1. Civic
Participation
Terminology
A Guide to Frequently Used Terms and Phrases
ed
‫ﻣـﺼـﻄـﻠﺤـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸـﺎﺭﻛـﺔ ﺍﳌـﺪﻧـﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺼـﻄـﻠﺤــﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـﻌـﺒــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﺋــﻌــﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻟـﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟـﻤـﺼـﻄـﻠﺤــﺎﺕ‬
G
Governance Campaign Plan
p g
M
Majority
R l
Election
n
J dicial Pow
Judicial Powe
Bias
i
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTE

4. The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) is a nonprofit organization working to strength-
en and expand democracy worldwide. Calling on a global network of volunteer experts, NDI provides practical
assistance to civic and political party leaders advancing democratic values, practices, and institutions. NDI works
with democrats in every region of the world to build political and civic organizations, to safeguard elections, and to
promote citizen participation, openness, and accountability in government.
Copyright © National Democratic Institute (NDI) 2009. All rights reserved. Portions of this work may be repro-
duced and/or translated for noncommercial purposes provided NDI is acknowledged as the source of the materi-
al and is sent copies of any translation.
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for International Affairs
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Washington, DC 20036-3306
tel: (202) 728-5500
fax: (202) 728-5520
website: www.ndi.org
Translated by Nathalie Sleimane, Designed by Marc Rechdane.
For any comments or suggestions please contact: arabictranslation@ndi.org
~¡©ŸG ôaƒjh .⁄É©dG ‘ ™°SGh ¥É£f ≈∏Y Égô°ûfh á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ π«Ñ°S ‘ πª©J á«ëHQ ÒZ ᪶æe ƒg á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG
á«ŸÉY áμÑ°ûH kÉæ«©à°ùe ,á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh äÉ°SQɪŸGh º«≤dG ôjƒ£J πLCG øe Ú«°SÉ«°ùdGh Ú«f~ŸG IOÉ≤∏d á«∏ª©dG I~YÉ°ùŸG »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG
,äÉHÉîàf’G ágGõf ¿ƒ°Uh ,á«f~ŸGh á«°SÉ«°ùdG äɪ¶æŸG AÉæH ±~¡H ⁄É©dG AÉëfCG πc ‘ Ú«WGô≤Á~dG ™e kÉ° jCG ~¡©ŸG ¿hÉ©àjh .ÚYƒ£àŸG AGÈÿG øe
.ºμ◊G ‘ ádAÉ°ùŸGh ìÉàØf’G õjõ©Jh ,ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe ™«é°ûJ ¤EG áaÉ°VE’ÉH
ÜÉàμdG Gòg øe AGõLCG êÉàfEG IOÉYEG øμÁ .¬d áXƒØfi ¥ƒ≤◊G ™«ªL .2009 á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ª∏d ™Ñ£dG ¥ƒ≤M Oƒ©J ©
.~¡©ŸG ¤EG áªLÎdG øY áî°ùf ∫É°SQEGh IQƒ°ûæŸG IOɪ∏d Gk Q~°üe »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ôcP •ô°T ájQÉŒ ÒZ mäÉjɨd É¡àªLôJ hCG/h
.¿G~°TQ ∑QÉe »YÉÑW º«ª°üJ ,¿Éª«∏°S ‹ÉJÉf áªLôJ
arabictranslation@ndi.org :ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ¤EG ÜÉàμdG Gòg áªLôJ ∫ƒM ∫GDƒ°S hCG ≥«∏©J …CG ∫É°SQEG AÉLôdG

5. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Foreword
This Glossary was developed by the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI) as
part of the Citizen Lebanon: Civic Education and Advocacy Program. Building on decades of experience
working with citizens and civil society organizations, NDI has developed numerous tools and approach-
es to enhance the quality and consistency of citizen input in political processes. Citizen Lebanon works
to increase citizens’ understanding of democratic principles, facilitate their identification and conceptu-
alization of issues that most affect them, and then support direct interaction between citizens and pub-
lic officials to address these issues. The guiding principle of Citizen Lebanon is a spirit of partnership and
respectful dialogue - in order to achieve this, a common set of terms and agreement about their meaning is essential.
This Glossary is part of NDI’s growing library of publications which form the basis for the Institute’s efforts to cre-
ate a new and precise lexicon to convey the concepts central to democracy and governance. Putting some of these
principles into practice, the Glossary was developed through a consultative process with NDI’s staff in Lebanon,
other field offices throughout the Middle East as well as the Institute’s Citizen Participation team. Special thanks
also to NDI’s civic partners in the Citizen Lebanon program, who served as the inspiration for this project and also
offered valuable feedback throughout the process of development.
While efforts to develop this Glossary have been exhaustive, it is by no means an authoritative resource. User
feedback is essential - comments and thoughts on terms, definition, usage and regional application are desired
and actively encouraged. To make this process as simple as possible, please feel free to email any comments
to arabictranslation@ndi.org.

6. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
áÄWƒJ
èeÉfôH :øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH øe Gk AõL ¬àØ°üH Gòg äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO OG~YEÉH (NDI) á«dh~dG ¿hDƒ°û∏d »æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG ΩÉb
äɪ¶æeh ÚæWGƒŸG ™e ÜhDh~dG ¬∏ªY øe Oƒ≤©dG ôe ≈∏Y ~¡©ŸG É¡Ñ°ùàcG »àdG á∏jƒ£dG IÈÿG π° ØÑa .á©aG~ŸG ¿hDƒ°Th á«f~ŸG á«HÎdG
q
.É¡JÉÑKh É¡à«Yƒf á¡÷ ,á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG ‘ ÚæWGƒŸG ácQÉ°ûe õjõ©J ¤EG »eôJ äÉHQÉ≤eh äGhOCG I~Y ôjƒ£J øe øqμ“ ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
ôKDƒJ »àdG ÉjÉ° ≤dG ~j~– ‘ º¡J~YÉ°ùeh ,á«WGô≤Á~dG ÇOÉÑŸÉH ÚæWGƒŸG áaô©e ™«°SƒJ ¤EG ¤hCG á∏Môe ‘ øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ≈©°ùjh
ÚæWGƒŸG ÚH ô°TÉÑŸG πYÉØàdG øe ´ƒf ≥∏N √ÉŒÉH ™a~dG ¤EG á≤M’ á∏Môe ‘h ,É¡æY áë°VGh Iôμa øjƒμJh ÒKCÉJ ~°TCG º¡JÉ«M ≈∏Y
q
ìhQ ‘ ≈∏éààa É¡æe m »MƒH øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH πª©j »àdG á«¡«LƒàdG ÇOÉÑŸG ÉeCG .ÉjÉ° ≤dG √òg á÷É©Ÿ ΩÉ©dG π≤◊G ‘ ÚdhDƒ°ùŸGh
.ájɨdG √ò¡d kÉ≤«≤– ,É¡«fÉ©e ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàdGh äÉë∏£°üŸG øe áeÉY áYƒª› ™°Vh øe ~H ’ ¿Éc ,∂dòd .ΩGÎM’G ≈∏Y ºFÉ≤dG QGƒ◊Gh ácGô°ûdG
q
π«Ñ°S ‘ ~¡©ŸG É¡dòÑj »àdG Oƒ¡÷G É¡«∏Y õμJÎa ,»æWƒdG »WGô≤Á~dG ~¡©ŸG i~d á«eÉæàŸG äGQƒ°ûæŸG áÑàμe øe Gk AõL Gòg äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO πμ°ûjh
»ØXƒe ™e IOƒ≤©ŸG äGQhÉ°ûŸG øe Qm É°ùe IôªK π«d~dG Gòg AÉL ~bh .ºμ◊G IQGOEGh á«WGô≤Á~dG »ndÉ› ‘ ájQƒfi º«gÉØe π≤f ‘ ~«ØJ á≤«bO äGOôØe çG~ëà°SG
r
º¡©«ªL Gƒ©°Vh ¿CG ~©H ,á«f~ŸG ácQÉ°ûŸG ¿hDƒ°ûH »æ©ŸG ~¡©ŸG ≥jôa ™e ∂dòch ,§°ShC’G ¥ô°ûdG á≤£æe ‘ á∏eÉY iôNCG á«fG~«e ÖJÉμeh ¿ÉæÑd ‘ ~¡©ŸG
,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG øª°V øWGƒŸG ¿ÉæÑd èeÉfôH ‘ ~¡©ŸG AÉcô°T ¤EG ¢UÉN ôμ°T ¬«LƒJ øe kÉ° jCG ~H ’ ,QÉWE’G Gòg ‘h .≥«Ñ£J ™°Vƒe ÇOÉÑŸG ∂∏J øe kÉ° ©H
.kÉHÉéjEG hCG kÉÑ∏°S ¬«∏Y ≥«∏©àdG ¢Vô©e ‘ èeÉfÈdG πMGôe OG~àeG ≈∏Y áªq«b äÉeƒ∏©e Gƒe~bh ´hô°ûŸG Gò¡d »Mh Q~°üe Gƒ∏μ°T º¡fC’
¿CG É檡j ,∂dòd .kÉ«FÉ¡fh kÉ«ª°SQ Gk Q~°üe πμ°T …CÉH ônÑà©oj ’ ƒ¡a ,´ƒ°VƒŸG Gòg ÖfGƒL qπμH §«– ¿CG âdhÉM äÉë∏£°üŸG π«dO OG~YE’ ádhòÑŸG Oƒ¡÷G ¿CG ™eh
q q
,É¡dɪ©à°SG á≤jôWh ,É¡JÉØjô©Jh ,äÉë∏£°üŸG øY º¡FGQBG hCG º¡JÉ≤«∏©J AG~HEG ¤EG ìÉ◊EÉH º¡qãëfh ,¬æY äÉYÉÑ£fG øe º¡j~d ¿ƒμàj Éà π«d~dG ƒe~îà°ùe ÉfOhõj
q
.arabictranslation@ndi.org :‹ÉàdG ÊhÎμdE’G ~jÈdG ÈY OOôJ ¿hO Éæà∏°SGôe AÉLôdG ,ºμJÉ≤«∏©J ∫É°üjE’ kÓ«¡°ùJh .≥WÉæŸG ‘ É¡dɪ©à°SG á«°Uƒ°üNh

8. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 1
A
Accountability The relationship between government ,øWGƒŸGh áeƒμ◊G ÚH ÉC °ûæJ »àdG ábÓ©dÉH ≈q∏éàJ
and citizens. Acknowledgement and äGQGô˘≤˘dG ø˘Y ɢ¡˘ à˘ «˘ dhDƒ˘ °ùÃ á˘˘eƒ˘˘μ◊G ô˘˘≤˘ J å«˘˘M
áÑ°SÉfi/ádAÉ°ùe
e assumption of responsibility for deci-
q
sions, actions, and policies, in light of
πªëàJh ,É¡æY Q~°üJ »àdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh ∫ɪYC’Gh
q
agreed expectations, such as an agree- øe ±ôW πc ¬©bƒàj Ée Aƒ°V ≈∏Y á«dhDƒ°ùŸG √òg
q
ment between an elected official and ∫hDƒ˘ ˘°ùŸG ÚH Oƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘©ŸG ¥É˘˘ Ø˘ ˘J’G ¬˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘°ûj ÉÃh ,ô˘˘ NB’G
his/her consituents. .¬«ÑNÉfh ÖîàæŸG n
Activist A person who believes in or participates Gòg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh ,ô°TÉÑŸG ∑ôëàdÉH øeDƒj ¢üî°T πc q
§°TÉf in direct action to make changes in gov- ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äGÒ«¨J çG~MEG ᫨H ,∑ôëàdG
ernment or social conditions by cam-
paigning in public or working for an
º˘«˘¶˘æ˘J ∫Ó˘N ø˘e ∂dPh ,᢫˘Yɢª˘à˘L’G ±hô˘˘¶˘ dG hCG
organization. An activist is described as .áæ«©e ᪶æe ìÉæL â– πª©dG hCG á«æ∏Y äÓªM
q
someone who pursues vigorous actions ‘ áã«ãM »YÉ°ùe ∫òÑj …òdG ¢üî°ûdG kÉ° jCG ƒgh
to pursue a political or social end. .á«YɪàLG hCG á«°SÉ«°S äÉjÉZ ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S
Ad Hoc Committee Committee which may be formed to ç~◊ hCG áæ«©e á«° b á÷É©Ÿ ÉC °ûæJ »àdG áæé∏dG
q
address a particular issue or event, but äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’G ‘ ôªà°ùJ ’ É¡æμdh ø«©e
¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d ICÉ°ûæe áæ÷
æ does not have standing responsibilities.
q
.ɡડe AÉ¡àfÉH É¡∏ªY »¡àæj PEG É¡«dEG án∏cƒŸG
n
Advocacy A process of influencing discussion, äÉ°SÉ«°ùdGh äGAGôLE’Gh ä’hG~ŸG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG á«∏ªY
procedures and policies of government. »àdG á«∏ª©dG √òg πqãªàJh .ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒÃ á≤∏©àŸG
á©aG~e This process, usually guided by civil soci-
ety and citizens, is a set of organized, ᢢ∏˘ °ù∏˘˘°ùH ¿ƒ˘˘æ˘ WGƒŸGh Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG kIOɢ˘Y ɢ˘gOƒ˘˘ ≤˘ ˘j
strategic actions over a period of time áæ«©e á«æeR IÎa ≈∏Y º s¶æoJ á«é«JGΰSG äGƒ£N
q
directed at bringing about change ácQÉ°ûŸG ∫ÓN øe ܃∏£ŸG Ò«¨àdG çG~MEG ¤EG ±~¡Jh
through political participation to address
issues. Advocacy campaigns could be
äÓªM º q¶æoJh .áMhô£ŸG ÉjÉ° ≤dG á÷É©Ÿ á«°SÉ«°ùdG
organized to encourage change such as πμ°T kÓãe òNCÉj …òdG Ò«¨àdG √ÉŒÉH ™a~∏d á©aG~ŸG
demanding access to information, exert- ᢢ°SQɇh ,äɢ˘eƒ˘˘∏˘ ˘©ŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘ °Uƒ˘˘ dG ≥˘˘ ë˘ ˘H ᢢ Ñ˘ ˘dɢ˘ £ŸG
ing pressure to ensure accountability and ,á«aÉØ°ûdGh ádAÉ°ùŸG …CG~Ñe ¿ƒ°U πLCG øe •ƒ¨° dG
transparency, and drawing public offi-
cial’s attention to problems in democrat- »àdG πcÉ°ûŸG ¤EG Ú«ª°SôdG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG √ÉÑàfG âØdh
ic institutions. .á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG É¡æe ÊÉ©J

9. 2 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Alien/Non-Citizen Individuals living in a country who are áØ°U πªëj ¿CG ÒZ øe ø«©e ~∏H ‘ ¢û«©j Oôa
q
not legal citizens of the nation or of the áj’ƒdG hCG ádh~dG ÉjÉYôd I~FÉ©dG »Yô°ûdG øWGƒŸG
»ÑæLCG state in which they reside, and therefore
do not have access to the same rights
¥ƒ˘≤◊ɢH ™˘à˘ª˘à˘dG ¬˘dƒ˘î˘j ’ ɇ ,ɢ¡˘«˘a º˘«˘≤˘ j »˘˘à˘ dG
q
and responsibilities as citizens. .É¡«æWGƒe ¤EG IOƒ¡©ŸG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸÉH ´Ó£°V’Gh
Alliance An association of groups, people, or ≈∏Y ≥aGƒàJ k’hO hCG kÉ°UÉî°TCG hCG äÉYƒª› º° j ™ªŒ
q q
nations who agree to cooperate to .∑ΰûe ±~g ≥«≤– πLCG øe É¡æ«H Ée ‘ ¿hÉ©àdG
∞∏M/∞dÉ– achieve a common goal. An alliance is
usually a formal agreement.
.»ª°SQ ¥ÉØJG πμ°T kIOÉY ∞dÉëàdG òîàjh
Alternative Process A decision-making process to change Ò«¨J ¤EG »eôjh äGQGô≤dG ™æ°U ¬μ∏°ùj …òdG QÉ°ùŸG
policies that exist wholly outside the Qɢ˘WEG êQɢ˘N π˘˘eɢ˘μ˘ dɢ˘H ɢ˘¡˘ H ∫ƒ˘˘ª˘ ©ŸG äɢ˘°Sɢ˘ «˘ ˘°ùdG
πj~H QÉ°ùe/á∏j~H á«∏ªY
e official procedures stated by law or
documented organizational policy.
hCG ¿ƒfÉ≤dG É¡«∏Y ¢üæj »àdG ᫪°SôdG äGAGôLE’G
.á≤KƒŸG ᫪«¶æàdG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ÉgO~– »àdG
Association Group of individuals who organize kÉYÉaO º¡aƒØ°U ¿ƒª q¶æj øjòdG OGôaC’G øe áYƒª›
á£HGQ/á«©ªL around a common idea or cause, with ¿ƒ∏ªëj GƒfÉcCG AGƒ°S ,ácΰûe á«° b hCG Iôμa øY
either formal or informal status in a
political system. Associations are con-
.»°SÉ«°ùdG ΩɶædG πNGO ᫪°SQ ÒZ hCG ᫪°SQ áØ°U
sidered civil society organizations and ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe ΩÉ≤à Èà©oJ »àdG äÉ«©ª÷G √ògh
can include non-governmental organi- hCG ᢢ«˘ eƒ˘˘μ◊G ÒZ äɢ˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG º˘˘° J ¿CG ø˘˘ μÁ Ê~ŸG
q
zations or labor unions.
.á«dɪ©dG äGOÉ–’G
Auction A fundraising technique in which objects ìôW ≈∏Y Ωƒ≤J äÉYÈàdG hCG ∫GƒeC’G ™ª÷ á«æ≤J
»æ∏Y OGõe or services are donated to be sold and ‘ ¢UÉî°TC’G ºMGõàj ,™«Ñ∏d áæ«©e äÉe~N hCG OGƒe
people bid against each other for a partic-
q
ular sale item. The person who bids the
áMhô£ŸG IOÉŸÉH RƒØjh .É¡«∏Y ∫ƒ°üë∏d º¡æ«H Ée
highest amount purchases that item. The ‘ ¢Vô˘Y π˘˘° aCɢ H Ω~˘˘≤˘ à˘ j …ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG ™˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ ∏˘ d
q o
money raised, less expenses for the kÉ°übÉf ,ç~◊G Gòg øe á∏°üÙG ìÉHQC’G ÉeCG .I~jGõŸG
q
event, is the sponsoring group’s profit.
¤EG É¡©jQ Oƒ©˘«˘a ,¬˘æ˘Y á˘Ä˘°Tɢæ˘dG ∞˘«˘dɢμ˘à˘dG ɢ¡˘æ˘e
.¬ª«¶æJ âYQ »àdG áYƒªÛG
Audience A person or people to whom informa- hCG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ¿ƒq≤∏àj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe ¿ƒμàj
q
tion is conveyed or messages are .πFÉ°SôdG º¡«dEG ¬sLƒoJ
Qƒ¡ªL directed.

10. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 3
Authority Quality that leads the judgments, deci- Aπà Gƒ∏Ñ≤àj ¿CG ≈∏Y øjôNB’G πª– »àdG áØ°üdG
á£∏°S sions, recommendations, and orders of ô˘eGhC’Gh äɢ«˘°Uƒ˘à˘dGh äGQGô˘≤˘dGh Ωɢμ˘MC’G º˘¡˘JOGQEG
certain individuals and institutions to be
accepted voluntarily as right and there-
ÉgQÉÑàYÉH äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG hCG OGôaC’G ¢ ©H øY IQOÉ°üdG
fore to be implemented by others ∫ÓN øe Égƒ≤˘Ñ˘£˘j ¿CG ≈˘∏˘Yh ,á˘ë˘«˘ë˘°Uh á˘ª˘«˘∏˘°S
through obedience and cooperation. í«ë°U .É¡©e ¿hÉ©àdG hCG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG √ò¡d ´É«°üf’G
l
Authority is a main source of political øe ∫hC’G É¡Jƒb Q~°üe ~ªà°ùJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG q¿CG
power, but it is not identical to it. For q
example, the State may be the main á¡éc á£∏°ùdG Ωƒ¡Øe qøμdh ,É¡d áMƒæªŸG á£∏°ùdG
holder of authority, and therefore be á˘£˘∏˘°ùdG Ωƒ˘¡˘Ø˘e ø˘Y ™˘Ñ˘£˘ dɢ˘H ∞˘˘∏˘ à˘ î˘ j ᢢdhDƒ˘ °ùe
the target of advocacy. á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ±~¡à°ùJ kÓãe Éæg øe .á«MÓ°üc
o
»àdG á«°SÉ°SC’G á¡÷G kÓãe ¿ƒμJ ~b É¡qfCG Éà ádh~dG n
.á£∏°ùdG É¡«dEG πncƒoJ
Autonomy Political independence and self-govern- ,»JGòdG ºμ◊Gh á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«©ÑàdG Ω~©H ≈q∏éàJ
á«dÓ≤à°SG ment, the ability to operate without IôFGO øY Gk ~«©H πª©dG á°SQɇ ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH ∂dòch
outside control. The capacity to make
an informed, uncoerced decision.
äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG ≈∏Yh êQÉÿG ¬°SQÉÁ …òdG PƒØædG
.™°SGh ´ÓWG øY ºæJ »àdG Iô◊G
q

11. 4 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
B
Bias A leaning in favor of or against some- Ω~Yh ôNBG ¿hO ±ôW hCG á«° ≤d Ö°ü©àdG hCG ÜõëàdG
RÉ«ëfG/õ«– thing or someone; partiality or prejudice. .ájOÉ«◊G
q
Bicameral Parliament In government, bicameralism is the ¿CG ¤EG ºμ◊G á°SQɇ Qɪ° e ‘ í∏£°üŸG Gòg Ò°ûj
Ú°ù∏› hP ¿ÉŸôH
∏ practice of having two legislative or par- Ú°ù∏› øe ¿Éfƒμàj ¿ÉŸÈdG hCG á«©jô°ûàdG áÄ«¡dG
liamentary chambers. Thus, a bicameral
q
parliament or bicameral legislature is a
.ÚàæKG ÚàaôZ hCG ÚæKG
parliament or legislature which consists
of two chambers or houses.
Bill Proposed act not yet passed by .~©H ¿ÉŸÈdG √ô≤j ⁄ ìÎ≤e ¿ƒfÉb
q n
¿ƒfÉb ´hô°ûe
e Parliament.
Bipartisan Consisting of, or supported by, mem- ¿GÈà˘©˘jo Ú«˘°Sɢ«˘°S ÚHõ˘M Aɢ° YCɢH ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j ɢe π˘˘c q
ÚHõM øe ~js ƒe/ÚHõëH ≥∏©àe
D bers of two parties, especially two major ø˘e qπ˘c hCG ,᢫˘ °Sɢ˘«˘ °ùdG ÜGõ˘˘MC’G Rô˘˘HCG ø˘˘e ᢠ°Uɢ˘N
k
political parties.
.º¡ªY~H ≈¶ëj
Bloc Group with a shared interest/purpose; äÉjÉZ hCG ídÉ°üe º¡©ªŒ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª›
á∏àc/πàμJ group of voters or politicians who share øjòdG Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG ÚÑNÉædG øe áYƒª› hCG ;ácΰûe
common goals, an alliance.
.∞dÉëàdG øe ´ƒf ƒg .ácΰûe ±G~gCG º¡©ªŒ
l
Board of Directors A governing body of a civil society ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe ‘ IQGOE’G ¿hDƒ°T ¤ƒàJ »àdG áÄ«¡dG
IQGOE’G ¢ù∏›
∏ organization, which is elected and volun- AÉ° YCG ø˘e á˘Ñ˘î˘à˘æŸG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG √ò˘g ¿ƒ˘μ˘à˘Jh .Ê~ŸG
tary, consisting of individuals who are
n q
committed to the mission of the organi-
á˘Wƒ˘æŸG á˘ª˘¡ŸG ò˘«˘Ø˘ æ˘ à˘ H º˘˘¡˘ JOGQEG Aπà ¿ƒ˘˘eõ˘˘à˘ ∏˘ j
zation. Board members responsibilities AÉ° YCG É¡H ™∏£° j »àdG äÉ«dhDƒ°ùŸG ÉeCG .᪶æŸÉH
may include guiding the strategic plan of á«é«JGΰS’G á£ÿG ¬«LƒJ πª°ûàa IQGOE’G ¢ù∏›
the organization, by involvement in ∫ÓN øe í«ë°üdG √ÉŒ’G ‘ ᪶æŸG É¡©° J »àdG
strategic decisions about fundraising,
staffing, and advocacy approaches. á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG ᢫˘é˘«˘JGΰS’G äGQGô˘≤˘dG ‘ º˘¡˘à˘ cQɢ˘°ûe
.á©aG~ŸG äÉHQÉ≤eh ∞«XƒàdGh äÉYÈàdG ™ªéH

12. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 5
Briefing A short and clear summary of a situa- ƒgh .ç~M hCG ™°Vh …CG øY í°VGhh õLƒe ¢üî∏e
q
≥Ñ°ùe ¢üî∏e
e tion or an event. A briefing can be a πμ°T ≈∏Y ´ sRƒoj ¿CG hCG ´ÉªàLG πμ°T òîàj ¿CG øμÁ
meeting or a set of written materials.
.áYƒÑ£e OGƒe
Budget Monitoring “A relatively new initiative whereby ¿ƒ£°TÉædG É¡ÑLƒÃ Ωƒ≤j kÉ«Ñ°ùf ~¡©dG áãj~M IQOÉÑe
áfRGƒŸG áÑbGôe civil society activists or organizations áeƒμ◊G πªY áÑbGôà Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG ‘ äɪ¶æŸG hCG
monitor the government budgeting
process - considered as a means to
á˘Ñ˘bGô˘e π˘qμ˘°ûJh .ɢ˘gQGô˘˘bEGh ᢢfRGƒŸG OG~˘˘YEG ∫É› ‘
strengthen government accountability §Ñ°Vh áeƒμ◊G ádAÉ°ùe õjõ©J ¤EG kÓ«Ñ°S áfRGƒŸG
and curb corruption in public finance .áeÉ©dG á«dÉŸG IQGOEG ‘ OÉ°ùØdG
management.”
By-Law A law or rule governing the internal ¿hDƒ˘°ûdG ≈˘Yô˘J ᢫˘fƒ˘fɢb Ωɢμ˘MCG á˘Yƒ˘˘ª› hCG ¿ƒ˘˘fɢ˘b
»∏NGO Ωɶf affairs of an organization; or a second- á«fÉãdG áÑJôŸG πàëj ¿ƒfÉb hCG ;᪶æª∏d á«∏NG~dG
q
ary law.
.¬à«ªgCG å«M øe

13. 6 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
C
Campaign Political activity, including meetings, ral- äÉYɪàL’G πª°ûJ á«°SÉ«°ùdG ᣰûfC’G øe á∏ªL l
á∏ªM lies, speeches, demonstrations, parades, äɢ°VGô˘©˘à˘ °S’Gh äGÒ°ùŸGh Ö˘˘ n£oÿGh äɢ˘fɢ˘Lô˘˘¡ŸGh
other events, and the use of the media,
intended to inform citizens or govern-
.᪠q¶æŸG äÉÑ°SÉæŸG øe ÉgÒZh IQÉ«°ùdG ÖcGƒŸGh
q
ment about the platform of a particular ΩÓYEG á«æH ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ΩG~îà°SG É¡«dEG ±É° jo
q
civic organization, coalition, or group of qp
᪶æe Ég~©oJ »àdG èeGÈdÉH áeƒμ◊G hCG ÚæWGƒŸG
citizens to gather support.
hCG ∞dÉ– hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe øe áæ«©e q
.ºY~∏d Gk ~°ûM ÚæWGƒŸG øe ≥jôa
Campaign Donation A contribution of money to fund a polit- á«°SÉ«°S á∏ªM πjƒªàd Ω~≤oJ »àdG á«dÉŸG áªgÉ°ùŸG
s
á∏ªë∏d äÉYÈJ ical or civic campaign. There are two :äÉYÈàdG øe ÚYƒæH äÓª◊G ≈¶–h .á«f~e hCG
types of campaign donations: ‘hard
money,’ which is regulated by campaign
πjƒªàH á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG ¬ª q¶æJ …òdG ' ~«≤ŸG ∫ÉŸG'' q
finance laws, and ‘soft money’ which is ÚfGƒ≤∏d ™° îj ’ …òdG ' ~«≤ŸG ÒZ ∫ÉŸG''h ,á∏ª◊G
q
not subject to campaign finance laws, í˘°Tô˘e …CG º˘Y~˘d ¬˘dɢª˘ ©˘ à˘ °SG Qqò˘ ©˘ à˘ j ɉEG IQƒ˘˘còŸG
but cannot be used to diretly support a
.kGô°TÉÑe kɪYO ‹GQ~a Ö°üæŸ
candidate in federal office.
The written document bringing together á˘eɢ¡˘dG çɢë˘HC’G ™˘ªŒ »˘˘à˘ dG ᢢHƒ˘˘à˘ μŸG ᢢ≤˘ «˘ Kƒ˘˘dG
Campaign Plan
the important research, the targeting, the á«é˘«˘JGΰS’Gh á˘dɢ°Sô˘dGh á˘na~˘¡˘à˘°ùŸG äɢYƒ˘ªÛGh
á∏ª◊G á£N message, and the strategy of the advoca-
cy campaign. This should be drafted at
á£ÿG √òg áZÉ«°U Q~Œh .á©aG~ŸG á∏ªM ‘ á©ÑàŸG q
the beginning of the campaign and pro- á«Ø«c Iƒ£N kIƒ£N ¢Vô©à°ùàa ,á∏ª◊G ájG~H ‘
vide a step-by-step outline of how the .á∏ª◊G √òg ±G~gCG ≥«≤–
campaign will achieve its goal.
Candidate This is the person running for a particular Ö°üæà Rƒ˘Ø˘∏˘d äɢHɢî˘à˘f’G ¢Vƒ˘î˘j …ò˘dG ¢üûdG
í°Tôe elected position. The role of the candi- ™∏£° j …òdG Qh~dG QÉWEG ‘ ,í°TôŸG ~ª©jh .ø«©e
date is to meet voters and potential
q
donors to the campaign and persuade øjòdG ÚëfÉŸGh ÚÑNÉædG ™e äGAÉ≤d ~≤Y ¤EG ,¬H
them to support the candidate. The can- º¡YÉæbEG π«Ñ°S ‘ á∏ª◊G πjƒªàH GƒYÈàj ¿CG πªàëjo
n
didate cannot be the campaign manager, ≈∏Y Qqò©àj ,πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ ,øμdh .¬d ºY~dG Ë~≤àH
responsible for the strategic development
and day to day running of the campaign.
øY ∫hDƒ°ùŸG á∏ª◊G ôj~e Qh~H ™∏£° j ¿CG í°TôŸG
.á«eƒ«dG É¡fhDƒ°T ÒH~Jh É¡à«é«JGΰSG º°SQ

14. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 7
Canvass This is a type of citizen contact in which πq≤æàj å«M ,ÚæWGƒŸÉH ∫É°üJ’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T
(QGO ¤EG QGO øe) ±GƒW campaign organizers or volunteers go ç~ëà∏d QGO ¤EG QGO øe ¿ƒYƒ£àŸG hCG á∏ª◊G ƒª¶æe
from one house or apartment to anoth-
q
er, talking directly to citizens. This can
πFÉ°Sh ÌcCG »g á∏«°SƒdG √òg π©dh .º¡©e Iô°TÉÑe
q
be one of the most persuasive methods ºY~dGh á«bG~°üŸG Ö°ùc ≈∏Y kIQ~bh kÉYÉæbEG ∫É°üJ’G
of gaining credibility and support, .¬Ñ∏£àJ …òdG å«ã◊G ~¡÷Gh âbƒdG ºZQ
q
though it is time and labor intensive.
Caucus A meeting of party leaders or civic ᢫˘f~˘e á˘∏˘ª˘M »˘ª˘¶˘æŸ hCG Üõ◊G IOɢ≤˘d ´É˘ª˘ à˘ LG
/Úª¶æŸG hCG äGOÉ«≤dG ´ÉªàLG organizers, the purpose of which may á˘æ˘«˘©˘e ᢫˘° b ø˘e ~˘˘Mƒ˘˘e ∞˘˘bƒ˘˘e AG~˘˘HEG ±~˘˘¡˘ H
be to show unity for a particular issue
q q
»HõM ô“Dƒe (usually held privately) or to select a
QÉ«˘à˘NG ±~˘¡˘H hCG (á˘≤˘∏˘¨˘e IQƒ˘°üH kIOɢY ~˘≤˘©˘æ˘j)
candidate for office. .øq«©e Ö°üæŸ í°Tôe
Characteristics A campaign message must be concise, »MƒJ ¿CGh ábOÉ°Uh IõLƒe á∏ª◊G ádÉ°SQ ¿ƒμJ ¿CG Öéj
of Message truthful and credible, persuasive, easy kÉ° jCG Öéjh ;´ÉæbE’G ≈∏Y IQ~≤dÉH õ«ªàJh á«bG~°üŸÉH
q
to remember, and be important to citi-
ádÉ°SôdG äÉeƒ≤e zens. A good message speaks to the
ô¶f ‘ ᫪gCG πà– ¿CGh ádƒ¡°ùH ¿ÉgPC’G ‘ ≥∏©J ¿CG
q
heart, is targeted, and is repeated. ∑ô– »àdG ádÉ°SôdG »g áëLÉædG ádÉ°SôdÉa .ÚæWGƒŸG
q
.ÉgOGOôJ Ìμjh ±~¡dG ≈∏Y õqcôJh ôYÉ°ûŸG
Change Agent A person or group of people who are øe ¿ƒæqμªàj øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°ûdG
Ò«¨àdG iƒb able to garner influence and shift pub- º˘¡˘cÓ˘à˘eɢH √Ò«˘¨˘ J hCG Ωɢ˘©˘ dG …CGô˘˘dG ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ÒKCɢ à˘ dG
lic opinion through charisma, argu-
mentation, or other methods for
πFÉ°Sh hCG á©æ≤e áéM hCG (ÉeõjQÉc) Iqòa á«°üî°T
encouraging change in a community or ‘ hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG ‘ ä’ƒ– çG~MEÉH á∏«Øc iôNCG
political process. .á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG
Charter Guiding principles and statement of äɢ°Sɢ˘«˘ °ùdG ø˘˘Y ¿Ó˘˘YE’G hCG ᢢ«˘ ¡˘ «˘ Lƒ˘˘à˘ dG ÇOɢ˘ÑŸG
áYô°T/¥Éã«e policies on the nature of work within a äɪ¶æe É¡jODƒJ »˘à˘dG ∫ɢª˘YC’G ᢩ˘«˘Ñ˘£˘H á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG
civil society organization, association,
or coalition.
.äÉØdÉëàdG hCG äÉ«©ª÷G hCG Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
Citizen An individual who is a naturalized or hCG kÉ°ùæ› ¿ÉcCG ,¿G~∏ÑdG øe m~∏H ‘ º«≤j …òdG øWGƒŸG
q
øWGƒe native-born resident of a state, displays á«°SÉ«°ùdG á£∏°ùdG √ÉŒ A’ƒdÉH ô©°ûjh ,√~«dGƒe øe
allegiance to that state’s political and
legal authority, and who is therefore
¥ƒ≤◊ÉH ‹ÉàdÉH ™àªàj ƒgh .¬ªμ– »àdG á«fƒfÉ≤dGh
q
entitled to the rights and protections of ≥M ∂dP ‘ Éà ) ~∏ÑdG Gòg ÚfGƒb É¡«∏Y ¢üæJ »àdG
q
its laws, including the right to political .É¡àjɪëH π¶à°ùjh (á«°SÉ«°ùdG IÉ«◊G ‘ ácQÉ°ûŸG
q
participation.

15. 8 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Citizen Journalism The act of non-professionals partici- ≈∏Y áaÉë°üdG Úæ¡àªŸG ÒZ Ú«f~ŸG ΩG~bEÉH πqãªàJ
/áaÎfi ÒZ á«f~e áaÉë°U pating in the collecting, reporting, á˘Zɢ«˘°Uh ,äɢeƒ˘∏˘©ŸGh QÉ˘Ñ˘NC’G ™˘˘ª˘ L ‘ ᢢcQɢ˘°ûŸG
analysis, and dissemination of news
ÚaÎfi ÒZ Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U and information. Citizen journalism
π˘ª˘°ûJh .ɢgô˘°ûfh ,ɢ¡˘∏˘«˘∏–h ,ɢ˘¡˘ dƒ˘˘M ô˘˘jQɢ˘≤˘ à˘ dG
incorportes a variety of mediums, π˘Fɢ°Sh ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘æ˘ à˘ e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª› ᢢ«˘ f~ŸG ᢢaɢ˘ë˘ °üdG
q
including blogging, SMS or text mes- áe~Nh ,âfÎfE’G ÈY äÉfh~ŸG Ωɶf É¡«a Éà ∫É°üJ’G
saging, twitter, photography, video, ÈY π˘Fɢ°Sô˘dGh äɢfh~ŸG Ωɢ¶˘fh ,IÒ°ü≤˘dG π˘Fɢ°Sô˘˘dG
and traditonal news pieces. Major
broadcasting networks, such as Al- ,(''ÎjƒJ'' ™bƒeh áe~N ΩG~îà°SÉH) ∫É≤ædG ∞JÉ¡dG
Jazeera, BBC, and CNN, have ájQÉÑNE’G ä’É≤ŸGh ƒj~«ØdG ~gÉ°ûeh Qƒ°üdG ô°ûfh
launched citizen journalism projects. ,ájQÉÑNE’G ∫É°SQE’G äÉμÑ°T á«Ñ˘dɢ¨˘a .á˘j~˘«˘∏˘≤˘à˘dG
' »˘°S »˘H »˘H' ᢫˘fɢ£˘jÈdG á˘YGPE’G á˘Ä˘«˘gh Iô˘jõ÷ɢc
‘ ™jQÉ°ûe â≤∏WCG ~b á«cÒeC’G ' ¿G ¿G »°S'' áμÑ°Th
.áaÎÙG ÒZ á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ∫É›
Citizen Jury A form of deliberative democracy in ºÄà∏J å«M ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T
ÚæWGƒŸG øe ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g which small groups of people are ¤EG ´É˘ª˘à˘°S’G ᢫˘¨˘H ¢Uɢ˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e IÒ¨˘˘°U ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
brought together to hear evidence
about a policy or legislative issue,
πFÉ°ùe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°S ∫ƒM É¡«∏Y á°Vhô©ŸG äÉæq«ÑdG
debate and determine a judgement É¡«a π°üØdGh É¡fCÉ°ûH ∫hG~àdG ºK ,áæ«©e á«©jô°ûJ
based on the evidence received. They ¢UÉî°TC’G A’Dƒg QhO Ωƒ≤jh .äÉæ«ÑdG ∂∏J ¤EG Gk OÉæà°SG
q
are used to inform issue-based advoca- ÉjÉ° b ∫ƒM º s¶æoJ »àdG á©aG~ŸG äÓªM ~jhõJ ≈∏Y
cy campaigns or public official's deci-
sion making on complex policy mat- ¿ƒ«ª°SôdG ¿ƒdhDƒ°ùŸG Égòîàj »àdG äGQGô≤dG hCG áæq«©e
ters. Also see Deliberative Democracy .áeRÓdG äÉeƒ∏©ŸÉH áμFÉ°ûdG á°SÉ«°ùdG ¿hDƒ°T ∫ƒM
and Advocacy. .á©aG~ŸGh ájQhÉ°ûàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG »JQÉÑY kÉ° jCG ™LGQ
Citizenship Right of national identity bestowed by a ádh~dG É¡ëæ“ »àdG á«°ùæ÷G ≈∏Y ∫ƒ°ü◊G ‘ ≥◊G
á«æWGƒe/á«°ùæL
æ state to individual members of that sys- ÖLƒÃ hCG IO’ƒdG ºμëH É¡eɶæd Ú©°VÉÿG OGôaC’G ¤EG
tem by birth or application, which
requests citizen allegiance.
É¡d A’ƒdG πHÉ≤ŸG ‘ º¡æe »° à≤j ɇ ,á«°ùæ÷G Ö∏W
.ÚæWGƒŸG A’h
Civic Education Programs which introduce the basic ᢫˘°Sɢ°SC’G ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘dɢH ±ô˘©˘ J »˘˘à˘ dG è˘˘eGÈdG ´ƒ˘˘ª›
q
á«f~e á«HôJ rules and institutional features of a »˘˘ °Sɢ˘ «˘ ˘°ùdG Ωɢ˘ ¶˘ ˘ æ˘ ˘ dG ‘ äɢ˘ ˘°ù°SDƒŸG äɢ˘ ˘eƒ˘˘ ˘≤˘ ˘ eh
democratic political system, and pro-
vide knowledge about democratic
¥ƒ˘˘≤◊ɢ˘H ᢢ aô˘˘ ©ŸG ™˘˘ «˘ ˘°ûJ »˘˘ à˘ ˘dGh ,»˘˘ WGô˘˘ ≤Á~˘˘ dG
rights and practices, such as under- ,ájQƒà°S~dG ¥ƒ≤◊G º¡Øc á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQɪŸGh
standing constitutional rights, gender ‘h .»˘˘ Yɢ˘ ª÷G π˘˘ ˘ª˘ ˘ ©˘ ˘ dGh ,Ú°ùæ÷G ÚH IGhɢ˘ ˘°ùŸGh
equity and collective action. By better
º¡àaô©e ™«°SƒJ π° ØH ,¿ƒæWGƒŸG øqμªàj ,πHÉ≤ŸG
understanding their constitutional
rights and community organizing tech- º«¶æJ ‘ I~ªà©ŸG äÉ«æ≤àdGh ájQƒà°S~dG º¡bƒ≤ëH
niques, citizens are able to more effectively πªY ‘ á«∏©a ácQÉ°ûe ácQÉ°ûŸG øe ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
k

16. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 9
participate in their government. Civic º˘˘ ˘°SQ ‘h º˘˘ ˘μ◊G äɢ˘ ˘°ù°SDƒ˘ ˘ eh »˘˘ ˘ ∏ÙG ™˘˘ ˘ ª˘ ˘ ˘àÛG
education programs aim to impart the .»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG
necessary knowledge and skills needed
to effectively participate in the commu-
nity, government, and politics.
Civic Engagement Involvement in or commitment of citi- ‘ Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG äɢ˘ª˘ ¶˘ æ˘ eh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ᢢcQɢ˘ °ûe
á«f~e ácQÉ°ûe
e zens and citizen’s organizations into the øY »Yɪ÷G πª©dG QÉ°ùe hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG á«∏ª©dG
political or community process as they
fulfill their rights and responsibilities.
.º¡JÉ«dhDƒ°ùà ´Ó£°V’Gh º¡bƒ≤ëH ™àªàdG ≥jôW
Civic Journalism Professional media that has focuses on ≈∏Y √Oƒ¡L qÖ°üj …òdG ±ÎÙG ΩÓYE’ÉH πqãªàJ
/áaÎfi á«f~e áaÉë°U putting the interest of citizens above Ú«°SÉ«°ùdG ídÉ°üe ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ídÉ°üe Ö«∏¨J
that of politicians and journalists. It is
ÚaÎfi Ú«f~e º∏≤H áaÉë°U based on the understanding that jour-
Ú«aÉë°üdG øq≤«J ≈∏Y õμJôJ »gh .Ú«aÉë°üdGh
nalists have a fundamental responsibili- áaÉ≤ãdG õjõ©J ∫É› ‘ á«°SÉ°SCG á«dhDƒ°ùe øe º¡d ɪdp
ty for strengthening civic culture and á«f~ŸG á˘aɢ뢰üdɢa .᢫˘WGô˘≤Á~˘dG º˘«˘Y~˘Jh ᢫˘f~ŸG
democracy. Civic journalism seeks to É¡«a ¢Vô©à°ùj »àdG á≤jô£dG ¤EG »¨°üJ áaÎÙG
listen to how citizens frame their prob-
lems and what citizens see as solutions á≤aGƒe É¡fhôj »àdG ∫ƒ∏◊G ¤EGh º¡∏cÉ°ûe ¿ƒæWGƒŸG
to those problems. The civic journalism ~≤a á«f~ŸG áaÉë°üdG ácôM ÉeCG .πcÉ°ûŸG ∂∏J π◊ q
movement began in the 1988 U.S. elec- ΩÉ©dG ‘ á«cÒeC’G äÉHÉîàf’G ¿ÉHEG QƒædG äô°üHCG
tions when journalists and scholars
began looking for a better way to cover
øY ¿ƒãëÑj ¿ƒ°SQG~dGh ¿ƒ«aÉë°üdG ìGQ ÚM 1988
politics. Today, it is practiced by news- ∞ë°üdG âJÉHh .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG á«£¨àd ™‚CG πFÉ°Sh
papers, radio, and television stations in øe ≥WÉæe I~Y ‘ á«fƒjõØ∏àdGh á«YGPE’G äÉ£ÙGh
many parts of the world. .áaÉë°üdG øe ´ƒædG Gòg Ωƒ«dG ¢SQÉ“ ⁄É©dG
Civil Liberties Protections from the power of govern- ,ºμ◊G äÉ£∏°S É¡æeDƒJ »àdG ájɪ◊G ∫Éμ°TCÉH πqãªàJ
q
á«f~e äÉjôM ments. Examples include freedom of ájôMh ,ÒÑ©àdG ájôM ∫ÉãŸG π«Ñ°S ≈∏Y É¡æe ôcòfh
speech, freedom of assembly, and trial
by jury. Civil liberties are usually pro-
.ÚØ∏fi áÄ«g ΩÉeCG áªcÉëª∏d ´ƒ° ÿGh ,™ªéàdG q
tected by a constitution. .kIOÉY Qƒà°S~dG É¡«ªëj äÉjôM »g á«f~ŸG äÉjô◊Gh
l
Civil Registry A list of all national citizens maintained I~˘¡˘Y ‘ ߢnØ˘ ë˘ oJh Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG ™˘˘«˘ ª˘ L º˘˘° J ᢢª˘ Fɢ˘b
q
/¢SƒØædG πé°S/Ê~e πé°S
° ° by the government. Civil registries are Gòg ≈∏Y kIOÉY ÚÑNÉædG íFGƒd ~æà°ùJh .áeƒμ◊G
sometimes used as the basis of a voter list,
~«≤dG πé°S
° however, they may not contain all infor-
á∏°üàŸG äÉeƒ∏©ŸG πc øª° àj ’ ~b ¬fCG ™e πé°ùdG
q q
mation relevant to the voting process. .´GÎb’G á«∏ª©H

17. 10 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Civil Society Refers to all sorts of voluntary collective É¡ª q¶æJ »àdG á«Yƒ£àdG ᣰûfC’G ´GƒfCG πc ¤EG Ò°ûjq
Ê~e ™ªà› activities organized around shared inter- πª°ûJh .ácΰûe ±G~gCGh º«bh ídÉ°üe ∫ƒM áYɪ÷G
ests, values, and objectives. These civil
society activities can be very diverse and
ɢ¡˘«˘a •ô˘î˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG á˘jɢ¨˘∏˘d á˘Yƒ˘æ˘àŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G √ò˘˘g
may include providing services, sup- º˘˘«˘ ∏˘ ©˘ à˘ dG º˘˘YO hCG ,äɢ˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ ˘J Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ ª˘ ˘àÛG
porting independent education, or QÉWEG »Øa .áeÉ©dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ≈∏Y ÒKCÉàdG hCG ,π≤à°ùŸG
affecting public policy. In the last exam-
ple, citizens may come together outside
¿ƒæWGƒe ™ªàéj ¿CG Rƒéj ,kÓãe ÒNC’G •É°ûædG Gòg
of government to inform, bring pres- ∫ƒM äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûæd »eƒμ◊G πª©dG IôFGO êQÉN
sure to bear on, or reinforce policies Égõjõ©J hCG ,É¡fCÉ°ûH •ƒ¨° dG á°SQɇ hCG ,äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG
(punish or reward policymakers). .(º¡JCÉaÉμe hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG »©fÉ°U áÑbÉ©e)
Civil Society Comprised of people who form associ- Iô˘°üæ˘d π˘ª˘©˘J äɢ«˘©˘ª˘L ¿hDƒ˘°ûæ˘jo kɢ°UɢTCG º˘˘° J
q
Organization ations to work for a common cause. ÒZ äɢ˘ ª˘ ˘¶˘ ˘æŸG π˘˘ ª˘ ˘°ûJ »˘˘ gh .ᢢ cΰûe ᢢ «˘ ˘ ° b
This includes Non-Governmental
Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe Organizations (NGOs) and Community-
É¡æe wπc õeôj »àdG á«∏gC’G äɪ¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G
Based Organizations (CBOs) both of ™˘ª˘àÛG ‘ äɢª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ∫ɢ˘μ˘ °TCG ø˘˘e O~fi π˘˘μ˘ °T ¤EG
which are specific types of CSOs. äɪ¶æe ÚH ™ªŒ »àdG ácΰûŸG Iõ«ŸG ÉeCG .Ê~ŸG
Although extremely diverse, the one πãªàJ »¡a ,É¡YƒæJ I~°T ≈∏Y ,káaÉc Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG
commonality between all forms of q
CSOs is their autonomy, in principle at øe ¬∏bCG ¢UÉÿG ´É£≤dGh áeƒμ◊G øY É¡dÓ≤à°SÉH
least, from government and private sec- Ée ƒg ‹Ó≤à°S’G ™HÉ£dG Gòg π©dh .CG~ÑŸG å«M
q
tor. It is this independence that allows ¢VQC’G ≈˘∏˘Y π˘ª˘ ©˘ J ¿Cɢ H äɢ˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG √ò˘˘¡˘ d í˘˘ª˘ °ùj
for such organizations to exist and play
an important role in a democracy. See
kÉ° jCG ™LGQ .»WGô≤ÁO Ωɶf …CG ‘ ΩÉg Qh~H ™∏£° Jh
also Non-Governmental Organization .á«∏gC’G äɪ¶æŸGh á«eƒμ◊G ÒZ äɪ¶æŸG
and Community-Based Organization.
Coalition An alliance, temporary or permanent, áYƒæàe áYƒª› ,áªFGO hCG áàbDƒe IQƒ°üH ,º° j ∞dÉ– q l
of different persons or organizations º˘gOƒ˘¡˘L ¿h~˘Mƒ˘j ø˘jò˘dG ¢UÉ˘î˘ °TC’G hCG äɢ˘ª˘ ¶˘ æŸG ø˘˘e
±ÓàFG that unify for a common cause or to
engage in a joint activity, usually
•É˘˘°ûf ‘ ᢢcQɢ˘°ûŸG hCG ᢢ cΰûe ᢢ «˘ ˘° b ø˘˘ Y ´É˘˘ a~˘˘ ∏˘ ˘d
focused on advocating to government ™a~J »àdG á©aG~ŸG ∫ɪYCG ≈∏Y kIOÉY ¿hõqcôjh ,»æeÉ° J
for change. .Ò«¨àdG ƒëf áeƒμ◊ÉH
Code of Ethics A set of general rules of civil society äɪ¶æe ÉgÉYôJ »àdG áeÉ©dG ~YGƒ≤dG øe áYƒª›
πª©dG ÜGOBG/äÉ«bÓNCG organizations, their members, and sup- ≥˘∏˘©˘à˘j ɢe ‘ ,ø˘jô˘°Uɢæ˘eh Aɢ° YCG ,Ê~ŸG ™˘˘ª˘ àÛG
porters relating to their participation in
k
the organization or its activities, to which ≥aGƒj »àdGh ,ɡࣰûfCG ‘ hCG ᪶æŸG ‘ º¡àcQÉ°ûÃ
parties ideally will voluntarily agree and »gh ,∫GƒMC’G ø°ùMCG ‘ º¡JOGQEG Aπà ±GôWC’G É¡«∏Y
which may, subsequent to that agree- áfh~ŸG √òg ø∏©Jh .¿ƒfÉ≤dG ‘ ∂dP ~©H êQ~oJ ~b n
ment be incorporated in law. Proclaims
guidelines of behavior and standards that
äÉ«cƒ˘∏˘°ùdɢH á˘≤˘∏˘©˘àŸG ᢫˘¡˘«˘Lƒ˘à˘dG ÇOÉ˘ÑŸG kɢ° jCG
are difficult to embody in a statute. .ÚfGƒ≤dG ‘ É¡LGQOEG Ö©°üj »àdG ÒjÉ©ŸGh

18. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 11
Commission A formal group of experts brought ¿ƒ˘©˘ª˘à˘é˘j ø˘jò˘dG Ú«˘ª˘ °Sô˘˘dG AGÈÿG ø˘˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª›
áæ÷/á«°VƒØe together on a regular or ad hoc basis to ¿hDƒ°ûdG ‘ ∫hG~àdG ±~¡H ¢UÉN ¢Vô¨d hCG ΩɶàfÉH
debate matters within that sphere of
expertise, and with regulatory or quasi-
√òg ™àªàJh .º¡°UÉ°üàNG IôFGO øª°V ™≤J »àdG
judicial powers such as the ability to πãe á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG ᫪«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH áÄ«¡dG
license activity or to subpoena witness- hCG ø˘˘«˘˘©˘ e π˘˘ª˘ Y ᢢdhGõà ¿PE’G í˘˘æ˘ e ≈˘˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dG
q
es. Commissions usually also have advi- øY kÓ° a .áªμÙG ΩÉeCG ∫ƒãª∏d ~gÉ°T AÉY~à°SG
sory powers to the government. The
organizational form of a commission is äɢ˘e~ÿG Ë~˘˘≤˘ J ᢢ«˘ MÓ˘˘°üH kɢ ° jCG ™˘˘ qà˘˘ ª˘ ˘à˘ ˘J ,∂dP
often resorted to by governments to ¤EG äÉeƒμ◊G ÉC é∏J Ée kÉÑdÉZ .áeƒμë∏d ájQÉ°ûà°S’G
exhaustively investigate a matter of AGôLEG πLCG øe πμ°ûdG Gòg ≈∏Y äÉÄ«¡dG º«¶æJ
national concern, and is often known as
a “commission of inquiry.” This legal
∑GòfBG ±ô˘©˘à˘a ,᢫˘æ˘Wh á˘dCɢ°ùe ∫ƒ˘M π˘eɢ°T ≥˘«˘≤–
n o
structure can be contrasted with a á«∏μ«¡dG √òg áfQÉ≤e øμÁh .''≥«≤ëàdG áæé∏H''
council, the latter not enjoying quasi- ™˘à˘ª˘à˘j ’ …ò˘dG ¢ù∏ÛG ᢫˘∏˘μ˘«˘g ™˘e ᢫˘fƒ˘˘fɢ˘≤˘ dG
judicial or regulatory powers. .á«FÉ° b ¬Ñ°T hCG ᫪«¶æJ äÉ«MÓ°üH
Community State of being shared or held in com- .áYƒª› ÚH kÉcΰûe ¿ƒμj hCG ™ªéj Ée qπc ádÉM
»∏fi ™ªà›/áYɪL mon. With regard to participation, com- ≈∏Y ácQÉ°ûŸG Ωƒ¡Øe å«M øe áØ°üdG √òg ≥Ñ£æJh
munity can apply to spatial communities
(a body of people living and/or working
áYƒª› …CG) áæ«©e áMÉ°ùe º°SÉ≤àJ »àdG äÉYɪ÷G
in the same area), which can come (¬JGP ¿ÉμŸG ‘ πª©J hCG/h ¢û«©J »àdG ¢UÉî°TC’G
together at any spatial scale for the local »∏ÙG ¥É£ædG øe ~àÁ ⁄É©dG øe m¿Éμe …CG ‘ ™ªàŒh
q q
to the global. .»ŸÉ©dG ¥É£ædG ¤EG
Community Based Organization made up of individuals in áYɪL øª°V ¿ƒ°û«©j OGôaCG øe ¿ƒμàJ äɪ¶æe q l
Organization a self-defined community at the local É¡°ùØf º q¶æJh ,»∏ÙG ~«©°üdG ≈∏Y ⁄É©ŸG IO~fi
level, who have organized around com-
á«∏gCG äɪ¶æe mon interests. Examples include sports,
∂dP ≈˘˘∏˘ Y k’ɢ˘ã˘ e ô˘˘cò˘˘fh .ᢢcΰûe í˘˘dɢ˘°üe ∫ƒ˘˘ M
youth and student clubs, women’s ,ᢢ«˘ HÓ˘˘£˘ dGh ᢢ«˘ Hɢ˘Ñ˘ ˘°ûdGh ᢢ «˘ ˘°Vɢ˘ jô˘˘ dG …OGƒ˘˘ æ˘ ˘dG
groups, cooperative and farmers associ- äÉ«©ªLh ,äÉ«fhɢ©˘à˘dGh ,᢫˘Fɢ°ùæ˘dG äɢYƒ˘ªÛGh
ations. CBOs can be either informal ™ªŒ øe á«∏gC’G äɪ¶æŸG ¿ƒμàJ ~bh .ÚYQGõŸG
associations of individuals or have for- q q
malized rules, policies, and procedures. ÚfGƒb ™ÑqàJ ~b hCG kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW πªëj ’ OGôaCG m
.kÉ«ª°SQ kÉ©HÉW É¡«∏Y »Ø° J äGAGôLEGh äÉ°SÉ«°Sh
Community Mapping A social network assessment tool used to ~j~ëàd í∏°üJ á«YɪàL’G áμÑ°ûdG º««≤àd IGOCG
äÉLÉ«àMG/äÉeƒ≤e ~j~– determine stakeholders and power bro- .ø˘«˘©˘e »˘∏fi ™˘ª˘à› ‘ Pƒ˘Ø˘æ˘dGh í˘dɢ°üŸG ÜÉ˘ë˘ °UCG
kers in a particular community. This tech-
q
»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG nique for collecting information is often
á«æ≤àdG √òg á«f~ŸG äɪ¶æŸG Ω~îà°ùJ Ée kÉÑdÉZ
used by civic organizations in order to äÉLÉ«àMG ~j~– ¢Vô¨H äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ™ª÷ á°ü°üıG
determine community needs, identify ‘ Iƒ˘˘≤˘ dG QOɢ˘°üe ¤EG ±ô˘˘©˘ à˘ dGh ,»˘˘ ∏ÙG ™˘˘ ª˘ ˘àÛG
community assets or resources, identify ÜÉë°UCG ájƒg ~j~–h ,√OQGƒe hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG
stakeholders, and design appropriate
responses, including advocacy campaigns. ᢢ«˘ Ñ˘ ∏˘ à˘ d á˘˘Ñ˘ °Sɢ˘æŸG äGƒ˘˘£ÿG Pɢ˘ î˘ ˘JGh ,í˘˘ dɢ˘ °üŸG
.á©aG~ŸG äÓªM É¡«a Éà ,äÉLÉ«àM’G

19. 12 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Community Needs The key priorities or concerns of a øe m ≥jôa äÉeɪàgGh äÉjƒdhCG º∏°S ‘ êQ~æj Ée ∫hCG
»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG group of citizens in a specific geograph- hCG ᢢ«˘ aGô˘˘¨˘ L ᢢYƒ˘˘ª› ø˘˘ª˘ °V ¿ƒ˘˘YRq ƒ˘˘à˘ j Úæ˘˘ WGƒŸG
ic, demographic, or other classified
group. These needs can be collected
áØæ°üŸG äÉÄØdG øe áÄa …CG øª°V hCG IO~fi á«aGôZƒÁO
through a community mapping exercise ∫Ó˘N ø˘e äɢ˘Lɢ˘«˘ à˘ M’G √ò˘˘g ~˘˘°UQ ø˘˘μÁh .iô˘˘N’G C
to determine possible policy reform èeGÈdG QGôbEG ¤EG kÉ«©°S »q∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉeƒ≤e ~j~–
platforms. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ìÓ°UEG ∫É› ‘ É¡≤«Ñ£J øμÁ »àdG
Community Method to gather community resources √Oƒ¡L ¬«LƒJh Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG OQGƒe ™ª÷ á∏«°Sh
Organizing and efforts around a common issue or O~Y ΩɪàgG π¨°ûJ ácΰûe á«° b hCG ádCÉ°ùe ƒëf
cause that a significant number of peo-
»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º«¶æJ ple care enough about to take action,
∑ô˘ë˘à˘dG ¤EG º˘¡˘©˘a~˘jm π˘μ˘°ûH ¢Uɢ˘î˘ °TC’G ø˘˘e ÒÑ˘˘c
with the long term goal of building sus- AÉæH ‘ ~«©ÑdG i~ŸG ≈∏Y º¡æe kÉ©ªW ,É¡à÷É©Ÿ
tained citizen-based movements to Oƒ¡L ≈∏Y ~æà°ùJ »àdG áeG~à°ùŸG äÉcô◊G äGQ~b
improve the quality of life and enhance
º˘FɢYO ï˘«˘°Sô˘Jh ¢û«˘©˘ dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ™˘˘aô˘˘d Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG
the democratic environment.
.á«WGô≤Á~dG áÄ«ÑdG
Competition The process of different groups or hCG í˘dɢ°üŸG Üɢ뢰UCG ɢ¡˘«˘a π˘N~˘j »˘à˘dG ᢫˘ ∏˘ ª˘ ©˘ dG
á°ùaÉæe/¢ùaÉæJ
a a interests engaging with one another. ~°V má¡LGƒe ‘ ,º¡aÉ«WCG ±ÓàNG ≈∏Y ,äÉYƒªÛG
Competition is legitimized through
democratic practice (one of the best
~˘˘ª˘ à˘ °ùj …ò˘˘dG ,¢ùaɢ˘æ˘ ˘à˘ ˘dGh .¢ ©˘˘ Ñ˘ ˘dG º˘˘ ¡˘ ˘° ©˘˘ H
q
examples being elections), and can gen- IQÉ°TE’G ™e) á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SQɪŸG øe ¬à«Yhô°ûe
erate higher quality solutions and poli- √ò˘˘g ≈˘˘∏˘ Y ∫ɢ˘ã˘ e ™˘˘£˘ °SCG »˘˘g äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘ ˘à˘ ˘f’G q¿CG ¤EG
cy platforms which respond to com- π° aCG èeGôHh ∫ƒ∏M ¤EG »° Øj ¿CG øμÁ ,(äÉ°SQɪŸG
munity needs.
.»∏ÙG ™ªàÛG äÉLÉ«àMG »Ñ∏J äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ¿CÉ°ûH
Conflict of Interest A situation in which someone in a posi- ‘h á≤K ™°Vƒe ¿Éc øe ÊÉ©j ÚM ádÉ◊G √òg RÈJ
n
ídÉ°üŸG ÜQÉ° J tion of trust or authority, has competing á«æ¡ŸG ¬◊É°üe ÚH Ée mÜQÉ° J øe á£∏°ùdG ™bƒe
professional or personal interests, which
can make it difficult to fulfill duties impar-
πμH ¬JÉÑLGh AGOCG ¬«∏Y Ö©°üj å«ëH ,á«°üî°ûdGh
tially. A conflict of interest exists even if ‘ ≈˘˘à˘ M kɢ ° jCG í˘˘dɢ˘°üŸG ‘ lÜQɢ˘° J RÈjh .ᢢjOɢ˘«˘ M
no unethical or improper act results from hCG ¥ÓNCÓd m±Éæe π©a …CG É¡æY ÉC °ûæj ’ »àdG ä’É◊G
it and can create an appearance of impro- p
~≤ØoJh π©ØdG Gòg áë°U ‘ ∂qμ°ûoJ ~b ɉEG ,∫ƒ°UCÓd
priety that can undermine confidence in
the person/position/office. For example, ~ª©j ¿CÉc ,øjôNB’G á≤K Ö°üæŸG hCG ™bƒŸG hCG ¢üî°ûdG
if a board of directors or staff of a civic ᪶æe i~d ¿ƒ∏eÉ©dG ¿ƒØXƒŸG hCG IQGOE’G ¢ù∏› kÓãe
organization or campaign take actions ÒHG~àdG ¢ ©H PÉîJG ¤EG äÓª◊G QÉWEG ‘ hCG á«f~e
in the name of the organization or
coalition for personal interest of the
hCG á«°üî°T ídÉ°üŸ áe~N ±ÓàF’G hCG ᪶æŸG º°SÉH
k
interests of a third party. Clear guide- ÇOɢ˘ÑŸG í˘˘∏˘ ˘°üJ ∂dò˘˘ d .ådɢ˘ K ±ô˘˘ W …CG ᢢ ë˘ ˘∏˘ ˘°üŸ
lines spelled out in bylaws and memo- á«∏NG~dG ᪶fC’G ‘ OpônJ »àdG áë°VGƒdG á«¡«LƒàdG
randa of understandings serve to pre- ‘ ÜQÉ° J …CG ´ƒbh ¿hO ∫hDƒë∏d ºgÉØàdG äGôcòeh
vent actual, potential, or perceived con- q
flicts of interest. .πÑ≤à°ùŸG ‘ kÉ©bƒàe hCG kÓªàfi hCG kÉægGQ ¿EG ,ídÉ°üŸG

20. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 13
Consensus General agreement that involves seek- ±GôWC’G πc AGQBG ‘ åMÉÑàdG ≈∏Y ™«ª÷G ¥ÉØJG
q
≥aGƒJ ing and taking into account the view of ÚH ≥«aƒàdG ∂dòch ,QÉÑàY’G Ú©H ÉgòNCGh Ú«æ©ŸG
all parties concerned, and reconciling
any conflicting arguments. Consensus
»æ©j ’ ¥ÉØJ’G Gòg qøμdh .áHQÉ° àŸG ô¶ædG äÉ¡Lh
does not imply unanimity. Consensus π«Ñ°ùdG ƒg πH ,~MGh …CGQ ≈∏Y ´ÉªLE’G IQhô° dÉH
is a way of making decisions which ‘ ™«ª÷G ∑Gô°TEÉH íª°ùj ƒëf ≈∏Y äGQGô≤dG PÉîJ’
m
aims to include everyone in the process .Ú©fɪŸG I~≤Y πMh ºFÉ≤dG QÉ°ùŸG
and resolve any objections. q
Consolidation The consolidation of democracy is the ™°ShCG á«Yhô°ûe »WGô≤Á~dG ΩɶædG Ö°ùμoJ á«∏ªY
k p l
of Democracy process by which democracy becomes ≈∏Y π¡°ùj ’ ƒëf ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG ±ƒØ°U ÚH ≥ªYCGh
q m
so broadly and profoundly legitimatized
á«WGô≤Á~dG ~«WƒJ among its citizens that it is very unlike-
≈∏Y ∫~j ɉEG á«WGô≤Á~dG ï«°SÎa .¬∏«£©J íLQC’G
q
ly to break down. When democracy is ¿hO áÑ©∏dG √òg ~YGƒb ≈∏Y ÚæWGƒŸG º¶©e á≤aGƒe
consolidated, it has been accepted by äÉ«cƒ∏°ùdG ‘ Ò«¨J çG~MEG »° à≤j ƒgh ,ÉgGƒ°S
most citizens as the only game in town. á«WGô≤Á~dG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG ™«Ñ£J πLCG øe äÉ°ù°SDƒŸGh
The consolidation of democracy
involves behavioral and institutional ɢ˘eGC .ɢ˘¡˘ dƒ˘˘M Ωƒ˘˘ë˘ j …ò˘˘dG ∂°ûdG ¢ûeɢ˘g ¢ü«˘˘∏˘ ≤˘ Jh
changes that normalize democratic pol- á˘cQɢ°ûŸG ´É˘°ùJG Ö∏˘£˘à˘à˘a √ò˘g ™˘«˘Ñ˘£˘à˘dG ᢫˘∏˘ª˘ Y
itics and narrow its uncertainty. This á˘aɢ≤˘ã˘dGh ᢢ«˘ æ˘ WGƒŸG º˘˘«˘ gɢ˘Ø˘ e ô˘˘jƒ˘˘£˘ Jh ,ᢢ«˘ f~ŸG
normalization requires the expansion of
citizen access, development of demo-
õ˘˘cGôŸG ¤EG ∫ƒ˘˘°Uƒ˘˘dG ¢Uô˘˘a Ú°ù–h ,ᢢ«˘ ˘WGô˘˘ ≤Á~˘˘ dG
cratic citizenship and culture, broaden- ,∂dP øe ºgC’Gh ,m ´Gh Ê~e ™ªà› øª°V ájOÉ«≤dG
ing of leadership recruitment of a .»˘°Sɢ«˘°ùdG π˘ª˘©˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y »˘Jɢ°ù°SDƒ˘e ™˘Hɢ˘W Aɢ˘Ø˘ °VEG
mature civil society, and more impor- ÒjÉ©ŸÉH ¢SôªàdG á«WGô≤Á~dG oï«°SôJ Ö∏£àj ∂dòch
tantly, political institutionalization.
q
Consolidation requires that habituation π˘Fɢ°Sƒ˘dɢH äɢYGõ˘æ˘dG π˘M ≈˘Yô˘J »˘˘à˘ dG äGAGô˘˘L’Gh
q E
to the norms and procedures of demo- ìÉ‚ ô°S q¿GE ∫ƒ≤dG øY »æZh .Égôjƒ£Jh á«WGô≤Á~dG
q w
cratic conflict regulation be developed. ÒÑc ~M ¤EG äÉ°ù°SDƒŸG OÉ«àYG ‘ øªμj á«∏ª©dG √òg
A high degree of institutional routiniza-
x
tion is key to such process.
.äÉ°SQɪŸG øe §ªædG Gòg ≈∏Y
Constituency A portion of the population represent- hCG Öîàæe ø«©e ∫hDƒ°ùà πs㇠¿Éμ°ùdG øe AõL
n q
ÚÑNÉædG Qƒ¡ªL ed by a particular elected leader or .äɪ¶æŸG i~MEÉH
organization.
Constituent A citizen who lives in a legislator’s area ~˘MCɢH π˘ã˘ª˘à˘J á˘≤˘£˘æ˘e ø˘ª˘°V ¿ƒ˘°û«˘©˘j ¿ƒ˘æ˘ WGƒ˘˘e
hCG ¿ƒÑNÉf of representation. A CSO constituent º¡∏qã“ øjòdG ¢UÉî°TC’G ÉeCG .ÜGƒædG ¢ù∏› AÉ° YCG
may be physically located in the organi-
äɪ¶æŸG øe á∏㇠äÉÄa zation's area of work, or share common
kÉ«∏ªY Gh~LGƒàj ¿CG Rƒé«a Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe
interests which the organization advo- hCG É¡dɪYCG ᪶æŸG É¡«a ¢SQÉ“ »àdG IôFG~dG øª°V
cates towards. .É¡æY á©aG~ŸG ¤ƒàJ ácΰûe ídÉ°üe É¡H º¡©ªŒ

21. 14 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
Constitution Set of basic rules by which the govern- πªY º˘ q¶˘æ˘J »˘à˘dG ᢫˘°Sɢ°SC’G ÚfGƒ˘≤˘dG ø˘e á˘Yƒ˘ª›
Qƒà°SO ment of a state is organized, regulating ÚH äɢ˘bÓ˘˘©˘ dG ∂dò˘˘ch ∫h~˘˘dG ‘ º˘˘μ◊G äɢ˘°ù°SDƒ˘ e
the relationships between the legisla-
ture, the executive, and the judiciary.
.á«FÉ° ≤dGh ájò«ØæàdGh á«©jô°ûàdG äÉ£∏°ùdG
Contingency A percentage of a budget that is unas- ‘ ¢VôZ …C’ ¢ü°üîJ ’ »àdG ∫GƒeC’G øe áÑ°ùf
n
ÇQGƒ£dG »WÉ«àMG hCG ¢ü°üfl signed and can be used for unexpected á©bƒàŸG ÒZ äÉ≤Øæ∏d É¡dɪ©à°SG øμÁh ,áfRGƒŸG
expenses or increases in costs that were
not considered in the original budget.
á˘fRGƒŸG ɢgò˘NCɢJ ’ »˘à˘ dG I~˘˘FGõ˘˘dG ∞˘˘«˘ dɢ˘μ˘ à˘ dG hCG
.¿ÉÑ°ù◊G ‘ á«∏°UC’G
Counterpart, peer Someone who is of equal standing as ôNBG ¢üî°T ¬∏¨°ûj …òdG ¬JGP ΩÉ≤ŸG π¨°ûj ¢üî°T
l
Ò¶f another person in a group and who has .É¡JGP ΩÉ¡ŸÉH ™∏£° j ƒgh ,áYƒªÛG øª°V
a similar funciton.
Court A branch of government established ≥˘«˘Ñ˘£˘J ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùJ »˘à˘dG º˘μ◊G äɢ£˘ ∏˘ °S i~˘˘MEG
á°ù∏L/áªμfi
∏ to adminster the civil and criminal law. kÉ° jCG í∏£°üŸG Gòg Opôjh .á«FÉæ÷Gh á«f~ŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG
This is also a session of an official
body that has the authority to try
πncƒJ ᫪˘°SQ á˘Ä˘«˘g ɢg~˘≤˘©˘J »˘à˘dG ᢰù∏÷G ≈˘æ˘©Ã
cases, resolve disputes, or make other ‘ π˘°üØ˘dG hCG ,ihɢY~˘dG ‘ ô˘¶˘æ˘dG ᢫˘MÓ˘°U ɢ˘¡˘ «˘ dEG
legal decisions. .iôNC’G á«fƒfÉ≤dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG hCG ,äÉaÓÿG
Credibility The positive or negative view citizens ɢ¡˘«˘a ô˘¶˘æ˘j »˘à˘dG ᢫˘Ñ˘∏˘°ùdG hCG ᢫˘ Hɢ˘é˘ j’G Iô˘˘¶˘ æ˘ dG
E
á«bG~°üe have of a civic organization or cam- ¿CG øμÁh .á«f~ŸG äÓª◊G hCG äɪ¶æŸG ¤EG ¿ƒæWGƒŸG
paign. Credibility may be generated in
a number of ways, including a track
‘ ÉÃ ,πFÉ°Sh I~©H É¡à«bG~°üe IÒNC’G √òg Ö°ùàμJ
record of proven action, prestige in a ,É¡d Oƒ¡°ûŸG äGRÉ‚E’G øe πaÉM ïjQÉàH »∏ëàdG ∂dP
community as a result of familial or »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG •É°ShCG ÚH á©«aQ áfÉμà ™àªàdG hCG
ethnic ties, or other types of seniority hCG ,É¡ª«≤J »àdG á«æKE’G hCG á«∏FÉ©dG §HGhôdG áé«àf
such as age or gender. By creating
contrast through outreach and effec- øY ≈JCÉàJ »àdG á«≤Ñ°SC’G ∫Éμ°TCG øe πμ°T …CG π° ØH
tive message development, campaigns øe ,äÓª◊G ™«£à°ùJh .»YɪàL’G ´ƒædG hCG ôª©dG
can use the message to raise their ∫ɢ°üJ’G π˘Fɢ°Sh ÈY ɢ¡˘ª˘«˘≤˘J »˘à˘dG äɢfQɢ˘≤ŸG ∫Ó˘˘N
credibility, lower their opponents’
credibility, or both.
‘ IÒNC’G √òg ∞ qXƒJ ¿CG ,á«∏©ØdG ádÉ°SôdG ôjƒ£Jh
᢫˘bG~˘°üe º˘«˘£– hCG ɢ¡˘à˘ «˘ bG~˘˘°üe õ˘˘jõ˘˘©˘ J π˘˘«˘ Ñ˘ °S
.kÉ©e Úa~¡dG øjòg ≥«≤– π«Ñ°S ‘ hCG ,É¡eƒ°üN

22. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 15
D
Debate Face-to-face discussion between or ±ƒØ°U øª°V hCG ÚH ¬Lƒd kÉ¡Lh Qh~j …òdG ¢TÉ≤ædG
IôXÉæe/¢TÉ≤f á°ù∏L
∏ among citizens, candidates, and/or ÚÑîàæŸG ÚdhDƒ°ùŸG hCG/h ,Úë°TôŸG hCG/h ,ÚæWGƒŸG
elected officials on issues of concern
where different sides of an argument
≈æ°ùàj å«Mh ,º¡eɪàgG ÒãJ »àdG ¿hDƒ°ûdG ∫ƒM
q
are presented and defended. Debates á˘æ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘e ô˘¶˘f äɢ¡˘Lh Gƒ˘˘°Vô˘˘©˘ à˘ °ùj ¿CG ±Gô˘˘WCÓ˘ d
can occur at all levels of government or á˘aɢc ≈˘∏˘Y äɢ°Tɢ≤˘æ˘dG ~˘n≤˘©˘ oJ .ɢ˘¡˘ æ˘ Y Gƒ˘˘©˘ aG~˘˘«˘ a
a community, and serve as one tactic of
advocacy campaigns.
,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG hCG ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe ‘ äÉjƒà°ùŸG
.á«μ«àμJ á∏«°Sƒc á©aG~ŸG äÓªM Ég~ªà©Jh
Decency Degree to which formation and stew- ≈˘∏˘Y ô˘¡˘°ùdGh ~˘YGƒ˘≤˘ dG ™˘˘°Vh ≈˘˘∏˘ Y IQ~˘˘≤˘ dG i~˘˘e
∫ƒ°UC’G hCG ÜGOB’G IÉYGôe ardship of rules are undertaken with- .¢UÉî°TC’ÉH ádòŸG hCG iPC’G ¥É◊EG ¿hO øe É¡≤«Ñ£J
out harm or humiliation to people.
The concept is often applied when
áÄ«¡dG AÉ° YCG ô¶æj ÚM GC ~ÑŸG Gòg ≥Ñ£jo Ée kÉÑdÉZ
s
legislators consider reform or new I~˘˘j~÷G äGQOɢ˘ÑŸG hCG äɢ˘MÓ˘˘°UE’G ‘ ᢢ«˘ ©˘ jô˘˘°ûà˘˘dG
policy initiatives. .äÉ°SÉ«°ùdÉH á≤∏©àŸG
Decision-Maker A person who has the authority to cre- hCG çG~˘ë˘à˘°SG á˘£˘∏˘°S ¬˘«˘ dEG ~˘˘¡˘˘©˘ oJ …ò˘˘dG ¢ü°ûdG
n
QGô≤dG ™fÉ°U ate or change communal, organiza- á≤∏©àŸG ÚfGƒ≤dG hCG èeGÈdG hCG äÉ°SÉ«°ùdG πj~©J
tional, or governmental policies, pro-
.ºμ◊G äÉ°ù°SDƒe hCG äɪ¶æŸG hCG »∏ÙG ™ªàÛÉH
grams or laws.
Delegate An individual authorized to act as a ‘) ÖFÉædÉc ,ôNBG ¢üî°T π«ã“ ¢VƒØŸG ¢üî°ûdG s
Üh~æe representative for another, as a deputy ô“Dƒe ‘ ∑QÉ°ûj …òdG 烩џG hCG ,π«cƒdG hCG (¿ÉŸÈdG
or an agent, or as a representative to a
conference or convention;
.áæ«©e á¡L hCG áÄa øY π㪪c »ª°SQ ´ÉªàLG hCG
q
A representative, usually chosen äGô“DƒŸG QÉWEG ‘ ÉeEG kIOÉY √QÉ«àNG ºàj …òdG π㪟G
either in state caucuses or presidential äɢ˘Hɢ˘î˘ à˘ f’G hCG äɢ˘j’ƒ˘˘dG iƒ˘˘à˘ °ùe ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y ᢢ «˘ ˘Hõ◊G
primaries, who will be responsible for QÉ«àNG øY k’hDƒ°ùe ¿ƒ˘μ˘«˘a ,á˘j~˘«˘¡˘ª˘à˘dG ᢫˘°SɢFô˘dG
choosing presidential and vice presiden-
tial nominees at the national party con- ô“DƒŸG ‘ ¢ù«FôdG ÖFÉfh ¢ù«FôdG »Ñ°üæŸ ¬ë°Tôern
ventions every four years. Most delegates º¶©e ~¡©àjh .äGƒæ°S ™HQCG πc Üõë∏d »æWƒdG

23. 16 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
are pledged to support a specific candi- »°SÉFôdG í°TôŸG q¿GC kɪ∏Y ø«©e í°Tôe ºY~H ÚHh~æŸG
q
date. A majority of the delegates’ votes äGƒ°UCG ájÌcCÉH RÉa GPEG ’EG Üõ◊G í«°TÎH ≈¶ëj ’
at the convention is needed for a presi-
dential candidate to receive the party’s
í∏£°üŸG Gòg ∫ɪ©à°SG ™«°ûj .ô“DƒŸG ‘ ÚHh~æŸG
nomination. This term is used specifically .I~ëàŸG äÉj’ƒdG ‘ »HÉîàf’G ΩɶædG øª°V Gk ~j~–
within the U.S. electoral system.
Delegation When public decisions are transferred äÉÄ«g ¤EG áeÉ©dG äGQGô≤dG PÉîJG á«MÓ°U ádÉMEG ƒg
¢ jƒØJ to lower levels of government, civil hCG ,Ê~ŸG ™ªàÛG äɪ¶æe hCG ,káÑJôe ≈fOC’G ºμ◊G
society organizations, or any authority
outside the regular political administra-
á˘jQGOE’G ᢫˘∏˘ μ˘ «˘ ¡˘ dG êQɢ˘N ø˘˘e iô˘˘NCG ᢢ£˘ ∏˘ °S …CG
tive structure to implement programs èeGÈdG ≥«Ñ£J ÉgQh~H ¤ƒààd ,IOƒ¡©ŸG á«°SÉ«°ùdGh
on behalf of the government. .áeƒμ◊G º°SÉH
Deliberative Based on the principle that legitimate ~ªà°ùJ á«WGô≤Á~dG q¿ÉC H πFÉ≤dG GC ~ÑŸG ≈∏Y õμJôJ
q
Democracy democracy arises from the public delib- ÚH á˘jQÉ÷G ᢢeɢ˘©˘ dG äGQhɢ˘°ûŸG ø˘˘e ɢ˘¡˘ à˘ «˘ Yhô˘˘°ûe
eration of citizens. Activities associated
ájQhÉ°ûJ á«WGô≤ÁO
J with this process include citizen juries,
᢫˘∏˘ª˘©˘dG √ò˘¡˘H á˘£˘Ñ˘JôŸG á˘£˘°ûfC’G ɢ˘eCG .Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG
town hall meetings, public debates, and ,Úæ˘˘WGƒŸG qº˘˘° J »˘˘à˘ dG ÚØ˘˘∏ÙG ᢢĢ «˘ g π˘˘ª˘ °ûà˘˘a
citizen forums. ,™˘˘«˘ ª÷G Ωɢ˘eCG ᢢMƒ˘˘à˘ ØŸG ᢢeɢ˘©˘ dG äɢ˘Yɢ˘ª˘ à˘ L’Gh
.á«f~ŸG äÉj~àæŸGh ,áeÉ©dG ¢TÉ≤ædG äÉ°ù∏Lh
Democracy Political system in which the people ᣰûfCG ¬«LƒàH Ö©°ûdG ¬«a º¡°ùj »°SÉ«°S Ωɶf l
á«WGô≤ÁO share in directing the activities of the É¡«∏Y ô£«°ùJ »àdG ºμ◊G ᪶fC’ kÉaÓN ,ádh~dG
state, as distinct from governments
controlled by a single class, select
.§q∏°ùàe ºcÉM hCG áæ«©e áYƒª› hCG I~MGh á≤ÑW
q
group, or autocrat. The definition of á«Ø°ù∏a º«gÉØe πª°û«d ™°SƒJ ∞jô©àdG Gòg q¿GC ÒZ
q
democracy has been expanded to º˘˘qμ˘ ë˘ à˘ dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG ᢢ«˘ ˘∏˘ ˘gCGh ≥˘˘ M ≈˘˘ ∏˘ ˘Y O~˘˘ °ûJ
q
describe a philosophy that insists on ¬˘«˘∏˘ã‡ á˘£˘°SGƒ˘H hCG ô˘°TÉ˘Ñ˘em π˘μ˘°ûH ɢeEG ,¬˘Jɢ˘°ù°SDƒÃ
the right and the capacity of a people,
acting either directly or through repre- .á°UÉÿG ¬aG~gC’ kÉ≤«≤–
sentatives, to control their institutions
for their own purposes.
Disclosure The release, transfer, provision of hCG ,É¡H øjôNB’G ~jhõJ hCG ,É¡∏≤f hCG ,äÉeƒ∏©ŸG ô°ûf
øY ∞°ûc
c access to, or divulging in any other ¥É£f êQÉN âfÉc á∏«°Sh áqjCÉH ∫hG~àdG ‘ É¡©°Vh
manner of information outside the enti-
ty holding the information.
.É¡H ßØà– »àdG áÄ«¡dG
Disenfranchise(ment) Explicit or implicit revocation of, or ≥◊G Gòg íæe øY ´Éæàe’G hCG âjƒ°üàdG ≥M AɨdEG
âjƒ°üàdG ≥M øe ¿ÉeôM/~jôŒ failure to grant, the right to vote to a á«æ∏Y á≤jô£H ¢UÉî°TC’G øe áYƒª› hCG ¢üî°T ¤EG
person or a group of people.
.á«æª°V hCG

24. N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE 17
Districting Generally, the process of marking off or ≈∏Y É¡©jRƒJ hCG ≥WÉæŸG ~j~– á«∏ªY ,ΩÉY m¬LƒH
á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J
≤ dividing into districts - for example, into »˘∏˘ã‡ Üɢî˘à˘fG ±~˘¡˘H ᢫˘HÉ˘î˘ à˘ f’G ô˘˘FGh~˘˘dɢ˘c ô˘˘FGhO
electoral districts for the purposes of
electing representatives to a legislature.
á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘∏˘d Oƒ˘©˘j ~˘bh .᢫˘©˘jô˘°ûà˘dG á˘Ä˘«˘¡˘dG ‘ Ö©˘˘°ûdG
.á«HÉîàf’G ôFGh~dG º«°ù≤J ≥M É¡JGP ~ëH á«©jô°ûàdG
Diversity Situation in which a multiplicity of ¿CG øμÁ »àdG AGQB’G ájO~©àH íª°ùJ mádÉM øY ºæj q
´ƒæJ perspectives exist - possibly based hCG á«°SÉ«°ùdG hCG ᢫˘æ˘j~˘dG äɢæ˘jÉ˘Ñ˘à˘dG ≈˘∏˘Y õ˘μ˘Jô˘J
q on religious, political, racial, or other
differences.
.É¡«dEG Ée hCG á«bô©dG

25. 18 N ATIONAL D EMOCRATIC I NSTITUTE
E
Efficiency Characteristic of participation which á«HÉéjE’G èFÉàædG ≈°übCG ≥q≤– »àdG ácQÉ°ûŸG Iõ«e
á«∏YÉa gives maximum positive outcomes for ∫òH AÉ≤d ÚæWGƒŸG i~d ¢û«©dG iƒà°ùe Ú°ù– á¡÷
improving citizen's quality of life, for a
minimum level of effort, time, or
.OQGƒŸG hCG âbƒdG hCG Oƒ¡÷G øe Q~b πbCG
q
resources.
Election Decision-making process through Ú∏gDƒŸG ÚæWGƒŸG ∫ƒîJ »àdG QGô≤dG PÉîJG á«∏ªY
q
ÜÉîàfG which citizens of a State who are eligi- ¢üî°T QÉ«àNG πLCG øe º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OE’G âjƒ°üà∏d
ble to vote choose an individual or
group of individuals to hold public
á˘eɢ©˘dG Ö°UɢæŸG π˘¨˘°ûd ¢UɢTC’G ø˘e ᢢYƒ˘˘ª› hCG
office and work on their behalf. .º¡ª°SÉH πª©dGh
Election Day/ The day on which the voters come to ´GÎb’G õcGôe ¤EG ¿ƒÑNÉædG ¬«a ¬Lƒàj …òdG Ωƒ«dG
Polling Day the polls and cast their votes to elect .º¡JOÉb ÜÉîàfGh º¡JGƒ°UCÉH A’OEÓd
their leaders.
´GÎb’G Ωƒj/ÜÉîàf’G Ωƒj
Election Monitoring/ Gathering of information regarding an á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG øY mäɢeƒ˘∏˘©˘e ™˘ª˘é˘H π˘ã˘ª˘à˘J
Observation electoral process by an organization √òg ‘ πN~àdÉH kÉ«F~Ñe É¡d íª°ùjo ’ m᪶æe ~j ≈∏Y
which is not inherently authorized to
q n
äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe intervene in the process. Unbiased
,¿h~jÉfi ¢UÉî°TCG ᪡ŸG √òg ‘ ∑QÉ°ûjh .á«∏ª©dG
l
accredited persons, domestic or inter- …CG øY ∞°ûμ∏d ‹h~dGh »∏ÙG ™ªàÛG º¡H~àæj
q
national, participate to detect any fraud .á«HÉîàf’G á«∏ª©dG ‘ ¢ûZ hCG ôjhõJ
or cheating in the electoral process.
Election Monitor/ Accredited person participating in elec- .äÉHÉîàf’G áÑbGôe á«∏ªY ‘ ácQÉ°ûª∏d Ü~àæoj ¢üî°T
n
Observer tion observation. Can be domestic or .‹h~dG hCG »∏ÙG ÖbGôŸG áØ°U πªëj ¿CG øμÁh
international.
äÉHÉîàf’G ÖbGôe