kÉ˘ ˘° jCG Ò°ûJ É‰EG rights, such as freedom of expression, á˘jô˘ë˘c á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘°SC’G á˘˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdGh á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG äÉ˘˘jô◊G of movement, of association, and ;äÉ«©ª÷G ¢ù«°SCÉ˘Jh ™˘ª˘é˘à˘dGh π˘≤˘æ˘à˘dGh ÒÑ˘©˘à˘dG q assembly; as well as the absence of bar- riers to the full participation of all citi- ≥FGƒY …CG ÜÉ«Z ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G √òg q∫~J ∂dòch zens, without any form of discrimina- á˘∏˘eÉ˘c á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûe Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG π˘˘c á˘˘cQÉ˘˘°ûe ¿hO ∫ƒ– q tion; the absence of any form of intim- Ω~Y ≈∏Yh ;õ««ªàdG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG øY Gk ~«©H q idation; and the compliance overall ≈∏˘Yh ;Ö«˘gÎdG ô˘gÉ˘¶˘e ø˘e ô˘¡˘¶˘e …C’ º˘¡˘°Vô˘©˘J with the rule of law. q .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ΩÉμMCÉH k’ÉªLEG ºg~q«≤J

24 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEFreedom Political condition that permits free- ∑ôëàdG QÉ«àNG OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ±hô¶dGájôM dom of choice of action for individuals í˘˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ ˘°ùJh ,•ô˘˘ ˘ °T hCG ~˘˘ ˘ «˘ ˘ ˘b ¿hO ø˘˘ ˘ e ¿h~˘˘ ˘ jô˘˘ ˘ j …ò˘˘ ˘ ˘dG and also for individuals and groups to participate in the decisions and opera- äGQGô≤dG ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH kÉ° jCG OGôaC’G A’Dƒ¡dh äÉYƒªéª∏d tions of the society and political system. .»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩÉ¶ædGh ™ªàÛÉH á£ÑJôŸG ∫ÉªYC’GhFreedom of Speech The concept of being able to speak ÒZ øe ájôëH ΩÓμdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG ¤EG Ò°ûj Ωƒ¡Øe lÒÑ©àdG hCG ΩÓμdG ájôM freely without censorship. The right to ájôM ≥M ‹h~dG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG øª° jh .áHÉbô∏d ´ƒ° ÿG freedom of speech is guaranteed under international law through numerous ¥ô£àJ »àdG IO~©àŸG ∑ƒμ°üdG ∫ÓN øe ΩÓμdG q human rights instruments notably ¿ÓYE’G øe 19 IOÉŸG Éª«°S ’ ¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤M ¤EG under article 19 of the Universal hCG ∫h~dG ÒJÉ°SO q¿CG kÉª∏Y ,¿É°ùfE’G ¥ƒ≤◊ »ŸÉ©dG Declaration of Human Rights, and is √ôcP ≈∏Y kÉ° jCG »JCÉJ iôNC’G á«°ù«°SCÉàdG ≥FÉKƒdG also often encoded in state’s constitutions or other foundational documents. .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘Fundraiser An event planned with the goal of rais- hCG á˘∏˘ª◊ kÉ˘ª˘YO ,∫Gƒ˘eC’G ™˘ª˘L ±~˘¡˘H º˘ s¶˘æ˘ jo ç~˘˘M/äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ πØM ing money for a campaign cause or í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj ~bh .áæq«©e áª¶æe hCG á«° b organization. May also refer to the per-äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™eÉL son who raises the funds for the cam- ájCÉH á∏ªë∏d mäÉYÈJ ™ªéj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG ¤EG kÉ° jCG paign by any method. .âfÉc á∏«°ShFundraising Any method used to raise money for áeRÓdG ∫GƒeC’G ™ªL ±~¡H Ω~îà°ùoJ »àdG á∏«°SƒdG näÉYÈàdG/∫GƒeC’G ™ªL the campaign, or resources required to .ìÉéæH Égò«ØæJ ¿Éª° d áHƒ∏£ŸG OQGƒŸG hCG á∏ªë∏d successfully implement it.

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 25 GGeneral Assembly Delegates selected (through election or ÜÉîàf’G ≥jôW øY) ºgQÉ«àNG ºàj øjòdG ¿ƒHh~æŸGá«eƒªY hCG áeÉY á«©ªL appointment) to participate in gover- äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e i~˘MEG IQGOEG ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘∏˘ d (Ú«˘˘©˘ à˘ dG hCG nance of a civil society organization or association. Terms of membership and ‘ ájƒ° ©dG •hô°T ÉeCG .äÉ«©ª÷G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG scope of decision-making of the general PÉ˘î˘JG á˘¡÷ É˘¡˘°UÉ˘°üà˘NG ä’É›h á˘eÉ˘©˘dG á˘«˘©˘ ª÷G assembly should be laid out in the char- hCG áª¶æŸG ΩÉ¶f øª°V O~ëàJ ¿CG Öé«a äQGô≤dG ter or by-laws. .»∏NG~dG É¡eÉ¶f øª°V hCG »°SÉ°SC’G á«©ª÷GGender Mainstreaming Process of ensuring that the priorities ICGôŸGh πLôdG äÉjƒdhCG ≈¶– ¿CG ≈∏Y ¢Uô– á«∏ªY l/»YÉªàL’G ´ƒædG IÉYGôe º«ª©J of men and women in policies and pro- øª° Jh ;èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ ΩRÓdG ΩÉªàg’ÉH grams are given adequate consideration;‘ Ú°ùæ÷G ÉjÉ° b êÉÉeOEG æ that men and women have equal rights ≥˘˘ ˘ M ‘h ICGôŸGh π˘˘ ˘ Lô˘˘ ˘ ˘dG ÚH ¥ƒ˘˘ ˘ ˘≤◊G ‘ IGhÉ˘˘ ˘ ˘°ùŸGIQ~æL/èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùddG e and access to participate in civic, politi- ÉgGƒ°Sh á«°SÉ«°ùdGh á«f~ŸG áÄ«ÑdG ‘ Éª¡àcQÉ°ûe cal, and other social environments. .á«YÉªàL’G äÉÄ«ÑdG øeGoal The subject of an advocacy effort. .á©aG~ŸG Oƒ¡L ¬dƒM QƒëªàJ …òdG ´ƒ°VƒŸG(ΩÉY) ±~gGOTV - Get Out “Get Out The Vote” or GOTV is the ¬LƒàdÉH ÚÑNÉædG Òcòàd Ω~îà°ùjo …òdG í∏£°üŸG qThe Vote term used to remind voters to go to the º˘˘ ¡˘ ˘JGƒ˘˘ °UCÉ˘ ˘H A’OE’G π˘˘ LCG ø˘˘ e ´GÎb’G õ˘˘ cGô˘˘ ˘e ¤EG polls and vote for your candidate.âjƒ°üàdG ≈∏Y ÚÑNÉædG ™«é°ûJ °J Often a campaign will expend a consid- Ωƒj πÑb Gk ÒÑc Gk ~¡L á∏ª◊G ∫òÑJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ .í°Tôª∏d erable amount of effort just before elec- ‘ ¿ƒcQÉ°û«°S øjô°UÉæŸG q¿GC øe ~cCÉà∏d ÜÉîàf’G tion day to make sure that your sup- .º¡JGƒ°UCÉH ¿ƒd~jh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªY o porters turn out and vote.

26 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEGovernance The act of affecting government and á˘Ñ˘bGô˘eh º˘μ◊G äÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ÒKCÉ˘ à˘ dG á˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ Y/ºμM/ºμ◊G IQGOEG monitoring (through policy) the long- πjƒ£dG i~ŸG ≈∏Y É¡JÉ¡LƒJh äÉª¶æŸG á«é«JGÎ°SG term strategy and direction of an organ-áªcƒM hCG á«ªcÉM ization. In general, governance com- ΩÉ¶f πª°ûjh .(É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ÓN øe) prises the traditions, institutions, and äGAGôLE’Gh äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh ~«dÉ≤àdG ΩÉY m¬LƒH ºμ◊G processes that determine how power is »à˘dG π˘Ñ˘°ùdGh ,á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG á˘°SQÉ‡ á˘«˘Ø˘«˘c O~– »˘à˘dG q exercised, how citizens are given a PÉîJG á≤jôWh ,º¡FGQBG øY ÒÑ©àdG ÚæWGƒª∏d í«àJ voice, and how decisions are made on issues of public concern. .ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG ÉjÉ° ≤H á≤∏©àŸG äGQGô≤dGGovernment System of social control under which qø˘°S ≥˘M ~˘¡˘©˘ oj å«˘˘M ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG ¿hDƒ˘ °T IQGOE’ lΩÉ˘˘¶˘ f nºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe/áeƒμM ° the right to make laws, and the right to I~Y ≥n∏£oJh .ø«©e ≥jôØd É¡≤«Ñ£J ≥Mh ÚfGƒ≤dG enforce them, is vested in a particular q group in society. There are many classi- ,É¡à«ª°ùJ ∞∏àîJ »àdG áeƒμ◊G ≈∏Y äÉØ«æ°üJ fications of government. According to ±ÓàNÉH ,~ªà©ŸG …~«∏≤àdG ∞«æ°üàdG ¤EG Gk OÉæà°SG n the classical formula, governments are hCG Gk OôØæe kÉ°üî°T ¿ÉcCG á£∏°ùdG ¢SQÉÁ …òdG ±ô£dG distinguished by whether power is held .ájÌcC’G hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe á∏b by one person, a few, or a majority.Government of Broad coalition governments including á«°SÉ°SC’G ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL º° j ™°SGh ∞dÉ– øY ºæJ q qNational Unity all major parties in the legislature. ‘ πqμ°ûàJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG ‘ á∏ãªàŸG Some countries with numerous diver-á«æWh I~Mh áeƒμM gent politial parties or religious and ¢ ©H CÉé∏jh .áFQÉW m±hôX πX ‘ hCG Üô◊G äGÎa q ethnic groups use governments of hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ¬HGõMCG O~©àH õ«ªàj …òdG ¿G~∏ÑdG q national unity as the preferred form of ¤EG AGQB’G á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘àŸG á˘«˘æ˘KE’Gh á˘«˘æ˘j~˘dG ¬˘˘JÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ L government to build consensus áÑ«côJ π° aCG É¡àØ°üH ,áeƒμ◊G √òg πãe π«μ°ûJ .≥aGƒàdG AÉæH ‘ º¡°ùJ á«eƒμMGrassroots Activism Grassroots activism is activity conducted ¢UÉî°TCG áYƒª› É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á£°ûfC’ÉH ≈q∏éàjá«Ñ©°ûddG ~YGƒ≤∏d §°TÉf πªY by a group of like-minded people who ´Éa~∏d É¡j~jDƒe ±ƒØ°U ¢UôJh É¡JGP ájDhôdG ∑QÉ°ûàJ have come together for a cause they q believe in. Activities include holding AÉ«MEG á£°ûfC’G √òg πª°ûJh .É¡H øeDƒJ á«° b øY public events, letter writing campaigns, ,ádÉ°SôdG áZÉ«°üd mäÓªM º«¶æJh áeÉ©dG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG information dissemination, engaging the .ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SGh ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûfh media, etc.

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 27 HHuman Resources Staff and volunteers working for a civic á˘˘e~˘˘N ‘ ¿ƒ˘˘∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ j ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘Yƒ˘˘£˘ àŸGh ¿ƒ˘˘Ø˘ ˘XƒŸGájô°ûHH OQGƒe organization or campaign. Their individ- º˘¡˘JGÈN q¿GC QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YÉ˘H á˘«˘f~ŸG äÓ˘˘ª◊G hCG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ual and cumulative experience and skills enhance the potential for success of cam- ìÉ‚ á˘«˘fÉ˘μ˘eGE Rõ˘©˘J ,ká˘©˘ª˘à›h á˘jOô˘a ,º˘¡˘JGQÉ˘¡˘ eh q paigns. One of three interlinked resources, á£HGÎŸG áKÓãdG OQGƒŸG i~MEG ¿ƒ∏μ°ûj ºgh .äÓª◊G including material resources and time. .âbƒdG πeÉYh ájOÉŸG OQGƒŸG ÖfÉL ¤EG É¡æ«H Ée ‘Human Rights The rights people are entitled to simply ,kÉfÉ°ùfEG ¬fƒc OôÛ OôØdG É¡H ™àªàj »àdG ¥ƒ≤◊G¿É°ùf’G ¥ƒ≤M fE because they are human beings, irrespec- ,¬bôY hCG ,¬à«°ùæL hCG ¬æWƒe øY ô¶ædG ±ô°üH ∂dPh tive of their citizenship, nationality, race, ethnicity, language, sex, sexuality, or abili- ¬˘dƒ˘«˘e hCG ,¬˘°ùæ˘L hCG ,¬˘à˘¨˘d hCG ,»˘æ˘K’G ¬˘˘FÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ fG hCG E ty. Human rights become enforceable ÚM ¥ƒ≤◊G √ò¡H πª©dG …ô°ùjh .¬JGQ~b hCG ,á«°ùæ÷G when they are codified as conventions, ÚM hCG äG~gÉ©ŸG hCG Oƒ¡©dG hCG äÉ«bÉØJE’G É¡Yô°ûJ q covenants, or treaties, or as they become recognized as customary international law. .á«dh~dG ÚfGƒ≤dG áeƒ¶æe ‘ kÉaôY êQ~oJ n

28 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE IImpartiality/ Dealing with matters in a fair and unbi- ¤EG QÉ°ûoj .á«Yƒ°Vƒeh ∫~Y qπμH QƒeC’G ™e »WÉ©àdGNonpartisanship ased manner. It is the operational p .OÉ«◊G áª∏μd ÊÓª©dG ÒÑ©àdG ƒg í∏£°üŸG Gòg q¿CG expression of neutrality./O ôŒ qRÉ«ëf’G hCG õ«ëàdG Ω~Y qIndependents Candidates for, or members of, the leg- ’ øjòdG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG hCG ¿ƒë°TôŸG¿ƒ∏≤à°ùe e islature, who do not belong to a politi- .»°SÉ«°S ÜõM ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj cal party.Index of A figure which illustrates the collective »àdG äGƒ°UC’G áÑ°ùf ÚH ¥ôØdG ´ƒª› RÈj ºbQ lDisproportionality disparity between the votes cast for par- »àdG ~YÉ≤ŸGh ,á¡L øe äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Üõ◊G É¡dÉæj ties in an election and the seats in the/ähÉØàdG áÑ°ùf f legislature the parties win. .iôNCG á¡L øe ¿ÉŸÈdG ‘ É¡H RƒØjÖ°SÉæàdG Ω~Y ô°TDƒeIn-kind contribution A donation of time, expertise, space, or äGÈÿG hCG âbƒdG :á«dÉàdG ∫Éμ°TC’G ~MCG òNCÉJ äÉÑgá«æ«Y äÉªgÉ°ùe e goods. These might include office äÉÑ¡dG √òg πª°ûJ ¿CG Rƒéjh .OGƒŸG hCG ¿ÉμŸG hCG space or lunch for a meeting, office supplies, technical assistance, or occas- áe~≤ŸG AG~¨dG áÑLh hCG Öàμªc áe~îà°ùŸG áMÉ°ùŸG sional secretarial work. I~˘YÉ˘°ùŸG hCG ,á˘«˘Ñ˘à˘μŸG ΩRGƒ˘∏˘dG hCG ,´É˘ª˘à˘LG AÉ˘˘æ˘ KGC .ô°ùdG áfÉeCG ∫ÉªYCÉH kÉàbDƒe ΩÉ«≤dG hCG ,á«æ≤àdGInterest Groups Groups characterized by the will to ™æ°U ≈∏Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘dG ‘ É˘¡˘à˘Ñ˘Zô˘H õ˘«˘ª˘à˘J äÉ˘Yƒ˘ª› q lídÉ°üŸG äÉYƒª› influence political decision-making, in ¢ ©H ≥«Ñ£J ‘ ìÉéædG ±~¡H á«°SÉ«°ùdG äGQGô≤dG order to successfully implement certain political goals or values. They tend to •Gôîf’G ƒëf ´õæJh ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG º«≤dG hCG ±G~gC’G be integrated into the political process. .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 29Internal Democracy Practice of decision-making within civil kÉ≤ÑW Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe πNGO äGQGô≤dG PÉîJGá«∏NGO á«WGô≤ÁO society organizations which emulates .á˘«˘WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dG ÇOÉ˘˘ÑŸG É˘˘gô˘˘gƒ˘˘L ‘ »˘˘cÉ– äÉ˘˘°SQÉ˘˘ªŸ democratic principles. Specific focus could include organizing policy debates ~≤Y ≈∏Y á°UÉN ΩÉªàg’G õqcÎj ,¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Yh k and issue forums with citizens and º˘«˘¶˘æ˘Jh á˘Yƒ˘°VƒŸG äÉ˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ∫ƒ˘M ¢TÉ˘≤˘ f äÉ˘˘°ù∏˘˘L party representatives; providing polling ÚæWGƒŸG Qƒ° ëH áæ«©e ÉjÉ° b ìô£J »àdG äÉj~àæŸG q and surveying services; and providing training to staff and members of a CSO ∫É› ‘ äÉ˘˘ ˘ e~ÿG Ë~˘˘ ˘ ≤˘ ˘ ˘Jh ;ÜGõ˘˘ ˘ M’G ø˘˘ ˘ ˘Y Ú∏˘˘ ˘ ˘ã‡h C to increase the skills of leaders (negoti- äÉª¶æe »ØXƒŸ ÖjQ~àdG ÒaƒJh ;…CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG ations, communications, management). ájOÉ«≤dG äGQÉ¡ŸG õjõ©J ±~¡H É¡FÉ° YCGh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG .(IQGOE’Gh π°UGƒàdGh ¢VhÉØàdG äGQÉ¡e) º¡j~dIssue A subject or interest for advocates or »˘ª˘¶˘æ˘e ΩÉ˘ª˘à˘gG π˘¨˘ °ûj …ò˘˘dG ´ƒ˘˘°VƒŸG hCG ¿CÉ˘ °ûdGádCÉ°ùe/á«° b e decision-makers. .äGQGô≤dG »©fÉ°U hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM

30 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE JJargon The specialized language of a particular áYÉæ°U hCG IQÉŒ hCG áæ¡e ‘ ádhG~àŸG ¢UÉ°üàN’G á¨dá«MÓ£°UG á¨d profession, trade, or industry. .áæ«©e qJudicial Power The power of the judiciary branch of ∫É£HEÉH á«FÉ° ≤dG áÄ«¡dG ¤EG πncƒJ »àdG á£∏°ùdGá«FÉ° b á£∏°S government to annul the acts of the Újô˘NC’G Úà˘£˘∏˘°ùdG ø˘Y IQOÉ˘°üdG ∫É˘ª˘YC’G ∫ƒ˘©˘Ø˘e other branches when these branches are not in accordance with a higher norm. .É¡«∏Y ±QÉ©àŸG É«∏©dG ÒjÉ©ŸG ™e ≥aGƒàJ ’ ÚM nJurisdiction The geographical area over which a hCG áªμÙG É¡«∏Y §°ùÑJ »àdG á«aGô¨÷G áMÉ°ùŸG/¢UÉ°üàNG hCG á«MÓ°U court or government body has the ¿CG É¡d ≥ëjh ÉgPƒØf ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe øe á°ù°SDƒe …CG power and right to exercise authority./á£∏°ùddG ¥É£f .ÉgOh~M øª°V É¡à£∏°S ¢SQÉ“ºμ◊G hCG PƒØædG á≤£æe

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 31 LLabor Union An organization of workers in a partic- ájÉ¨dG ¿ƒμJh ,øq«©e ∫É› ‘ Ú∏eÉ©dG qº° J áÄ«g lá«dÉªY äÉHÉ≤f/äGOÉ–G ular field formed to serve members’- á¡÷ á«YÉª÷G AÉ° YC’G ídÉ°üe áe~N É¡FÉ°ûfEG øe collective interests with regard to wages and working conditions. .πª©dG ±hôXh QƒLC’GLaw A general body of rules and regulations i~MEG É¡°SôμJ »àdG áª¶fC’Gh ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›¿ƒfÉb officiated by authority. Laws are gener- ÒJÉ°S~dG ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG êQ~æJ ,ΩÉY m¬LƒHh .äÉ£∏°ùdG ally found in constitutions, legislation, and judicial opinions. .á«FÉ° ≤dG äGOÉ¡àL’Gh äÉ©jô°ûàdGhLaw and Order The strict enforcement of the law and ¤EG …ODƒj ƒëf ≈∏Y kÉeQÉ°U kÉ≤«Ñ£J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J mGk õjõ©J ¿ƒfÉ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J the consequent social stability that PÉ˘Ø˘fEG ø˘Y œÉ˘˘æ˘ dG »˘˘YÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ L’G QGô˘˘≤˘ à˘ °S’G AÉ˘˘°SQEG comes from the enforcement of lawΩÉ¶ædGh øeCÓd within a givin society. .ø«©e ™ªà› ‘ ÚfGƒ≤dG qLeader Someone who rules, guides, or inspires hCG ,ø˘jô˘NB’G ≈˘∏˘Y ¬˘à˘£˘∏˘°S §˘°ùÑ˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdGº«YR/~FÉb others. A leader can be someone in kÉ˘° jCG ƒ˘gh .º˘¡˘d ΩÉ˘¡˘dEG Q~˘°üe ¿ƒ˘μ˘j hCG ,º˘˘¡˘ ¡˘ Lƒ˘˘j charge of others or someone members of a community follow. hCG øjôNB’G ¿hDƒ°T ≈∏Y ±Gô°TE’G ¤ƒàj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG .áYÉª÷G AÉ° YCG ¬©Ñàj …òdGLeadership The ability to lead, and therefore the ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘«˘dÉ˘Jh …OÉ˘jQ Qh~˘H ´Ó˘£˘°V’G ≈˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dGIOÉ«b ability to gain followers. This is also ÒKCÉàdG ≈∏Y IQ~≤dG kÉ° jCG »gh .´ÉÑJC’G ádÉªà°SG the ability to influence and direct followers towards the achievement of ±G~gC’G ≥«≤– ƒëf º¡¡«LƒJh ´ÉÑJC’G A’Dƒg ≈∏Y political goals. .IOƒ°ûæŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdGLeadership Qualities The particular traits people are looking øe ¢üî°T ‘ OôØdG É¡æY åëÑj »àdG á°UÉÿG íeÓŸGájOÉ«b äGõ«e/äÉØ°U for in those who represent them. .¬∏qãÁ

32 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTELegal Framework Structure of political processes includ- πª°ûJ »àdG á«°SÉ«˘°ùdG á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘«˘æ˘H ‘ ≈˘q∏˘é˘à˘jÊƒfÉb QÉWEG ing elections consisting of the constitu- Éeh ,ÚfGƒ≤dGh ,~YGƒ≤dG ≈∏Y …ƒ£æJh äÉHÉîàf’G tional rules, laws, complementary regulations, and explicit or implicit codes of ∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~˘YGƒ˘b äÉ˘fh~˘eh á˘ª˘¶˘fCG ø˘e É˘¡˘∏˘ª˘μ˘à˘°ùj conduct. .Qƒà°S~dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG á«æª° dG hCG á«æ∏©dGLegislature An officially elected or otherwise ÉgQÉ«àNG hCG É¡HÉîàfG …ôéj »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª›/á«©jô°ûJ á£∏°S hCG áÄ«g J selected body of people vested with á£∏°Sh á«dhDƒ°ùe É¡«dEG ~¡©oJ »àdGh ,iôNCG á≤jô£H the responsibility and power to make n»©jô°ûJ ¢ù∏› J ∏ laws for a political unit, such as a state á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°S I~˘Mh ø˘ª˘°V …ô˘°ùJ »˘à˘ dG ÚfGƒ˘˘≤˘ dG qø˘˘°S or nation. .áeC’G hCG áj’ƒdÉc áæ«©e qLegitimate Government All free and legitimate government is õ˘μ˘Jô˘jh kÉ˘«˘ fƒ˘˘fÉ˘˘b kÉ˘ ©˘ HÉ˘˘W π˘˘ª– »˘˘à˘ dG Iô◊G á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊Gá«Yô°T áeƒμM based on governing the interactions m OÉ«°SCG ºg OGôaCG ÚH á«∏YÉØJ äÉbÓY ájÉYQ ≈∏Y É¡ªμM between sovereign individuals through mutually accepted contracts. .Úaô£dG Óc á≤aGƒÃ ≈¶ëj m~≤Y ÖLƒÃ ∂dPh ,ºgQGôbLevel Playing Field The act of giving equal opportunities ∞∏àı áMÉàŸG ¢UôØdG ‘ IGhÉ°ùŸG ≈Yôj …òdG GC ~ÑŸG¢UôØdG ƒaÉμJ D to different participants or players. .AÉbôaC’G hCG ÚcQÉ°ûŸGLeverage To use personal or institutional influ- ¢üî°ûdG Éª¡H ™àªàj …òdG ™bƒŸG hCG ÒKCÉàdG ∫Ó¨à°SGPƒØf ence or position to gain support and/or ‹ÉŸG ºY~dG hCG/h ~«jCÉàdG Ö°ùc πLCG øe á°ù°SDƒŸG hCG financial backing of other people and/or institutions in a mutual endeavor. .iôNC’G äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG/h ¢UÉî°TC’G øeLobby People who support some common hCG k’ÉªYCG hCG á«° b ¿h~jDƒj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’ÉH πãªàJ/§¨° dG äÉYƒª› cause, business, principle, or sectional ;ø«©e ´É£≤H á∏°U äGP ídÉ°üe hCG ácÎ°ûe ÇOÉÑe interest; a group of people who try qá£ZÉ°V iƒb actively to influence legislation. ÒKCÉàdG ¤EG ~éH ≈©°ùJ ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒªÛG √ògh x .äÉ©jô°ûàdG ≈∏YLocal Election An election held in a particular locality π˘LCG ø˘e ø˘«˘©˘e ¿É˘μ˘e ‘ …ôŒ »˘à˘dG äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G qá«∏ﬁ äÉHÉîàfG to choose between candidates or to .ìGÎbG ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG hCG Úë°TôŸG ÚH QÉ«àN’G vote on ballot measures.

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 33 MMajority Fifty percent of the votes cast plus one ~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øe áÄŸG ‘ Ú°ùªN »æ©Já≤∏£e ájÌcCG vote. This as opposed to a plurality of »æ©J »àdG ájOÉ©dG ájÌcC’ÉH áfQÉ≤e ,~MGh äƒ°U k the vote or the most votes cast. See Plurality. ™˘˘LGQ .á˘˘ YpÎ≤ŸG äGƒ˘˘ °UC’G á˘˘ jÌcCG ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘ °ü◊G .á«Ñ°ùædG ájÌcC’GMajority System An electoral formula in which the win- ÌcCG õFÉØdG í°TôŸG ∫Éæj ¿CG »° à≤J á«HÉîàfG á¨«°Uá≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G ΩÉ¶f ning candidate must receive more than á«dÉàdG ádOÉ©ŸG Ö°ùëH áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ∞°üf øe half (50% + 1) of the votes cast. .(1+%50)Mandate A command or an authorization given º¡∏ãªŸ ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬ëæÁ …òdG ∞«∏μàdG hCG π«cƒàdGáj’ƒdG I~e/¢ jƒØJ by a political electorate to its represen- »àdG IÎØdG ÉeCG .º¡ª°SÉH ºμ◊G ¢SQÉÁ ¿CG ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG tative. The period of time that this representative stays in office is also called I~Ã kÉ° jCG ±ô©àa ¬Ñ°üæe ‘ ÒNC’G Gòg É¡«° ≤j n o mandate. .ºμ◊G ‘ ¬àj’hMass Media Any independent press that has a large .™°SGh Qƒ¡ªéH ≈¶ëj π≤à°ùe »eÓYEG Èæe …CGΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh audience.Material Resources Tangible assets such as money, equip- πFÉ˘°Shh äG~˘©ŸGh ∫Gƒ˘eC’É˘c á˘°Sƒ˘ª˘∏ŸG äGOƒ˘LƒŸGájOÉe OQGƒe ment, modes of communication, and i~MEG äGOƒLƒŸG √òg πqμ°ûJh .π≤æàdGh ∫É°üJ’G transportation. One of three interlinked resources (including human resources ÖfÉ˘L ¤EG) É˘¡˘æ˘«˘H É˘e ‘ á˘£˘HGÎŸG á˘˘KÓ˘˘ã˘ dG OQGƒŸG and time) essential to consider in any òNDƒJ ¿CG Öéj »àdG (âbƒdG πeÉYh ájô°ûÑdG OQGƒŸG n planning of an advocacy campaign or …CG hCG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM º«¶æJ ~æY ¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘ q other civic action. .ôNBG Ê~e ∑ô–Mayor Chief official of a city can be elected or Rƒ˘é˘j .á˘æ˘j~ŸG ¿hDƒ˘°T ô˘j~˘j ≈˘∏˘YCG »˘˘ª˘ °SQ ∫hDƒ˘ °ùe láj~∏ÑdG ¢ù«FQ « appointed. .¬æ««©J hCG ¬HÉîàfG

34 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEMedia Access The purpose of this policy is to ensure ¿hDƒ°T á÷É©e ≈∏Y ¢Uô◊G ¤EG á°SÉ«°ùdG √òg ±~¡J¤EG ∫ƒ°UƒdG/ΩG~îà°SG ≥M that privacy, security and legal issues á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG á˘«˘fƒ˘fÉ˘≤˘dG π˘FÉ˘°ùŸGh á˘eÓ˘°ùdGh á˘«˘°Uƒ˘°üÿG concerning the Internet and otherΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh forms of electronic communication, »àdG á«fhÎμdE’G ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe ÉgGƒ°Sh âfÎfE’ÉH including e-mail, voice-mail, electronic ,á˘˘ «˘ ˘Jƒ˘˘ °üdG π˘˘ FÉ˘˘ °Sô˘˘ dGh ,ÊhÎμ˘˘ d’G ~˘˘ jÈdG π˘˘ ˘ª˘ ˘ °ûJ E fax, bulletin boards, television access äÉ˘˘£ﬁh ,äGô˘˘°ûæ˘˘dG äÉ˘˘Mƒ˘˘dh ,ÊhÎμ˘˘d’G ¢ùcÉ˘˘ Ø˘ ˘dGh E channels, electronic subscription serv- ‘ ∑GÎ°T’G á˘e~˘˘Nh ,∫hÉ˘˘æ˘ àŸG ‘ á˘˘Yƒ˘˘°VƒŸG Iõ˘˘Ø˘ ∏˘ à˘ dG ices, and any other electronic communication forms are addressed, and that a ∫É°üJ’G πFÉ°Sh øe á∏«°Sh …CGh ,á«fhÎμdE’G πFÉ°SƒdG policy is formally established to define q¿GC ø˘˘e ~˘˘cÉC ˘ à˘ dG ¤EG kÉ˘ ° jCG ±~˘˘¡˘ J »˘˘gh .á˘˘ «˘ ˘fhÎμ˘˘ d’G E appropriate use of these tools. ¤EG »eôJ É‰EG á«ª°SôdG äÉÄ«¡dG É¡©° J »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG .áªFÓŸG ¥ô£dÉH äGhOC’G √òg ∫Éª©à°SG á¡Lh ~j~–Mediation The process of a person or group serv- ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ªÛ hCG ¢üî˘°ûd í˘ª˘ °ùJ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG§«°SƒdG QhO AGOCG/áWÉ°Sh ing as a neutral facilitator between two πμH ÌcCG hCG ÚaôW ÚH äÉbÓ©dG Ò°ù«àH ¢UÉî°TC’G q or more parties. Civil society organizations and media can play this role in πFÉ°Shh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æŸ ≈qæ°ùàjh .ájOÉ«M democratic societies to bridge the inter- äÉ˘˘ ˘©˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ àÛG ‘ Qh~˘˘ ˘dG Gò˘˘ ˘g …ODƒ˘ ˘ J ¿CÉ˘ ˘ ˘H ΩÓ˘˘ ˘ Y’G E ests of citizens and government. ídÉ°üe ÚH Öjô≤àdG ¤EG É¡æe kÉ«©°S ,á«WGô≤Á~dG .áeƒμ◊Gh ÚæWGƒŸGMember Person who voluntarily joins an organiza- hCG á˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ¤EG ¬˘˘JOGQEG AπÃ º˘˘° æ˘˘j …ò˘˘dG ¢üî˘˘°ûdG qƒ° Y tion or campaign, and has certain rights ¢ ©ÑH ™∏£˘° jh ¥ƒ˘≤◊G ¢ ©˘Ñ˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘«˘a ,á˘∏˘ª◊G and responsibilities within the decision- making structure. Members of CSOs play Ö©˘˘∏˘ jh .QGô˘˘≤˘ dG PÉ˘˘î˘ JG Iô˘˘FGO π˘˘NGO äÉ˘˘«˘ dhDƒ˘ °ùŸG various roles, includng Volunteer recruit- ôncòjo ,QGhOCG I~Y Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ AÉ° YC’G ment, participation in General Assembly ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸGh ,ÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG ‘ ºgQhO É¡æe sessions, and public relations. .áeÉ©dG äÉbÓ©dG ~«WƒJh ,áeÉ©dG á«©ª÷G äÉ°ù∏LMessage A limited body of truthful information ,É¡H ¥ƒKƒe mäÉeƒ∏©e ≈∏Y ô°üà≤j »°ù«FQ ¢üf(á∏ª◊G) ádÉ°SQ that is consistently conveyed by a candi- ≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á∏ª◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG í°TôŸG ÖXGƒjh date, party, or civic campaign to provide persuasive reasons for an audience to ¬©a~J á©æ≤e kÉHÉÑ°SCG Qƒ¡ª÷G AÉ£YEG ±~¡H ÉgOGOôJ choose, and act on behalf of that choice. .QÉ«ÿG ∑GP øem »MƒH πª©dGh √QÉ«N øY ÜGôYE’G ¤EGMission Statement A written statement explaining the øe Oƒ°ûæŸG »°SÉ°SC’G ¢Vô¨dG ìô°ûj Üƒàμe ¿É«Háª¡ŸG ¿É«H main purpose of the civic organization, á˘©˘aG~ŸG á˘˘∏˘ ª˘ M hCG ±Ó˘˘à˘ F’G hCG á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG á˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG coalition, or advocacy campain and what it aims to accomplish. .¬≤«≤– ¤EG äÉÄ«¡dG √òg ƒÑ°üJ …òdG ±~¡dGh

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 35Mobilization Process of organizing and motivating ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ƒëf º¡©aOh ÚæWGƒŸG º«¶æJ á«∏ªY∂jô–/áÄÑ©J/~°ûM M citizens to take part in civic organizing, á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ∫ÓN øe Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ¿hDƒ°T ÒH~J including public advocacy campaigns,ÚæWGƒŸG elections, or community activities. .»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG á£°ûfCG hCG ,äÉHÉîàf’G hCG ,áeÉ©dGMulti-Culturalism Refers to a society that recognizes val- kÉ˘fRh º˘«˘≤˘j …ò˘˘dG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG ¤EG Iô˘˘gÉ˘˘¶˘ dG √ò˘˘g Ò°ûJhCG á«aÉ≤K ájO~©J ues and promotes the contributions of OG~LC’G çGôJh ‘É≤ãdG çQE’G ¬e~≤j Ée »ªæjh º«≤∏d the various cultural heritages and ances- q qäÉaÉ≤ãdG ájO~©J tries of all. A policy of inclusion of all ‘ kÉ˘° jCG ≈˘q∏˘é˘à˘J »˘gh .äÉ˘eÉ˘¡˘°SEG ø˘e ø˘˘«˘˘Yƒ˘˘æ˘ àŸG r n cultures and ethnicities in a society or äÉ˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dG ™˘«˘ª˘L êÉ˘eOEG ¤EG »˘eô˘J »˘à˘dG á˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG civilization. .IQÉ° ◊G hCG ™ªàÛG ‘ á«æKE’G ¢üFÉ°üÿGhMulti-Party System System in which more than two parties ~«dÉ≤e ‹ƒJ ≈∏Y ÚHõM øe ÌcCG ¬«a ¢ùaÉæàj ΩÉ¶fá«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdG ΩÉ¶f compete for control of government. ‘ á«WGô≤Á~dG áª¶fC’G á«Ñ∏ZCG q¿CG ¤EG QÉ°ûoj .ºμ◊G Most of the world’s democracies are multi-party systems. .á«Hõ◊G ájO~©àdÉH õ«ªàJ ⁄É©dG q

36 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE NNegotiation Problem solving methodology which äÉLÉ«àMG á«Ñ∏J ¤EG kI~gÉL ≈©°ùJ πcÉ°ûŸG π◊ á«dBG q¢VhÉØJ/á°VhÉØe strives to meet the needs of both (or all) q¿GC q’GE ,´GõædG »naôW ,(ÜGõMC’G ™«ªL hCG) ÚHõ◊G Óc parties involved in a dispute. While it is r not always possible to meet the needs Gk ô¶f áæ«©e ±G~gCG ≥«≤– ƒëf ¬éàJ á«∏ª©dG √òg q of all, the process is goal oriented. This πqμ°ûjh .ΩGh~dG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G äÉLÉ«àMG á«Ñ∏J Qqò©àd practice is one of the cornerstones of á˘˘«˘ WGô˘˘≤Á~˘˘dG á˘˘°SQÉ˘˘ªŸG õ˘˘FÉ˘˘cQ ~˘˘MGC Qh~˘˘ dG Gò˘˘ g AGOCG democratic practice and civic organiz- .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ìÓ°UEG ¤EG Ú«YÉ°ùdG Ê~ŸG πª©dG º«¶æJh ing to achieve policy reform.Network Communication structure within which äÉYƒªÛG hCG OGôaCÓd í«àJ »àdG ä’É°üJ’G á«æHáμÑ°T individuals or groups share values or ¤EG kÉ˘«˘©˘°S á˘©˘aG~ŸG Oƒ˘¡˘é˘H ΩÉ˘«˘≤˘dG hCG º˘«˘≤˘dG ∫OÉ˘Ñ˘J advocate policy changes. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEGNetworking Process by which new relationships are øe I~j~L äÉbÓY áeÉbEG ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J »àdG á«∏ª©dGäÉμÑ°ûddG AÉ°ûfGE /è°ùf f °f built to raise awareness about an organiza- hCG á«° b hCG áª¶æe …CG ∫ƒM »YƒdG áYÉ°TEG πLCG q tion, issue, or process. Networking is an essential component of an advocacy cam- äÉ˘eƒ˘≤ŸG i~˘MEG π˘qμ˘°ûj äÉ˘μ˘Ñ˘°ûdG è˘˘°ùæ˘˘a .QÉ˘˘°ùe paign, to build momentum and encourage ºNõdG AÉ£YEG ¤EG »eôjh ,á©aG~ŸG äÓª◊ á«°SÉ°SC’G broader participation in the process. .™°ShCG ácQÉ°ûe ¬«a ácQÉ°ûŸG ™«é°ûJh QÉ°ùe …C’ kNeutral Political A political environment aiming at hav- …CG ºYOh AGôLEG ¤EG ±~¡j …òdG »°SÉ«°ùdG §«ÙG qEnvironment ing and supporting free, fair, and credi- .á¡jõfh ádOÉYh IôM äÉHÉîàfG ble elections.…OÉ«M »°SÉ«°S §«ﬁNeutrality A system or environment that does not ôNBG ≈∏Y kÓj~H kÓM π° ØJ ’ áÄ«H hCG ΩÉ¶f πc GC ~Ñe q q pájOÉ«M/OÉ«M favor any particular alternative or out- .iôNCG ≈∏Y áæ«©e áé«àf ’h come. q

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 37Non-Government An organization that is not developed hCG ÉgAÉ°ûfEG á«eƒμ◊G äÉÄ«¡dG ¤ƒàJ ’ »àdG äÉª¶æŸGOrganization (NGO) or directed by government bodies, ÒZ äÉ˘°ù°SDƒŸG π˘μ˘°T ò˘î˘à˘ J É˘˘e kÉ˘ Ñ˘ dÉ˘˘Z »˘˘gh ,É˘˘¡˘ JQGOEG often having non-profit status, whoseá«eƒμM ÒZ äÉª¶æe work focuses on strengthening politi- á«∏ª©dG õjõ©J ≈∏Y É¡∏ªY ¥É£f ‘ õqcôJh á«ëHôdG cal processes and institutions. They ¤EG ≈©°ùJ »¡a .äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG ºFÉYO â«ÑãJh á«°SÉ«°ùdG work to create more political space and increase the potential and quality ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe IOÉjRh »°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG á©bQ ™«°SƒJ if citizen participation. NGOs are ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG πé°ùoJh .á«YƒædGh äÉ«fÉμeE’G å«M øe s legally registered CSOs with formal Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe áfÉN â– kÉ«fƒfÉb á«eƒμ◊G rights and responsibilities, and a bind- ing formal governance structure. See ,á˘«˘ª˘°SQ äÉ˘«˘dhDƒ˘°ùÃ ™˘∏˘£˘° Jh ¥ƒ˘≤˘ë˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘J »˘à˘dG also Non-Profit Organization and kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .É¡∏ªY IQGOEG ∫É› ‘ á«ª°SQ á«æÑH Ωõà∏Jh Civil Society Organization. .Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe hCG á«ëHôdG ÒZ äÉª¶æŸGNon-Partisan When something relates to all political §ÑJôj ’ hCG ÜGõMC’G ™«ªéH §ÑJôj Ée ≈∏Y q∫~J áØ°U/»HõM ÒZ parties or no particular political parties. kÉ«HõM kÉ©HÉW òîàJ ’ »àdG äÉHÉîàf’Éa .Ú©e ÜõëH A non-partisan election is one in whichRÉëæe hCG õ«ëàe ÒZ q candidates are not affiliated with partic- ÜGõMCG ¤EG É¡«a Úë°TôŸG »ªàæj ’ mäÉHÉîàfG ¤EG Ò°ûJ ular parties and their party is not listed ÉeCG .ÜGõMC’G ôcP ≈∏Y ´GÎb’G ábQh »JCÉJ ’h áæ«©e on the ballot. A non-partisan organiza- •ÉÑJQG ¿hO ∫ƒ– »àdG ∂∏J »¡a IRÉëæŸG ÒZ áª¶æŸG tion is one that associates with either no political parties or many different polit- ,ÜGõMCG I~Y ™e ≈WÉ©àJ »àdG hCG ø«©e mÜõëH É¡ª°SG q ical parties, avoiding the association .øq«©e ÜõëH É¡£Hôd kÉjOÉØJ with one particular party.Non-Partisan A domestic organization that, on the ájOÉ«◊ÉH É¡˘aÉ˘°üJG º˘μ˘ë˘H »˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉ˘ª˘¶˘æŸGDomestic Election basis of political impartiality, monitors ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e ¤ƒ˘à˘J á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG election processes to promote electoralMonitoring ΩGÎMG ≈˘∏˘Y kÉ˘°Uô˘Mh äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘gGõ˘æ˘d Gk õ˘˘jõ˘˘©˘ J integrity and ensure that the rights ofOrganization (or voters are respected in the electoral √ò˘g º˘° Jh .á˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG √ò˘˘g ‘ ÚÑ˘˘NÉ˘˘æ˘ dG ¥ƒ˘˘≤˘ MGroup) q process. Such an organization is com- ¬«a …ôŒ …òdG ~∏ÑdG ¤EG ¿ƒªàæj ÚæWGƒe äÉª¶æŸGá«∏ﬁ (äÉYƒª› hCG) äÉª¶æe prised of nationals of the country where the voting is taking place and Úë°TôŸG øe …CG ¿h~jDƒj ’ º¡æμdh ´GÎb’G á«∏ªYáÑbGôÃ án∏cƒe IRÉëæe ÒZ n does not support or detract from any .º¡fCÉ°T øe ¿ƒ°ü≤àæj ’h äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ Ú°ùaÉæàŸGäÉHÉîàf’G competitor in an election.Non-Partisan A national of a country who monitors πª°ûàa ,á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ÖbGôj …òdG øWGƒŸGDomestic Election election processes, including observing õ˘cGô˘e π˘NGO á˘˘«˘ YôŸG äGAGô˘˘LE’G á˘˘Ñ˘ bGô˘˘e ¬˘˘eÉ˘˘¡˘ e procedures inside polling places, as partMonitor (or IRÉëæe ÒZ á«∏ﬁ áª¶æe ‘ Gk ƒ° Y ¬àØ°üH ´GÎb’G of a nonpartisan domestic electionObserver) monitoring organization. .äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôÃ ≈æ©oJ»∏ÙG äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôeRÉëæŸG ÒZ

38 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTENon-Profit A specific classification of civil society Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ≈∏Y …ô°ùj O~ﬁ ∞«æ°üJOrganization organization, noting a tax-exempt sta- ¢üæJ Ée ≥ah ÖFGô° dG øe á«Ø©e É¡fCG ≈∏Y ád’~∏d tus as determined by the state’s legisla- qá«ëHQ ÒZ äÉª¶æe tion. In order to maintain such status, √òg ≈∏Y ø«©àjh .áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG äÉ©jô°ûJ ¬«∏Y q organizations must comply with a ~«≤àJ ¿CG ,áØ°üdG √òg ≈∏Y É¡æe kÉXÉØM ,äÉª¶æŸG q diverse array of legal and regulatory requirements and have a sound system á«ª«¶æàdGh á«fƒfÉ≤dG •hô°ûdG øe á©°SGh áMhôÃ for finanial reporting. .á«dÉŸG ôjQÉ≤àdG Ë~≤àd kÉª«∏°S kÉeÉ¶f ™ÑàJ ¿CGh qNon-Violence Approach of gaining political power πFÉ°SƒdÉH á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdÉH RƒØdG í«àJ »àdG áHQÉ≤ŸG∞æYÓdG/∞æ©dG òÑf through means which do not involve ô°TÉÑe ÒZ hCG ô°TÉÑe πμ°ûH ¢UÉî°TC’G ¢Vô©J ’ »àdG direct or indirect physical harm to per- q sons. A driving philosophy in many polit- Òãμ∏d kÉjƒb kÉªNR »£©J áØ°ù∏a »gh .áj~°ùL ájPCG ¤EG ical movements and advocacy campaigns. .á©aG~ŸG äÓªMh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉcô◊G øe

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 39 OObjective A defined, incremental step toward a ≥«≤– ƒëf Oƒ≤J »àdG á≤MÓàŸGh IO~ÙG äGƒ£ÿG¢UÉN/O~ﬁ ±~g hCG ¢VôZ goal. An advocacy objective aims to Ò«˘¨˘J ƒ˘g á˘©˘aG~ŸG ø˘˘e ¢Vô˘˘¨˘ dÉ˘˘a .ΩÉ˘˘©˘ dG ±~˘˘¡˘ dG change the policies, programs, or posi-(ΩÉY ÒZ) tions of governments, institutions, or É˘gò˘î˘à˘J »˘˘à˘ dG ∞˘˘bGƒŸG hCG è˘˘eGÈdG hCG äÉ˘˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG organizations relative to that goal or ±~¡dG ∂dP øe äÉª¶æŸG hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG äÉeƒμ◊G toward achieving that goal. .¬≤«≤– √ÉŒÉH hCGOpinion Poll A survey conducted between and iôNCGh äÉHÉîàfG ÚH Ée …ôéj ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d AÉàØà°SGΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ´Ó£à°SG before elections to get a projection on äÉ©bƒJ ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G πLCG øe äÉHÉîàf’G πÑb Éeh the outcome of the elections. Such polls can also be a tool of a CSO, polit- …CGôdG äÉYÓ£à°SG í∏°üJh .äÉHÉîàf’G èFÉàf ∫ƒM ical party, or government official/office Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe É¡e~îà°ùJ IGOCÉc kÉ° jCG √òg to gauge public opinion on public policies or reform efforts. ¿ƒ˘dhDƒ˘°ùŸG É˘¡˘H Ú©˘à˘°ùj hCG á˘«˘°SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G hCG ΩÉ©dG …CGô∏d Gk ~°UQ á«eƒμ◊G ôFGh~dG hCG ¿ƒ«eƒμ◊G .ìÓ°UE’G Oƒ¡L hCG áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ∫ƒMOpposition A political party or an organized group ¢VQÉ©J »àdG áª q¶æŸG áYƒªÛG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊Gá°VQÉ©e opposed to the group, party, or govern- .á£∏°ùdG ‘ IOƒLƒŸG áeƒμ◊G hCG Üõ◊G hCG ≥jôØdG ment in power.Organization In most basic terms, an organization is áYƒª› ¤EG ,»°SÉ°SC’G ÉgÉæ©Ã ,áª¶æŸG áª∏c Ò°ûJáª¶æe a group of people who work together º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª¶æjh kÉ©e ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe and are purposely organized to accomplish an overall, common goal or set of ±G~˘˘gCG á˘˘ Yƒ˘˘ ª› hCG ∑Î°ûe ±~˘˘ g ≥˘˘ «˘ ˘≤– ~˘˘ °ü≤˘˘ H goals. Members of an organization usu- Gk Qƒ°üJ kIOÉY áª¶æŸG AÉ° YCG ™° jh .k’ÉªLEG ácÎ°ûe q ally have a vision, or image, about how the organization should be working πμ°ûdG øYh áª¶æŸG πªY á≤jôW øY áeÉY Iôμa hCG and how it should appear when things .ΩGô˘j É˘e ≈˘∏˘ Y É˘˘¡˘ dÉ˘˘ª˘ YCG Ò°ùJ ÚM √ò˘˘î˘ à˘ J …ò˘˘dG are going well. In addition, each organ- áª¡e AGOCÉH áª¶æe qπc ~¡©àJ ,∂dP ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH ization has a specific mission, or overall purpose. .ΩÉY ±~g ≥«≤ëàH hCG áæ«©e q

40 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEOutreach Effort by individuals in an organization á˘Yƒ˘ªÛG hCG á˘ª˘¶˘æŸG AÉ˘° YCG É˘¡˘dò˘Ñ˘j »˘à˘dG Oƒ˘¡÷G∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡L or group to connect its ideas or prac- hCG äÉª¶æe ¤EG º¡JÉ°SQÉ‡ hCG ºgQÉμaCG π≤f ¤EG kÉ«©°S tices to the efforts of other organizations, groups, specific audiences, or the Ö©˘°ûdG ¤EG hCG ø˘«˘©˘e Qƒ˘˘¡˘ ª˘ L hCG iô˘˘NCG äÉ˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª› q general public. Outreach is a funda- õFÉcôdG i~MEG πqμ°ûJ √òg ∫É°üJ’G Oƒ¡éa .káeÉY mental component of any successful .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM É¡«dEG ~æà°ùJ »àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G advocacy campaign.Overhead The fixed operating expenses of an …CG É˘g~˘Ñ˘μ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG á˘à˘HÉ˘ã˘dG π˘«˘¨˘°ûà˘dG ∞˘jQÉ˘˘°üe(Iô°TÉÑe ÒZ) áeÉY ∞jQÉ°üe organization that are added to a budget á°SQÉ‡ øe É¡æqμÁ ÉÃ É¡àfRGƒe ¤EG É¡Ø«° Jh áª¶æe to enable that organization to do business. Overhead costs may include rent, áeÉ©dG ∞«dÉμàdG √òg πª°ûJ ¿CG øμÁh .É¡dÉªYCG utilities, equipment, supplies, and com- ,äGõ«¡éàdGh ,äBÉ°ûæŸGh ,äGQÉéjE’G (Iô°TÉÑŸG ÒZ) munication. .ä’É°üJ’Gh ,ΩRGƒ∏dGh

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 41 PParallel Vote Provides an independent verification of è˘FÉ˘à˘f ø˘e á˘˘∏˘ ≤˘ à˘ °ùe á˘˘Ä˘ «˘ g ~˘˘j ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ≥˘˘≤˘ ë˘ à˘ dGTabulation (PVT) election results. To conduct a sound á˘æ˘«˘Y QÉ˘«˘à˘NG º˘à˘j ,QÉ˘WE’G Gò˘g ‘h .äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G PVT, a random statistical-based sample q qájRGƒàŸG âjƒ°üàdG ∫hG~L OG~YEG of polling stations are drawn. Trained ¤EG OÉ˘˘ æ˘ ˘à˘ ˘°S’É˘˘ H ´GÎb’G õ˘˘ cGô˘˘ e ø˘˘ e á˘˘ «˘ ˘ FGƒ˘˘ ˘°ûY volunteers from civil society are ∫hG~˘˘L OG~˘˘YEG π˘˘ LCG ø˘˘ e Iô˘˘ aGƒ˘˘ àŸG äÉ˘˘ «˘ ˘FÉ˘˘ °üME’G deployed to polling stations to observe ‘ ÚHQ~ŸG ÚYƒ£àŸG ô°ûf ºàj ,‹ÉàdÉHh .áª«∏°S and record all aspects of the voting and q counting process. This information, ∫ƒM º¡JÉ¶MÓe Gƒ∏é°ùjh GƒÑbGÒd ´GÎb’G õcGôe including the official polling stations .Éª¡ÑfGƒL πμH ,äGƒ°UC’G Rôah ´GÎb’G »à«∏ªY q vote count results, is then sent to a central collection point where the data is èFÉàædG É¡«a ÉÃ ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG √òg ∫É°SQEG ¤EG QÉ°üjo ºK used to evaluate the overall quality of the õcôe ¤EG ´GÎb’G õcGôe ‘ äGƒ°UC’G RôØd á«ª°SôdG election day proceedings and to project, äÉfÉ«ÑdG Ω~îà°ùoJ å«M äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ ¢ü°üﬂ n or verify, official results based on precise analysis of polling center data. äÉHÉîàf’G Ωƒj á≤Ñ£ŸG äGAGôLE’G á«Yƒf º««≤àd è˘˘FÉ˘˘à˘ æ˘ dG ¿CÉ˘ °ûH äÉ˘˘©˘ bƒ˘˘à˘ dG QG~˘˘°UE’h ,∫É˘˘ª˘ LE’É˘˘H π˘«˘∏– ¤EG Gk OÉ˘æ˘à˘°SG ,É˘¡˘æ˘e ≥˘≤˘ë˘à˘dG hCG ,á˘«˘ª˘ °Sô˘˘dG .kÉ≤«bO kÓ«∏– ´GÎb’G õcGôe øY áŒÉædG äÉfÉ«ÑdGParliament The political assembly in which elected ¿ƒ˘∏˘ã˘ªŸG É˘¡˘«˘a ¢ûbÉ˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG á˘˘«˘ ©˘ ª÷GÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› ∏ representatives debate and vote upon pro- ≈bôJh .É¡«∏Y ¿ƒJƒ°üjh áMÎ≤ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ¿ƒÑîàæŸG posed laws. The word ‘parliament’ comes n from 15th century English, and from a øe ≥à°ûJ »gh ô°ûY ¢ùeÉÿG ¿ô≤dG ¤EG ¿ÉŸôH á¶Ød q French word meaning ‘talking place’. .QhÉ°ûàdG hCG ∫hG~à∏d ¿Éμe »æ©J á«°ùfôa IQÉÑYParticipation The act of sharing in the actvities of a É¡ª¶æJ »àdG á£°ûfC’G ‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G •GôîfG ≈∏Y q∫~JácQÉ°ûe e civil society organization, political ‘ hCG ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe party, or political process; the condition of sharing in common with oth- É¡fƒ°û«©j mádÉM ≈∏Y kÉ° jCG q∫~Jh ;á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ers. Participation is a right and respon- øWGƒª∏d ≥M »g ácQÉ°ûŸGh .øjôNB’G ™e ∑QÉ°ûàdÉH w sibility of citizens in a democracy, •ôîæj å«M á«WGô≤Á~dG áª¶fC’G ‘ ¬«∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùeh through issue-oriented civil society organizations and/or political parties. ≈∏Y ÉgOƒ¡L Ö°üJ »àdG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ‘ q .á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’G ‘ hCG/h ÉjÉ° ≤dG á÷É©e

42 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEParticipatory Process through which a portion of kÉÑfÉL áfRGƒŸG øe º°ùb ™°Vh á«∏ª©dG √òg »° à≤JBudgeting the budget is set aside for citizens to á˘˘¡˘ Lh GhO~˘˘ë˘ j ¿CG Úæ˘˘WGƒ˘˘ª˘ ∏˘ ˘d ≈˘˘ æ˘ ˘°ùà˘˘ j ≈˘˘ à˘ ˘M determine how to use it. This processá«cQÉ°ûàdG áfRGƒŸG OG~YEG à works to increase citizen’s participa- ¤EG äÉ˘fRGƒŸG ø˘e ´ƒ˘æ˘dG Gò˘g ≈˘©˘°ùjh .¬˘dÉ˘ª˘ ©˘ à˘ °SG tion in decision-making while improv- QGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«°SƒJ ing accountability, community cohe- sion, and furthering the delivery of »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ~jõjh ,ádAÉ°ùŸG kÉ° jCG Rõ©j Éª«a q cost-effective services. äGP äÉ˘˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ J iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ø˘˘°ùë˘˘ jh ,kÉ˘ ˘μ˘ ˘°SÉ“ q .É¡à©Øæe ¤EG Gk ô¶f ádƒÑ≤ŸG áØ∏μàdGPartisan Anything relating to a political party. Úë˘a .á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G ¤EG á˘˘∏˘ °üH âÁ É˘˘e π˘˘c qRÉëæe hCG õ«ëàe/»HõM When an election is partisan, it means ≈∏Y Gòg q∫~j É‰EG ,kÉ«HõM kÉ©HÉW äÉHÉîàf’G πª– q that party affiliation is a component of the contest and may be listed on the ‘ √ôcP Opôjn ~b …òdG »Hõ◊G Úë°TôŸG AÉªàfG á«ªgCG ballot. .´GÎb’G ábQhPartnership Formal or informal, involving two or ,»ª°SôdG ÒZ hCG »ª°SôdG É¡eƒ¡ØÃ ,ácGô°ûdG º° J qácGô°T more parties, including CSOs, govern- ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ÌcCG hCG ÚaôW ment, and/or other actors; to develop a shared understanding of problems ;iôNC’G á∏YÉØdG iƒ≤dG hCG/h ,ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe hCG/h and mutually-agreeable steps to πcÉ°ûŸG ∫É«M ∑Î°ûe »Yh áYÉ°TEG ¤EG ≈©°ùJ »gh address them. É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y ≥˘Ø˘à˘j »˘à˘dG äGƒ˘£ÿG ~˘j~– ¤EGh á˘Mhô˘£ŸG .πcÉ°ûŸG √òg á÷É©Ÿ ¿Éaô£dGParty A group of people who join together á˘jGQ â– ¿hƒ˘° æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›ÜõM because they share many ideas about á˘≤˘jô˘W ∫ƒ˘M QÉ˘μ˘aCG I~˘Y ¿hô˘WÉ˘°ûà˘j º˘¡˘ fC’ I~˘˘MGh what the government should do. .ºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡Petition A request to an authority, most com- áæq«©e á£∏°S ¤EG ¢UÉî°TCG ¬H Ω~≤àj …òdG Ö∏£dG qá° jôY monly a government official or public äÉÄ«¡dG hCG Ú«eƒμ◊G ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ‘ ΩÉY m¬LƒH πqãªàJ entity. Petitions are one type of tactic used by civic groups in advocacy cam- äGƒ£ÿG ∫Éμ°TCG øe lπμ°T »g ¢ FGô©dGh .áeÉ©dG paigns to gather signatures of like- ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG É¡«dEG ÉC é∏J »àdG á«μ«àμàdG minded citizens on a particular issue. ÚæWGƒŸG ™«bGƒJ ™ªL ±~¡H ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM QÉWEG .áæ«©e á«° b ∫ƒM É¡JGP AGQB’G ¿hôWÉ°ûàj øjòdG qPlatform The program, often written, that the Ωõà∏j …òdG ,¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ÜƒàμŸG ,èeÉfÈdG»HÉîàfG èeÉfôH e political party or candidate will address ¬æª° àj ÉÃ) ¬≤«Ñ£àH í°TôŸG hCG »°SÉ«°ùdG Üõ◊G (including political, social, and economic pillars) if and when they are elected. ≈àeh GPEG (ájOÉ°üàbGh á«YÉªàLGh á«°SÉ«°S õFÉcQ øe This is not a campaign message. è˘˘eÉ˘˘fÈdG q¿CG ¤EG IQÉ˘˘°TE’G Q~Œ ø˘˘μ˘ dh .¬˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ fG ” q .á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ øY ∞∏àîj »HÉîàf’G

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 43Pledge A solemn promise or undertaking to πã˘e ø˘«˘©˘e π˘ª˘©˘H ΩÉ˘«˘≤˘dÉ˘H »˘ª˘°SQ ΩGõ˘à˘dG hCG ~˘Yh q~¡©J commit to something, like making con- .äÉª¶æŸG i~MEG ¤EG äÉªgÉ°ùŸG Ë~≤J tributions to an organization. A formal commitment.Plurality The most votes cast in a given election. »gh ,áæ«©e äÉHÉîàfG ‘ áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG qá«Ñ°ùf ájÌcCG f This differs from a majority of the %50 ≈∏Y q∫~J »àdG á≤∏£ŸG ájÌcC’G øY ∞∏àîJ votes cast or 50% plus one vote. .~MGh äƒ°U ~FGR áYp Î≤ŸG äGƒ°UC’G øePlurality Majority They are the winner-take-all systems we ~ªà©jo …òdG á«∏«ãªàdG ~YÉ≤ŸG áaÉμH õFÉØdG ΩÉ¶f nSystems most often use to elect officials to our äÉ˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ ÚdhDƒ˘°ùŸG ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’ ¿É˘«˘ MC’G Ö∏˘˘ZCG ‘ local, state, and federal legislatures.…ÌcCG ΩÉ¶f These systems all require the winning .äÉ˘j’ƒ˘dG ‘h á˘«˘dGQ~˘˘Ø˘ dGh á˘˘«˘ ∏ÙG á˘˘«˘ ©˘ jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG candidate to garner either a plurality or π°üëj ¿CG õFÉØdG í°TôŸG øe ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg »° à≤jh a majority of the votes. .á≤∏£ŸG hCG á«Ñ°ùædG ,äGƒ°UC’G ájÌcCG ≈∏YPolicy Action The steps taken to address a problem øe áæ«©e á∏μ°ûe á÷É©Ÿ IòîàŸG äGƒ£ÿG ´ƒª› qäÉ°SÉ«°ùddG Ò«¨J √ÉŒÉH ∑ô– by changing or reinforcing a policy. .É¡∏«©ØJ hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG πj~©J ∫ÓNPolitical Culture The sum of attitudes, beliefs, and πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉ©bƒàdGh äG~≤à©ŸGh ∞bGƒŸG ´ƒª›á«°SÉ«°S áaÉ≤K expectations that constitute particular äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉHh áeÉ˘Y ™˘ª˘àÛÉ˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG äÉ˘¡˘Lƒ˘à˘dG k orientations toward society in general and politics in particular. .á°UÉNPolitical Landscape The environment in which the cam- ¤EG kIQÉ˘°TEG ,É˘gQÉ˘WEG ‘ á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G …ôŒ »˘˘à˘ dG á˘˘Ä˘ «˘ Ñ˘ dG»°SÉ«°S ~¡°ûe e paign will be waged, particularly in ref- ‘ »°SÉ«°ùdG πª©dG ‘ ÚWôîæŸG ¢UÉî°TC’G ∞∏àﬂ erence to the various people involved in politics in the area. .á≤£æŸGPolitical Participation Right of all adults of either gender to º¡≤Mh ;âjƒ°üàdÉH Ú°ùæ÷G øe øj~°TGôdG πc ≥M qá«°SÉ«°S ácQÉ°ûe e vote; the right to form or participate in ‘ á˘˘ cQÉ˘˘ °ûŸG hCG á˘˘ «˘ ˘ °SÉ˘˘ ˘«˘ ˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘ ˘MC’G AÉ˘˘ ˘°ûfEG ‘ activities of political parties; and the right to free, fair, and regular elections á«©jô°ûàdG äÉÄ«¡dG QÉ«àNG ‘ º¡≤Mh ;É¡à£°ûfCG for legislative bodies. .ádOÉYh IôM ájOÉY äÉHÉîàfG QÉWEG øª°VPolitical Party A group of people with similar ideas or hCG AGQB’G º˘˘¡˘ ©˘ ªŒ ø˘˘jò˘˘dG ¢UÉ˘˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e á˘˘Yƒ˘˘ª›»°SÉ«°S ÜõM aims, some of whose members nomi- ¢Vƒÿ É˘¡˘FÉ˘° YCG ¢ ©˘H ¿ƒ˘ë˘°Tô˘jh ,É˘˘¡˘ JGP ±G~˘˘gC’G nate as candidates at elections in the hope that they will be elected to office. äÉHÉîàf’G √òg ‘ GhRƒØj ¿CG πeCG ≈∏Y äÉHÉîàf’G .á«æ©ŸG Ö°UÉæŸG Gƒ∏¨°ûjh

44 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEPolitical Power The means, influences, and pressures - øe ¬∏ªà– ÉÃ ,§¨° dGh ÒKCÉàdG äGhOCGh πFÉ°SƒdGá«°SÉ«°S á£∏°S including authority, rewards, and sanc- Iô˘aGƒ˘àŸG ÜÉ˘≤˘©˘dGh ÜGƒ˘ã˘dG º˘«˘gÉ˘Ø˘ eh äÉ˘˘«˘ MÓ˘˘°U tions - available to achieve the objectives of the power-holder, especially ’ ,á£∏°ùdG ÜÉë°UCG Ég~°ûæj »àdG ±G~gC’G ≥«≤ëàd those of government, the state, and äÉ˘°ù°SDƒ˘e π˘NGO Ö°UÉ˘æ˘e º˘¡˘æ˘e π˘¨˘°ûj ø˘e É˘ª˘«˘ °S civil society organizations. .Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æeh ádh~dGh ºμ◊GPolitical Rights The right of people to participate in øª°V á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG ‘ OGôaC’G ≥Má«°SÉ«°S ¥ƒ≤M the political life of their communities ≈∏Y âjƒ°üàdG ‘ º¡≤ëc ,º¡©ªà›h º¡JÉYÉªL and society such as by voting for their government. .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ º¡«∏ã‡ QÉ«àNGPolitician An individual who is involved in influ- äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U á«∏ªY ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj ¢üî°T lá°SÉ«°ùddG πLQ/»°SÉ«°S encing public decision-making through ƒgh .áeÉ©dG á°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ∫ÓN øe áeÉ©dG the influence of politics. A politician is often a person who is running for kÉÑ°üæe π¨°ûj hCG ,øq«©e mÖ°üæÃ RƒØ∏d kÉÑdÉZ í°TÎj office or has won an election and is .ÜÉîàf’G ‘ √Rƒa ôKEG already in office.Polling Place An officially-assigned location where ¿ƒ˘Ñ˘NÉ˘æ˘dG √~˘°ü≤˘j ´GÎbÓ˘d kÉ˘«˘ª˘°SQ ¢ü°üﬂ ¿É˘μ˘ e´GÎb’G õcôe/¿Éμe voters go to cast their ballots under the ø˘˘Y ÚdhDƒ˘ °ùŸG á˘˘£˘ ∏˘ °S π˘˘X ‘ º˘˘¡˘ JGƒ˘˘°UCÉ˘ H A’OEÓ˘ d authority of election officials. q .äÉHÉîàf’GPotential Supporter A person who may possibly back an áª¶æe hCG á©aG~e á∏ªM …CG ºY~j ¿CG øμÁ …òdG ¢üî°ûdGπªàﬁ ô°UÉæe advocacy campaign, civic organization, πªY á£N OG~YEG Q~éj ∂dòd .á«°SÉ«°S èeGôH hCG á«f~e or political platform. Following a SWOT analysis or community mapping, an p π«∏– AGôLEG Ö≤Y ¿Éμ°ùdG øe áÄØdG √ò¡H ∫É°üJÓd action plan to conduct outreach to this ∞˘©˘° dGh Iƒ˘≤˘dG •É˘≤˘f º˘«˘«˘≤˘à˘d á˘˘∏˘ «˘ °Sh ƒ˘˘gh) äGƒ˘˘°S person should be done. .»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉeƒ≤e ~j~– hCG (ôWÉıGh ¢UôØdGhPress Conference An event planned by the campaign to ¬«dEG ¿ƒY~o«a á«HÉîàf’G á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe √~©j ç~M q»Øë°U ô“Dƒe which the press is invited with the pur- øY hCG á∏ª◊G øY mäÉeƒ∏©Ã ºg~jhõàd Ú«aÉë°üdG pose to providing information about the campaign or on a particular issue. .áæ«©e á«° bPress Release Information provided by the campaign π˘FÉ˘°Sh ∫hÉ˘æ˘à˘e ‘ á˘∏˘ª◊G É˘¡˘©˘° J »˘à˘dG äÉ˘eƒ˘∏˘ ©ŸG»Øë°U ¿É«H to media outlets presenting the candi- ç~M hCG á«° b øe í°TôŸG ∞bƒe í°Vƒj ÉÃ ,ΩÓYE’G dates position on a particular issue or event. Press releases are often written in å«M øe ,»Øë°üdG ¿É«ÑdG òîàj Ée kÉÑdÉZ .ø«©e q the form of a news story. .…QÉÑNE’G ÉC ÑædG πμ°T ,¬à¨«°U

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 45Print Media Print media is any part of the mass ø˘˘e iô˘˘NGC á˘˘∏˘«˘°Sh …CG hCG á˘˘∏˘≤˘à˘°ùŸG äÓÛGh ∞˘˘ë˘°üdG/´ƒÑ£e ΩÓYEG media using the written word and/or IQƒ˘°üdG hCG/h á˘ª˘∏˘μ˘dG π˘ª˘©˘à˘°ùJ »˘˘à˘dG ΩÓ˘˘Y’G π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sh E still pictures, such as newspapers andáYƒÑ£ŸG ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh magazines, as opposed to electronic πª©à°ùj …òdG ÊhÎμd’G ΩÓYE’G ™e É¡d áfQÉ≤e ,I~eÉ÷G k media that uses the spoken word .ƒj~«ØdG hCG/h áYƒª°ùŸG áª∏μdG and/or video.Propaganda The propagation of ideas and information ¢ ©H ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸGh QÉμaC’G ô°ûfá«FÉYO QÉÑNCG hCG QÉμaCG/G~æZÉHhôH for the purpose of influencing or intensi- .É¡à«ÑãJ hCG äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdGh ∞bGƒŸG fying certain attitudes and behavior.Proportional Parties having representation in a legis- á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG π˘NGO ÜGõ˘MC’G π˘«˘ã“ ø˘eDƒ˘j …ò˘dG ΩÉ˘¶˘æ˘ dG qRepresentation lature in proportion to the number of »˘à˘dG äGƒ˘°UC’G á˘Ñ˘°ùf ™˘e Ö°SÉ˘æ˘à˘dÉ˘H á˘«˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘˘dG their voters in the election.»Ñ°ùædG π«ãªàdG ΩÉ¶f æ .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ ÜõM πc É¡«∏Y π°üëj qPublic Of or having to do with the people as a ‘ ™°Vƒj Ée πc hCG ,πμc Ö©°ûdÉH ábÓY ¬d Ée πc q q qΩÉY whole, or something that is made view- .™«ªé∏d kÉMÉàe ¿ƒμj hCG ™«ª÷G ∫hÉæàe able to all, something that is open.Public Action One of several tactics used as part of QÉ˘WGE ‘ ò˘î˘à˘oJ »˘à˘ dG á˘˘«˘ μ˘ «˘ à˘ μ˘ à˘ dG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG i~˘˘MGE nnΩÉY ∑ô– Advocacy Campaigns, whereby a public áÑ°SÉæe hCG ç~M º«¶æJ …ôéj å«M ,á©aG~ŸG äÓªM event is organized to attract attention to an issue. Such actions may include ral- .áæ«©e á«° b ¤EG Ö©°ûdG √ÉÑàfG âØd πLCG øe áeÉY q lies, demostrations, street theater, etc. äÉfÉLô¡ŸÉc ∫Éμ°TCG I~Y ∑ôëàdG Gòg òîàj ¿CG øμÁh .É¡«dEG Éeh ´QGƒ°ûdG ‘ á«Mô°ùŸG ¢Vhô©dGh äGÒ°ùŸGhPublic Funding/ Funds provided by the government to Úë°TôŸG ¤EG áeƒμ◊G É¡e~≤J »àdG ∫GƒeC’ÉH πãªàjPublic Financing reimburse expenses incurred by candi- »àdG äÉ≤ØædG á«£¨J πLCG øe á«°SÉ«°ùdG ÜGõMC’Gh dates and political parties to seek election.»eƒμM πjƒ“/ΩÉY πjƒ“ .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûe AGôL É¡fh~ÑμàjPublic Hearing Session at which citizens present their i~MEG ¤EG ºgAGQBG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG É¡«a Ω~≤j »àdG á°ù∏÷G qáeÉ©dG ´Éªà°S’G á°ù∏L ∏ views on a specific matter to a govern- .áæ«©e á«° b ∫ƒM á«eƒμ◊G äÉÄ«¡dG ment body. qPublic Official Any official or employee of the State or ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG ÚØXƒŸG hCG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj»ª°SQ/»eƒμM ∫hDƒ°ùe e its agencies, including those who have º˘˘¡˘«˘a øÃ ,á˘˘«˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dG i~˘˘MGE hCG á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G i~˘˘d been selected, appointed, or elected to perform activities or functions in the øe º¡HÉîàfG hCG º¡æ««©J hCG ºgQÉ«àNG ºàj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G q name of the State or in the service of á˘e~˘˘N hCG á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G º˘˘°SÉ˘˘H ΩÉ˘˘¡ŸG hCG á˘˘£˘°ûfC’G ò˘˘«˘Ø˘æ˘J π˘˘LGC k the State, at any level of its hierarchy. .á«eô¡dG áÑ«cÎdG √òg ‘ º¡©bƒe ¿Éc kÉjCG ,É¡◊É°üŸ

46 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEPublic Opinion Using focus groups and / or surveys to äÉ˘˘ ˘°SGQ~˘˘ ˘dG hCG/h õ˘˘ ˘«˘ ˘ cÎdG äÉ˘˘ ˘Yƒ˘˘ ˘ª› ΩG~˘˘ ˘î˘ ˘ à˘ ˘ ˘°SGResearch gather qualitative or quantitative data hCG á˘«˘Yƒ˘æ˘dG äÉ˘fÉ˘«˘Ñ˘dG ™˘˘ª˘ L ™˘˘aG~˘˘H á˘˘«˘ YÓ˘˘£˘ à˘ °S’G about citizens’ opinions in order toΩÉ©dG …CGôdG ∫ƒM çÉÉëHCG shape policy and program responses. ™°Vh ¤EG kÉ«©°S ∂dPh ,ÚæWGƒŸG AGQBG ∫ƒM á«ªμdG .áMhô£ŸG èeGÈdGh äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™e º¡HhÉŒ i~Ÿ Qƒ°üJ qPublic Policy The result of interactions between dif- äÉYƒªÛG ∞∏àﬂ ÚH ºFÉ≤dG πYÉØàdG áé«àf »JCÉJáeÉY äÉ°SÉ«°S ferent groups and parties about the .ÉgPÉîJG Öéj »àdG äGƒ£ÿG QÉ°ùe ¿CÉ°ûH ÜGõMC’Gh course of action that should be taken. These decisions are ultimately codified äÉ˘˘Ä˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG …CG ,kGÒNCGh k’hCG º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e Ωƒ˘˘≤˘ Jh by government, usually legislatures, and É¡©° J »àdG äGQGô≤dG √òg ™jô°ûàH ,kIOÉY á«©jô°ûàdG then put into practice and monitored by civil society organizations, activists and, Ée ‘ ¿ƒæWGƒŸGh ¿ƒ£°TÉædGh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe citizens. p .áÑbGôª∏d É¡©° îoJh ≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ~©H

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 47 QQuota A number or percentage, especially of a hCG Ú°ùæ÷G ~MCG ¤EG á°UÉN I~FÉ©dG áÑ°ùædG hCG O~©dG ká°üM/ÉJƒc certain gender, ethnic group, minority, äÉÄØdG hCG äÉ«∏bC’G hCG á«æKE’G äÉYƒªÛG i~MEG or unprivileged people, constituting a required or targeted minimum so that hCG Üƒ˘∏˘ £ŸG ≈˘˘fOC’G ~◊G π˘˘qμ˘ °ûJ »˘˘à˘ dGh ,á˘˘ehôÙG the targeted groups fill the assigned π¨°ûJ ¿CG øe áa~¡à°ùŸG äÉYƒªÛG Úμªàd Oƒ°ûæŸG number of seats. .É¡d Oƒ°UôŸG ~YÉ≤ŸG O~Y

48 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE RRacism Animosity toward other races: preju- ¤EG ¿ƒ˘ª˘à˘æ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘°TC’G √ÉŒ AG~˘©˘dÉ˘H Qƒ˘˘©˘ °Tájô°üæY dice or animosity against people who .áØ∏àﬂ ¥GôYCG belong to other races.Rally An organized gathering intended to á«° b ∫ƒM á°SÉª◊G ∫É©°TEG ±~¡H º s¶æjo …òdG ™ªéàdG q(»HÉîàfG) ¿ÉLô¡e inspire enthusiasm for a cause. Political äÓª◊Gh á©aG~ŸG äÓªM »«ëoJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .áæq«©e and advocacy campaigns often hold rallies in support of their candidate or hCG É˘¡˘ë˘°Tô˘e º˘YO π˘«˘Ñ˘°S ‘ äÉ˘fÉ˘˘Lô˘˘¡ŸG á˘˘«˘ °SÉ˘˘«˘ °ùdG issue to energize their base of support- .øjô°UÉæŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH •É°ûædGh ájƒ«◊G qåHh É¡à«° b ers. Generally, people brought together äÉfÉLô¡ŸG ƒª q¶æe πª©j øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G q¿GC í«ë°Uh by the rally organizers are will already l be supporters, but the event may q¿GC q’GE ,øjô°UÉæŸG OG~Y ‘ kÓ°UCG ¿hÈà©oj º¡©ªL ≈∏Y receive press coverage and thereby øjôNBG ÚÑNÉf ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ íéæj ~b ç~◊G Gòg influence other voters. Rallies can also be used to raise funds. í∏°üjh .É¡H ≈¶ëj »àdG á«eÓYE’G á«£¨àdG π° ØH .äÉYÈàdG ™ª÷ kÉ° jCG äÉfÉLô¡ŸG º«¶æJReferendum The legal process of submitting to the hCG »∏ﬁ ¿ƒfÉb ¢VôY í«àJ »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dG á«∏ª©dGΩÉY AÉàØà°SG voters for their approval or rejection of hCG ¬«∏Y Gƒ≤aGƒ«d ÚæWGƒŸG ≈∏Y …Qƒà°SO πj~©J proposed state or local laws or constitutional amendments. .√ƒ° aôjReform Change intended to improve a current øe ¬H ∫ƒª©ŸG ΩÉ¶ædG Ú°ù– ¤EG »eôj …òdG Ò«¨àdGìÓ°UEG system by correcting faults, removing á˘˘dGREGh ,¬˘˘Hƒ˘˘°ûJ »˘˘à˘ dG AÉ˘˘£˘ ˘NC’G í˘˘ «˘ ˘ë˘ ˘°üJ ∫Ó˘˘ N inconsistencies and abuses, and impos- ing modern values or methods. Reform º«≤dG ¢Vôah ,¬«a áæeÉμdG π∏ÿG ¬LhCGh äÉ° bÉæàdG is not a revolution, but seeks incremen- »˘eô˘j ’ ìÓ˘°UE’Gh .¬˘«˘ ∏˘ Y Iô˘˘°UÉ˘˘©ŸG π˘˘FÉ˘˘°Sƒ˘˘dG hCG tal change. Such reform could include a ~jõŸG ∫ÉNOEG ¤EG ≈©°ùj É‰EG IQƒK çG~MEG ¤EG ¬à©«Ñ£H more robust role for marginalized groups such as women or minority QhO õjõ©J á«fÉμeEG kÉ° jCG πªàëjh äGÒ«¨àdG øe groups. .äÉ«∏bC’G hCG AÉ°ùædÉc á°ûª¡ŸG äÉÄØdG ¢ ©H

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 49Representative An individual nominated or elected to øY ÜGôYEÓd ¬HÉîàfG hCG ¬æ««©J qºàj …òdG OôØdGÖ©°ûddG πã‡ represent the concerns of others or to make decisions on behalf of others. A ≈æ°ùàjh .º¡ª°SÉH äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’ hCG øjôNB’G Ωƒªg q representative could also be an advocate ø˘Y ´É˘a~˘dG ™˘bƒ˘e ò˘î˘ à˘ j ¿CG kÉ˘ ° jCG Ö©˘˘°ûdG π˘˘ã˘ ªŸ who represents a specific issue or policy. .É¡◊É°üŸ kÓ«ã“ áæ«©e á°SÉ«°S hCG á«° b qRepresentative A government in which the adult citi- A’OE’G øj~°TGôdG ÚæWGƒª∏d í«àj …òdG ºμ◊G ΩÉ¶fDemocracy zens of the country vote to elect the ¿ƒ°SQÉÁ øjòdG ~∏ÑdG IOÉb ÜÉîàfG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH country’s leaders who will work oná«∏«ã“ á«WGô≤ÁO their behalf. These elected leaders make ºg ¿ƒÑîàæŸG IOÉ≤dG A’Dƒ¡a .Ö©°ûdG º°SÉH º¡ªμM the governmental decisions. .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGQGô≤dG ¿hòîàj øjòdGRepublic A political system or form of govern- Ö©°û∏d í«àj ºμ◊G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T hCG »°SÉ«°S ΩÉ¶f l lájQƒ¡ªL ment in which people elect representa- .¬æY áHÉ«ædÉH á£∏°ùdG Gƒ°SQÉª«d ¬«∏ã‡ Öîàæj ¿CG tives to exercise power on their behalf.Research All the information that will influence Égƒ©ªéj ¿CG á∏ª◊G »ª¶æŸ ≈qæ°ùàj »àdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπcçÉÉëHCG this election that your campaign can ø˘˘ª˘ ° à˘˘J ~˘˘bh .äÉ˘˘HÉ˘˘î˘ à˘ f’G iô› ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ô˘˘Kƒ˘ J »˘˘à˘ dGh D find. This may include information about the election rules, the district, the á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ô˘FGh~˘dGh ÜÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘b ø˘Y mäÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘©˘e voters, past elections, this election, your ,á∏Ñ≤ŸG äÉHÉîàf’Gh á≤HÉ°ùdG äÉHÉîàf’Gh ÚÑNÉædGh candidate, and any viable opponents. ¿CG πHÉ≤dG ¬«°ùaÉæeh í°TôŸG øY mäÉeƒ∏©e ¤EG áaÉ°VEG k Research is the first step in putting together a campaign strategy and plan. ≈∏Y ¤hC’G Iƒ£ÿG πqμ°ûJ çÉëHC’G √ò¡a .RƒØdG Gƒ≤≤ëj .É¡à£N OG~YEGh á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG ™°Vh ≥jôWResident Someone who lives at a particular place øe á∏jƒW I~Ÿ ø«©e ¿Éμe ‘ ¢û«©j …òdG OôØdG qº«≤e for a prolonged period or who was .¿ÉμŸG Gòg ‘ ~dƒj …òdG hCG øeõdG born there.Rule A governing or reigning power or a §°ùÑJ hCG ºμ– »àdG á£∏°ùdG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûjºμ◊G á°SQÉ‡/ºμM period during which a person or group hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G ~MCG É¡«a ¤ƒàj »àdG IÎØdG hCG ,ÉgPƒØf reigns or governs. It is also the exercise of authority or control. kÉ° jCG »æ©j ƒgh .á£∏°ùdG ~«dÉ≤e äÉYƒªÛG i~MEG .Iô£«°ùdG §°ùH hCG á£∏°ùdG á°SQÉ‡Rule of Law Governance system in which no one is á£∏°ùd ™«ª÷G É¡«a ™° îj »àdG ºμ◊G áª¶fCG øe ΩÉ¶f¿ƒfÉ≤dG ºμM above the law, not even the government. ¿CG øe ~H ’ ,∂dòd .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe º¡«a øÃ ,¿ƒfÉ≤dG This requires an independent judiciary, q transparent and moral laws and legal sys- õ«ªàj ¿CGh ,á∏≤à°ùe á«FÉ° b á£∏°ùH ΩÉ¶ædG Gòg ™àªàj tem, and non-arbitrary or unbiased øY OÉ©àH’ÉH ∂dòch ÊƒfÉ≤dG ¬eÉ¶fh ¬æ«fGƒb á«aÉØ°ûH application of laws. .ÚfGƒ≤dG ≥«Ñ£J ‘ RÉ«ëf’Gh á«HÉ°ùæà°S’G

50 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE SSectarianism A strong or excessive devotion to a par- ‘ Oƒ≤j ,áæ«©e áfÉjO hCG ÖgòÃ •ôØe hCG ~j~°T ∂°ù“ qá«ØFÉW ticular form of religion, often leading to äG~≤à©ŸG ~°V á≤Ñ°ùŸG ΩÉμMC’G ¥ÓWEG ¤EG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG a resolute prejudice against other beliefs, q which can be transformed into specific ΩÉ«≤dG ¤EG ¬ÑMÉ°U ôéj ~b …òdG QGô°UE’G ¢ ©ÑH iôNC’G q political action against certain groups. .äÉYƒªÛG ¢ ©H ¬Lh ‘ O~ﬁ »°SÉ«°S ∑ôëàH qSelf-Determination The ability to decide ones own fate or QÉ°ùe hCG √Ò°üe Qô≤j ¿CG ≈∏Y (~∏ÑdG hCG) OôØdG IQ~bÒ°üŸG ôjô≤J course of action without compulsion; Gòg »æ©jh ;√GôcEG …CG ¿hO øe √~jôj …òdG ∑ôëàdG free will; freedom of the people of a given area to determine their own politi- ~LGƒàŸG Ö©°ûdG ájôMh ;Iô◊G IOGQE’G kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG n cal status; independence. »˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG ¬˘©˘bƒ˘e O~˘ë˘j ¿CG ‘ á˘æ˘«˘©˘e á˘≤˘ £˘ æ˘ e ‘ q .ná«dÓ≤à°S’Gh ;¢UÉÿGService Learning School-based program that integrates º˘«˘b êGQOEG ≈˘∏˘Y Ωƒ˘≤˘j ¢SQG~ŸG ‘ ~˘ª˘à˘©˘e è˘˘eÉ˘˘fô˘˘H‘ •Gôîf’G ≥jôW øY º«∏©J citizenship values into education by ΩÉ˘˘ë˘ bEG ∫Ó˘˘N ø˘˘e á˘˘jƒ˘˘HÎdG è˘˘ eGÈdG ‘ á˘˘ «˘ ˘æ˘ ˘WGƒŸG involving students in communityá«f~ŸG áe~ÿG service, often as a requirement for ø˘e m•ô˘˘°ûc ,»˘˘∏ÙG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG á˘˘e~˘˘N ‘ Iò˘˘eÓ˘˘à˘ dG graduation. .¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ êôîàdG •hô°TSingle-Party System Only one political party is legally allowed kÉ«∏©a ¤ƒàj ¿CG ‘ ~MGh »°SÉ«°S Üõ◊ kÉfƒfÉb ≥ëj~MGƒdG Üõ◊G ΩÉ¶f to hold effective power. Although minor kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘MGC í˘ª˘°ùj ¿ƒ˘fÉ˘˘≤˘ dG q¿GC º˘˘ZQh .º˘˘μ◊G ~˘˘«˘ dÉ˘˘≤˘ e parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leader- É¡epõ∏j ƒ¡a ,ºμ◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸÉH kÉªéM ô¨°UCG ÜGõMC’ ship of the dominant party. This party Gòg qøμdh .ºcÉ◊G Üõ◊G IOÉ«≤H πÑ≤J ¿CG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ may not always be, however, identical to º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e ™˘˘e kÉ˘ ehO ≈˘˘gÉ˘˘ª˘ à˘ ˘j ’ ~˘˘ b Üõ◊G the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be π˘NGO ¢ ©˘Ñ˘dG É˘¡˘∏˘¨˘°ûj »˘à˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG q¿GC QÉ˘Ñ˘à˘YÉ˘˘H more important than positions within É˘¡˘fƒ˘∏˘¨˘°ûj »˘à˘dG Ö°UÉ˘æŸG kÉ˘fÉ˘«˘MGC ¥ƒ˘Ø˘J ~˘˘b Üõ◊G the government. .É¡à«ªgCG å«M øe ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe πNGO

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 51Sit-in A form of protest in which people ¢UÉî°TCÓd í«àJ »àdG êÉéàM’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T lΩÉ°üàYG gather at a particular place (such as an hCG ô˘FGh~˘dG i~˘MEG Üô˘b) ø˘q«˘©˘e ™˘bƒ˘˘e ‘ n™˘˘ª˘˘é˘ à˘ dG office, court of law, etc.) and refuse to q leave until their demands are heard ´É˘ª˘à˘°S’G ÚM ¤EG ¬˘JQOÉ˘¨˘ e ¢ aQh (kÓ˘ ã˘ e º˘˘cÉÙG and/or met. .É¡à«Ñ∏J hCG/h º¡ÑdÉ£ŸSlogan This is a short phrase that voters may ,á∏ª◊G hCG í°TôŸG á«gÉÃ ÚÑNÉædG ôqcòJ IÒ°üb á∏ªLQÉ©°T remember to identify the candidate or .ádÉ°SôdG øY ∞∏àîj QÉ©°ûdG q¿GC ¤EG IQÉ°TE’G ™e campaign. A slogan is not a message.Sound Bite In the reporting of television news, a very .IõØ∏àe ájQÉÑNEG Iô°ûf ‘ OpôJ ájÉ¨∏d áÑ° à≤e á∏ªLáfÉfQ IQÉÑY hCG á∏ªL short statement, lasting no more than a ¿CG ¤EG m¿GƒK ™° H RhÉéàJ ’ »àdG á∏ª÷G √òg ≈©°ùJh few seconds, that tries to convey a specif-(¿É«H hCG ÜÉ£N ‘) ic idea, image, or perception that will âØ∏J áæ«©e ô¶f á¡Lh hCG IQƒ°U hCG Iôμa π≤æJ q attract the viewing audience’s attention. .øj~gÉ°ûŸG Qƒ¡ªL √ÉÑàfGSovereignty The right to be politically independent ‘ …CG ,á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘«˘dÓ˘≤˘à˘°S’É˘H ™˘˘à˘ ª˘ à˘ dG ‘ ≥◊GIOÉ«°S and to have political and military con- »°SÉ«°ùdG Újƒà°ùŸG ≈∏Y ºμ◊G øjOÉ«e ~MCG Ò«°ùJ trol over an area of governance without external interference. .»LQÉN πN~J …CG øY Gk ~«©H …ôμ°ù©dGhSpeech Usually prepared remarks given orally to ≈∏Y kÉ«¡Ø°T ¢Vô©oJ »àdG I~©oŸG äÉ¶MÓŸÉH kIOÉY πãªàj n qnÜÉ£N a group of people or a large audience. .Ú©ªà°ùŸG øe ~°ûM ≈∏Y hCG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›Stakeholder A person or group with a direct inter- ‘ Iô°TÉÑe áë∏°üe º¡j~d ¿ƒμj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’GídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG est, involvement, or investment in a º¡JGQ~b ¿ƒØXƒj hCG É¡«a ¿ƒWôîæj hCG ,áæ«©e á«° b particular issue. For example, employ- q ees, stockholders, and customers of a »∏eÉMh ÚØXƒŸG ∫Éãe ≈∏Y ,ô°TÉÑe m πμ°ûH É¡«a business concern. .Ée kÓªY ¿ƒWÉ©àj øjòdG øFÉHõdGh äG~æ°ùdGStakeholder Analysis Research of the problems and interests of ¢ ©H AÉæHCÉH á£ÑJôŸG ídÉ°üŸGh πcÉ°ûŸG ∫ƒM åëÑdGπ«∏–/á«∏«∏– á°SGQO members of a certain community which ÖZô˘j ~˘b »˘à˘dG á˘«˘∏ÙG äÉ˘˘©˘ ª˘ àÛG hCG äÉ˘˘YÉ˘˘ª÷G politicians or civic groups may wish toídÉ°üŸG ÜÉë°UCG øY influence or engage. Such an analysis is a hCG É¡«∏Y ÒKCÉàdG ‘ á«f~ŸG äÉYƒªÛG hCG á°SÉ°ùdG common first step in the development of ácÎ°ûe á«dhCG Iƒ£îc π«∏ëàdG Gòg »JCÉjh .É¡cGô°TEG party platforms or advocacy campaigns. .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM hCG á«Hõ◊G èeGÈdG OG~YEG ∫É› ‘State A region where people inhabit a specif- ¿ƒ©° îj ¢UÉî°TCG É¡æ£≤j IO~ﬁ á«aGô¨L á≤£æeáj’h ic geographic area and who live under a .ácÎ°ûe á«°SÉ«°Sh á«fƒfÉb á£∏°ùd common legal and political authority.

52 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEStrategic Planning A meeting, or short series of meetings, Ég~≤©J »àdG äÉYÉªàL’G øe á∏°ù∏°S hCG ´ÉªàLG l»é«JGÎ°SG §«£îJ « of civic organizations or a coalition and Rô˘HGC ™˘e á˘«˘aÓ˘à˘ FG á˘˘∏˘ à˘ c …CG hCG á˘˘«˘ f~ŸG äÉ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG key advisors that will gather the necessary information and determine the ~j~–h ájQhô° dG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ªL ±~¡H øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG overall strategy of the campaign. This √òg áZÉ«°U øe ~H ’h .πμc á∏ª◊G á«é«JGÎ°SG q strategy must be written down in the form of an advocacy campaign plan. .á©aG~ŸG á∏ª◊ má£N πμ°T ≈∏Y kÉ«£N á«é«JGÎ°S’GStrategy The approach, written into the cam- á£°ûfC’G ∫ƒM á∏ª◊G á£N É¡æª° àJ »àdG áHQÉ≤ŸGá«é«JGÎ°SG « paign plan, of what the campaign will ájÉ¨dh IQƒcòŸG á∏MôŸG øe á∏ª◊G ÉgòØæà°S »àdG do from this point to the end of the proposed advocacy campaign. .áMÎ≤ŸG á©aG~ŸG á∏ªMStatute Detailed descrption of a civic organiza- ∑ƒ∏°ùdG ~YGƒbh á«¡«LƒàdG ÇOÉÑŸG π«°üØàdÉH ∞°üj/»°SÉ°SCG ΩÉ¶f hCG ¿ƒfÉb tion’s guilding principles, codes of con- ,ihÉμ°ûdGh ∞«XƒàdÉH á≤∏©àŸG äGAGôLE’G ∂dòch duct, as well as hiring and grievanceπª©dG ¿ƒfÉb procedures. .á«f~ŸG äÉª¶æŸG øe áª¶æe …CG i~d á©ÑqàŸG qStay on Message When a candidate or campaign contin- »ª¶æe hCG í°TôŸG QGôªà°SG ¤EG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj/ádÉ°SôdG QGôμJ hCG OGOôJ ues to deliver the same message or Éª∏c ¬JGP ¿ƒª° ŸG hCG É¡JGP ádÉ°SôdG π≤f ‘ á∏ª◊G theme at every opportunity. Often theádÉ°SôdÉH ΩGõàdG opponent will try to pull the campaign q¿GC ÉÃh º°üÿG ∫hÉëj Ée kÉÑdÉ¨a .á°UôØdG âëæ°S off their message. øe á∏ª◊G ÆpôØjo ¿CG ¿É«MC’G Ö∏ZCG ‘ ∫hÉëj º°üÿG .É¡àdÉ°SQh É¡fƒª° eSupporters Voters and others who have been iden- ‘ á∏ª◊G º¡Øqæ°üJ øjòdG ÚÑNÉædG ÒZh ¿ƒÑNÉædG¿hô°UÉæe/¿h~jDƒe tified by the campaign as people who Üõ◊G hCG í°Tôª∏d ¿ƒYÎ≤j øjòdG m ¢UÉî°TC’G ±É°üe will vote for the candidate or party in an election. .äÉHÉîàf’G ‘SWOT Analysis An analysis tool focusing on the ∞˘©˘° dGh Iƒ˘≤˘dG •É˘≤˘f ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘qcô˘J π˘«˘∏˘ë˘à˘∏˘ d IGOCG äGƒ°S π«∏– Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘Ä˘«˘Ñ˘dG ‘ á˘æ˘FÉ˘μ˘dG ô˘WÉıGh ¢Uô˘Ø˘ dGh and Threats in the immediate political∞©° dGh Iƒ≤dG •É≤f π«∏– environment. Conducting this activity áª¶æe hCG á∏ªM …CG •É°ûædG Gòg ~YÉ°ùjh .I~FÉ°ùdGôWÉıGh ¢UôØdGh helps a civic organization or campaign §£ÿG OG~YEG ~æY OQGƒŸGh Oƒ«≤dG ~°UQ ‘ á«f~e understand constraints and resources .á£°ûfC’G º«¶æJh á«é«JGÎ°S’G when planning strategies and activities.

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 53Syndicate Representative organization whose ø˘Y á˘©˘aG~ŸG ¤EG ±~˘¡˘J á˘«˘∏˘«˘ã“ á˘Ø˘°U äGP á˘ª˘ ¶˘ æ˘ eáHÉ≤f goal is to advocate on behalf of its ~bh .áæq«©e øjOÉ«e ‘ ¿ƒ∏ª©j øjòdG É¡FÉ° YCG ídÉ°üe members - often workers within certain fields. Syndicates may also have Oƒ¡÷G ≈∏Y ôqKƒJ á«HõM äGAÉªàfG äÉHÉ≤æ∏d ¿ƒμj D political affiliations which influence .ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ≈∏Y §¨° dG ¢Vô©e ‘ É¡dòÑJ »àdG their lobbying efforts.

54 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE TTactics A procedure or set of maneuvers É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘j »˘à˘dG äGQhÉ˘˘æŸG á˘˘∏˘ °ù∏˘˘°S hCG ÒHG~˘˘à˘ dGá«μ«àμJ äGƒ£N engaged in to achieve an end, an aim, .IOƒ°ûæŸG ±G~gC’G hCG äÉjÉ¨dG ≥«≤ëàd É¡HÉë°UCG or a goal.Target Audience Citizens whom the campaign believes á˘∏˘ª◊G á˘dÉ˘°Sô˘H º˘¡˘YÉ˘æ˘bEG π˘HÉ˘≤˘dG Úæ˘WGƒŸG ´ƒ˘˘ª›±~¡à°ùe Qƒ¡ªL are most likely to be persuaded by the n e campaign’s message and thus provide »ª¶æe OÉ≤àYG Ö°ùëH ,É¡d ºY~dG Ë~≤àH kÉ«dÉJh support - possibly decision-makers »˘©˘fÉ˘°U kÉ˘° jCG º˘° j Qƒ˘¡˘ ª÷G Gò˘˘g π˘˘©˘ dh .á˘˘∏˘ ª◊G q q who have the authority to address the á÷É©e ‘ ,º¡à£∏°S ºμëH ,¿ƒëéæj øjòdG QGô≤dG issues of the campaign. .á∏ª◊G É¡Mô£J »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dGThink Tank An institution designed to conduct ÉjÉ° ≤dG á°SGQO ¤EG »eôJ »àdG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG ~gÉ©ŸGÒμØàdG äÉYƒª› research on issues of public concern É¡à÷É©Ÿ á∏ªàÙG ∫ƒ∏◊G ìGÎbGh ΩÉ©dG ¿CÉ°ûdG äGP and develop potential areas for policy responses. Considered part of civil √òg I~FÉa øªμJh .áMhô£ŸG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QÉWEG øª°V society, these organizations serve to ‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øe Gk AõL πqμ°ûJ »àdG äÉª¶æŸG inform both citizens and government p ≈˘˘∏˘ Y º˘˘μ◊G äÉ˘˘°ù°SDƒ˘ eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘∏˘˘ £˘ ˘oJ É˘˘ ¡˘ ˘fCG on relevant political and civic trends in a society. ‘ I~FÉ°ùdG á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÉgÉŒ’Gh á«f~ŸG äÉ¡LƒàdG .IQƒcòŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ∫É«M ™ªàÛGTime One of the three resources every advo- äÓ˘ª˘M É˘¡˘«˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J »˘à˘dG á˘KÓ˘˘ã˘ dG OQGƒŸG ~˘˘MCGâbƒdG πeÉY cacy campaign has, the other two being OQGƒŸÉH ¿Óãªàj øjôNB’G øjOQƒŸG ¿CG kÉª∏Y ,á©aG~ŸG people and money. It is important to determine how much time each cam- O~˘˘ë˘ j ¿CG ≥˘˘ahC’G ø˘˘e ,∂dò˘˘d .á˘˘«˘ ˘dÉŸGh á˘˘ jô˘˘ °ûÑ˘˘ dG paign activity will take and plan for it. ø˘e •É˘°ûf π˘c ¬˘bô˘¨˘à˘°ùj …ò˘˘dG âbƒ˘˘dG ¿ƒ˘˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG q Unlike the other two resources, time is .¢SÉ°SC’G Gòg ≈∏Y á£ÿG OG~YEGh ,á∏ª◊G á£°ûfCG the one resource that cannot easily be regained. ¬YÉLÎ°SG Qqò©àj …òdG ~«MƒdG OQƒŸG ƒg âbƒdGh .øjôNB’G øjOQƒŸG ±ÓN ≈∏Y

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 55Tolerance Acceptance of different views and fair- πμH É˘¡˘HÉ˘ë˘°UCG ™˘e »˘WÉ˘©˘à˘dGh á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘àŸG AGQB’G ∫ƒ˘Ñ˘b qôNB’G ∫ƒÑb/íeÉ°ùJ J ness toward the people who hold these Gòg ≈∏Y Aƒ° dG §«∏°ùJ qºàj Ée kÉÑdÉZh .OôŒh ∫G~àYG different views. In political terms, this q concept is often highlighted to encour- äÉYƒªÛG ¢ ◊ ,»°SÉ«°ùdG ¬dƒd~e å«M øe ,Ωƒ¡ØŸG q age diverse political interest groups to ™e ∞q«μàdG ≈∏Y áYƒæàŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üŸG äGP accommodate one another based on a .IGhÉ°ùŸÉH ÉgQƒ©°T øe kÉbÓ£fG ¢ ©ÑdG É¡° ©H sense of equality.Town Hall Meeting Gathering citizens linked by geography hCG á«aGô¨÷G §HGhôdG º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ÚæWGƒŸG AÉ≤àdG™«ª÷G ΩÉeCG ìƒàØe ΩÉY ´ÉªàLG or a common interest to meet with á°ûbÉæŸ Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG ™e ácÎ°ûŸG ídÉ°üŸG public officials to discuss pre-determined issues and express their views. .º¡FGQBG øY ÒÑ©àdGh kÉØ∏°S IO~ÙG ÉjÉ° ≤dGTransparency In political and civic life, transparency á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ á«°Uƒ°üÿG ¢ùμY »g á«aÉØ°ûdGá«aÉØ°T is the opposite of privacy; an activity is ìÉ˘à˘jo ÚM á˘˘«˘ aÉ˘˘Ø˘ °ûdÉ˘˘H •É˘˘°ûf …CG º˘˘°ùà˘˘jh .á˘˘«˘ f~ŸGh transparent if all information about it is freely available. Transparency implies á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG qπc ≈∏Y ájôëH ´ÓW’G ™«ªé∏d that citizens must be able to “see π˘° Ø˘H ,¿ƒ˘æ˘ WGƒŸG ø˘˘qμ˘ ª˘ à˘ j ¿CG …Qhô˘˘° dG ø˘˘ª˘ a .¬˘˘H through” its workings, to know exactly what goes on when public officials, ,QƒeC’G iô› ìƒ°Vh qπμH Gƒæq«Ñàj ¿CG øe ,á«aÉØ°ûdG CSOs, or campaign activists transact ¿ƒ«ª°SôdG ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG Ωƒ≤j ∞«c §Ñ° dÉH Gƒaô©j ¿CGh business. This concept is often the á°SQÉªÃ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe äÓªM ‘ ¿ƒ£°TÉædGh focus, directly or indirectly, of civic advocacy campaigns towards govern- ≈∏Y á«f~ŸG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM õqcôJ Ée kÉÑdÉZh .º¡dÉªYCG ment reform. .ºμ◊G ìÓ°UEG √ÉŒÉH É¡æe kÉ©aO Ωƒ¡ØŸG Gòg

56 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE UUnbiased Without favor or blame, objective. õ«ªàjh ôNBG ¿hO m±ô£d áeÓe hCG kÓ«e …~Ñj ’ øe q kRÉëæe hCG õ«ëàe ÒZ q .á«Yƒ°VƒŸÉHUnconstitutional Not allowed by, or against, the princi- ¢Uƒ°üæŸG ÇOÉÑŸG ÖLƒÃ ,¬H ìƒª°ùe ÒZ ¿Éc Ée/…Qƒà°SO ÒZ ples set down in a constitution. .ÇOÉÑŸG √òg ¬àØdÉı hCG Qƒà°S~dG ‘ É¡«∏YQƒà°S~dG ΩÉμMC’ m±ÉæeUnion An organization of workers formed to ±G~gCG ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ á«dÉª©dG áÄ«¡dG √òg ÉC °ûæJáHÉ≤f promote common goals on issues such ,πª©dG äÉYÉ°Sh ,QƒLC’ÉH ≥∏©àJ πFÉ°ùe ∫ƒM ácÎ°ûe as wages, hours, and working conditions. Although the political structure of the á˘«˘°SÉ˘«˘°ùdG á˘«˘∏˘μ˘«˘¡˘dG ∫~˘Ñ˘J º˘ZQh .π˘ª˘©˘dG ±hô˘˘Xh q union varies, union leadership is usually É¡«a á˘jOÉ˘«˘≤˘dG õ˘cGôŸG π˘qμ˘°ûà˘J ,á˘«˘dÉ˘ª˘©˘dG äGOÉ–Ó˘d formed through democratic elections. √òg âfÉc ÉŸh .á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉHÉîàf’G ∫ÓN øe kIOÉY Unions, especially with national chapters, can be influential in local and national ≈∏Y m π«ãªàH ≈¶– »àdG ∂∏J Éª«°S ’ ,äGOÉ–’G elections. Candidates often seek the äÉ˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G ≈˘∏˘Y ÒKCÉ˘à˘H ™˘à˘ª˘à˘J ,»˘æ˘Wƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùŸG endorsements of unions with the expec- tation that all the union’s membership ¤EG ¿ƒ˘ë˘°TôŸG ≈˘©˘°ùj É˘e kÉ˘Ñ˘dÉ˘¨˘a ,á˘«˘æ˘ Wƒ˘˘dGh á˘˘«˘ ∏ÙG will vote for the union’s official preferred É˘˘gAÉ˘˘° YCG q¿ÉC ˘ H º˘˘¡˘ æ˘ e kÉ˘ æ˘ X ,É˘˘ ¡˘ ˘ª˘ ˘YO ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ∫ƒ˘˘ °ü◊G candidate. .É¡«a ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG i~d π° ØŸG í°Tôª∏d º¡q∏c ¿ƒJƒ°ü«°S q q

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 57 VValues The core priorities of a citizen, a civil ¬˘˘JÉ˘˘jƒ˘˘dhCG º˘˘∏˘ °S ‘ ø˘˘WGƒŸG É˘˘¡˘ LQ~˘˘j »˘˘à˘ dG ÇOÉ˘˘ ÑŸGº«bp society organization’s or campaign’s hCG äÉª¶˘æ˘e É˘¡˘©˘Ñ˘à˘J »˘à˘dG á˘«˘ª˘«˘¶˘æ˘à˘dG á˘aÉ˘≤˘ã˘dGh n organizing culture, including what drives members’ priorities and how »˘˘à˘ dG ™˘˘aGh~˘˘dG ∂dP ‘ ÉÃ ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ ˘àÛG äÓ˘˘ ª˘ ˘M they truly act. .™bGƒdG ‘ º¡JÉ«cƒ∏°Sh AÉ° YC’G äÉjƒdhCG AGQh øªμJVision Vivid description of the sort of change ¬≤«≤– ¤EG ƒÑ°üJ …òdG Ò«¨àdG ´ƒf ájƒ«ëH ∞°üJájDhQ a civil society organization or advocacy ¿ÓYE’G ÉeCG .á©aG~ŸG äÓªM hCG ™ªàÛG äÉª¶æe campaign aims to achieve. The vision statement serves to both motivate AÉ° YC’G ºªg ¢VÉ¡æà°S’ í∏°ü«a ájDhôdG √òg øY members and also to recruit new sup- .~MGh m¿BG ‘ O~÷G øjô°UÉæŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SGh porters to the cause.Volunteer A support of a campaign or issue, who ,áæ«©e á«° b hCG á∏ª◊ ºY~dG Ω~≤j …òdG ¢üî°ûdG q´ƒ£àe generally spends some of his/her time ¿CG ¿hO øe á∏ª◊G I~fÉ°ùŸ ¬àbh øe kÉ° ©H ¢Sôμjh helping the campaign without being paid a salary. .ôLCG …CG ≈°VÉ≤àj qVolunteer Recruitment An essential and on-going process for äÓªM hCG äÉª¶˘æ˘e É˘¡˘«˘dEG CÉ˘é˘∏˘J á˘jQhô˘°V á˘«˘∏˘ª˘YÚYƒ£àŸG ÜÉ£≤à°SG any civic organization or campaign. ÚYƒ˘£˘àŸG ÜÉ˘£˘≤˘à˘°SÉ˘a .QGô˘ª˘à˘°SÉ˘H Ê~ŸG ™˘ª˘àÛG Recruitment provides an opportunity for individual citizens to voice their sup- øY ÜGôYEÓd OGôaCÉc ÚæWGƒŸG ΩÉeCG á°UôØdG í«àj n port of particular policies or initiatives, øeDƒJ Éª«a ,áæ«©e äGQOÉÑe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùd º¡ªYO q q while also providing vital human .ájƒ«M ájô°ûH OQGƒe kÉ° jCG äÓª◊G hCG äÉª¶æª∏d resources to a campaign or organization.Vote Choice by an elector about a party, í°Tôe hCG ÜõM ∫É«M ÖNÉædG ¬H Ωƒ≤j …òdG QÉ«ÿG´GÎbG/âjƒ°üJ candidate, or issue, expressed through ∫ÓN øe √QÉ«N øY ôÑ©«a ,ÉjÉ° ≤dG i~MEG hCG ø«©e a ballot at an election or a referendum. q q Also action taken by legislators or par- .AÉàØà°S’G hCG ÜÉîàf’G ‘ ¬H ‹~j …òdG äƒ°üdG liamentarians in the course of deter- hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG kÉ° jCG ¬∏©Øj Ée Gògh mining policy. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG QGôbEG ~æY ¿ÉŸÈdG

58 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEVoter Anyone who meets the minimum »àdG •hô°ûdG øe ≈fOC’G ~◊G ‘ƒà°ùj ¢üî°T πc qÖNÉf requirements to vote in local, regional, á«ª«∏bEG hCG á«∏ﬁ äÉHÉîàfG ‘ ¬Jƒ°üH A’OE’G ¬dƒîJ or national elections of a given country. q .¿G~∏ÑdG øe ~∏H ‘ á«æWh hCGVoter Education Provide people with the information á˘˘eRÓ˘˘dG äÉ˘˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ©ŸÉ˘˘H Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ~˘˘jhõ˘˘J ¤EG »˘˘eô˘˘JÚÑNÉædG á«YƒJ required to participate in election á˘YÉ˘°TEG ¤EGh ,á˘«˘HÉ˘î˘à˘f’G á˘«˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG ‘ á˘cQÉ˘°ûª˘˘∏˘ d processes, while also raising awareness and confidence about the process on .á«∏ª©dG √òg ∫É«M º¡j~d á≤ãdGh »YƒdG the part of citizens.Voter Registration The act or process of registering a citi- íFGƒd ‘ ´GÎbÓd Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG π«é°ùJ á«∏ªYÚÑNÉædG π«é°ùJ °J zen to vote. .ÚÑNÉædG

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTEList of Contributors πª©dG Gòg ‘ Úª¡°ùŸG AÉª°SCÉH áëF’ ŸAdvisory Group øjQÉ°ûà°ùŸG ≥jôa à ŸAaron Azelton, Director - Citizen Participation øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH - ôj~e ,¿ƒàdRBG ¿hQBGKourtney Pompi, Senior Program Officer - á«f~ŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG - èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,»ÑeƒH »æJQƒc Citizen Participation ¥ô°ûŸG - èeGôH ôj~e ,∑hôc øjôKÉcKatherine Croake, Program Manager - Levant ¥ô°ûŸG - èeGôH ~YÉ°ùe ,¿ÉfQhO π«fNeil Durnan, Program Assistant - Levant Üô¨ŸG - èeGÈ∏d ≈∏YCG ôj~e ,~fÓ¨fEG …ôØ«LJeffrey England, Senior Program Manager - Maghreb ¿ƒª° e ≈∏Y ±ô°ûŸG ôj~ŸG - èeGÈdG øY ∫hDƒ°ùe ,ΩGôZ ~ªﬁMohammed Gorram, Program Officer - ASWAT Content ASWAT äGƒ°UCG ™bƒe Administrator ô°üe - èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,ôØ©L ≈∏«dLila Jaafar, Senior Program Officer - EgyptRawda Ali, Program Coordinator - Egypt ô°üe - èeGôH á≤°ùæe ,»∏Y á°VhQAllaoua Chelbi, Program Manager - Iraq ¥Gô©dG - èeGôH ôj~e ,»Ñ∏°T iƒ∏YSarah Ahmed, Senior Program Officer - Iraq ¥Gô©dG - èeGÈdG øY É«∏Y ádhDƒ°ùe ,~ªMCG IQÉ°SLama Khateeb, Senior Program Assistant - Jordan ¿OQC’G - èeGÈ∏d É«∏Y I~YÉ°ùe ,Ö«£N ≈ŸFelix Ulloa, Senior Director - Morocco Üô¨ŸG - ≈∏YCG ôj~e ,GƒdCG ¢ùμ∏«aTania Awwad, Office Manager - West Bank/Gaza IõZ/á«Hô¨dG áØ° dG - Öàμe Iôj~e ,¢VƒY É«fÉJGhadeer Dajani, Program Coordinator - West Bank/Gaza IõZ/á«Hô¨dG áØ° dG - èeGôH á≤°ùæe ,ÊÉLGO ôjOÉZMurad Zafir, Deputy Director - Yemen øª«dG - ôj~e ÖFÉf ,ÒaR OGôeEditorial Team OG~YE’G ≥jôaJoe Hall, Senior Advisor - Middle East and North Africa É«≤jôaCG ∫Éª°Th §°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG - ≈∏YCG QÉ°ûà°ùe ,∫ƒg ƒLSally Abi Khalil, Program Officer - Citizen Lebanon øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH øY ádhDƒ°ùe ,π«∏N »HCG ‹É°SNicole Rowsell, Senior Program Manager - Citizen Lebanon øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfÈd É«∏Y Iôj~e ,π°ShGQ ∫ƒμ«fNathalie Sleimane, Publications Center Coordinator - Lebanon ¿ÉæÑd - äGQƒ°ûæŸG õcôe á≤°ùæe ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉfJad Sakr, Senior Program Assistant - Citizen Lebanon øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ≈∏YCG ~YÉ°ùe ,ô≤°U OÉLMaroun Sfeir, Program Assistant - Citizen Lebanon øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ~YÉ°ùe ,ÒØ°U ¿hQÉeCitizen Lebanon Partners øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ AÉcô°T eBaldati »J~∏H á«©ªLCentre DEtudes Strategique du Moyen Orient §°SƒdG ¥ô°û∏d á«é«JGÎ°S’G äÉ°SGQ~dG õcôeDevelopment for People and Nature Association áÄ«ÑdGh ¿É°ùfEÓd á«ªæàdG á«©ªLHayya Bina ÉæH É«g á«©ªLLebanese Physically Handicapped Union Ú«fÉæÑ∏dG øj~©≤ŸG OÉ–GPermanent Peace Movement ºFG~dG ΩÓ°ùdG ácôMShoun Janoubiya á«HƒæL ¿hDƒ°T á«©ªL

N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTESources CitedAlin, de Boer, Freer, Van Ginneken, Klaasen, Mbane, Mokoetle, Moynihan, Odera, Swain, Tajuddin, Tewodoros.How to Build a Good Small NGO. Network Learning, 2006. Citizen Participation At NDI: A Users Guide. National Democratic Institute, 2007.Kendall, Elisabeth. Media Arabic: An Essential Vocabulary. Edinburgh University Press, 2005.Krafchik, Warren. A Description of Civil Society Budget Work. International Budget Project.Lewis, Terry. Practical Financial Management for NGOs. MANGO, 2008.Nash, Robert, Hudson, Alan, Luttrell, Cecilia. Mapping Political Context: A Toolkit for Civil Society Organizations.Research and Policy Development Program, 2006. Oday, J. Brian. Political Campaign Planning Manual. National Democratic Institute.Sharma, Ritu R. An Introduction to Advocacy: Training Guide. Support for Analysis and Research in Africa.CIVICUS: World Alliance for Citizen Participation is an international alliance established in 1993 to nurture thefoundation, growth and protection of citizen action throughout the world, especially in areas where participatorydemocracy and citizens freedom of association are threatened. www.civicus.orgThe UNDP Programme on Governance in the Arab Region (POGAR). www.pogar.org ÉgôcP OQGƒdG QOÉ°üŸG,øjGƒ°S ,GôjOhCG ,¿É¡«æjƒeh ,»à∏jƒcƒe ,¬fÉÑe ,ø°SÓc ,øμ«æ«Z ¿Éa ,ôjôa ,ôjƒH hO ,ødCG OG~YEG ,I~«Lh IÒ¨°U á«eƒμM ÒZ áª¶æe ≈æÑoJ ∞«c - .2006 ,Networklearning áª¶æe .¢ShQhOƒ«J ,øjOƒLÉJ .2007 ,»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG .Citizen Participation At NDI: A User’s Guide - .2005 , Kendall, Elisabeth. Media Arabic: An Essential Vocabulary. Edinburgh University Press - .(IBP) áfRGƒª∏d ‹h~dG ´hô°ûŸG .∂«°ûàaGôc øjQGh OG~YEG ,áfRGƒŸG ´ƒ°Vƒe ‘ Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG πªY øY IQƒ°U - .2008 ,(Mango) ƒ¨fÉe áª¶æe .¢ùjƒd …ÒJ OG~YEG ,á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äÉª¶æŸG ‘ á«∏ª©dG á«dÉŸG IQGOE’G - Nash, Robert, Hudson, Alan, Luttrell, Cecilia. Mapping Political Context: A Toolkit for Civil Society - .Organizations. Research and Policy Development Program, 2006 .»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG .…GOhCG øjGôH OG~YEG ,á«HÉîàf’G á«°SÉ«°ùdG äÓª◊G OG~YEG π«dO - .(SARA) É«≤jôaCG ‘ åëÑdGh π«∏ëàdG »à«∏ª©d ºYO .ÉeQÉ°T .Q ƒàjQ OG~YEG ,»ÑjQ~J π«dO :á©aG~ŸG ¤EG πN~e -⁄É©dG ‘ ¬àjÉªMh ,√õjõ©Jh ,§°TÉædG Ê~ŸG πª©dG ¿É° àMG ±~¡H 1993 ΩÉ©dG ‘ ÉC °ûf ‹hO ∞∏M ƒg (CIVICUS) ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûŸ »ŸÉ©dG ∞∏◊G - l .~j~¡àdGh ô£î∏d äÉ«©ª÷G π«μ°ûJ ájôMh á«cQÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG É¡«a ¢Vô©àJ »àdG ≥WÉæŸG ‘ Éª«°S ’ ™ªLCG q www.civicus.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG .www.pogar.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ™bƒŸG .(POGAR) á«Hô©dG ∫h~dG ‘ ºμ◊G IQGOEG èeÉfôH -

G Governance Campaign Plan p g M Majority R l Election n J dicial Pow Judicial PoweBias i National Democratic Institute for International Affairs 2030 M Street, NW, 5th Floor Tel: 202 728 5500 Fax: 202 728 5520 www.ndi.org

مصطلحـات المشاركـة المدنيــة

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مصطلحـات المشاركـة المدنيــة — Document Transcript