Scientific & Technological Perspective: Future of Energy Storage With Graphene Oxide (GO) Paper Presentation By Radhey Shyam Meena In International Conference On Advanced in Power Generation From Renewable Energy Sources APGRES 2015, June 15-16, 2015 Rajasthan Technical University Kota

1. Scientific & Technological Perspective:
Future of Energy Storage With
Graphene Oxide (GO)
Paper Presentation
By
Radhey Shyam Meena
In
International Conference On
Advanced in Power Generation From
Renewable Energy Sources
APGRES 2015, June 15-16, 2015
Rajasthan Technical University Kota

2. Inside the Presentation
Application of Graphene Oxide
Meaning of Energy Storage & Its Technology
Advances in Synthesis of Graphene Oxide
Future Outlook & Conclusion
Reference
Graphite, Graphite Oxide, Graphene Oxide
Why We Present....Beauty of GO

3. Graphite
• Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon, a semimetal,
a native element mineral, and one of the allotropes of
carbon along with diamond. Graphite is the most
stable form of carbon under standard conditions.
• Graphite may be considered the highest grade of
coal,it is difficult to ignite.
• Graphite has a layered, planar structure. In each layer,
the carbon atoms are arranged in a honeycomb lattice
with separation of 0.142 nm, and the distance
between planes is 0.335 nm

4. • Graphite occurs in metamorphic rocks as a result of
the reduction of sedimentary carbon compounds
during metamorphism. It also occurs in igneous rocks
and in meteorites.
• Minerals associated with graphite include quartz,
calcite, micas and tourmaline.
Applications of Natural & Synthetic Graphite
• Refractories
• Batteries
• Steelmaking
• Lubricants
• Brake lining
• Foundry Facings
• Others
• Scientific Research
• Electrodes
• Powder and Scrap
• Neutron Moderator
• Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Plastics
• Radar Absorbent Materials

5. Graphite oxide
• Graphite oxide, an oxidized
form of graphite was first
discovered by Benjamin in
1859.

6. Graphene Oxide • Graphite oxide consists of
several stacked Graphene
layers that have been
decorated with oxygen
containing functional groups,
such as hydroxy, epoxy, and
carboxylic acids.
• Complete exfoliation of
graphite oxide gives rise to
Graphene oxide (GO), which is
a single Graphene sheet
factionalized with oxygen
containing functional groups.
• Graphene is a 2D “ flat-mat ”
consisting of a honeycomb-like
structure of carbon atoms with
sp2 bonding character for each
carbon.
• It exhibits excellent electrical
conductivity and mechanical
strength, and can be
synthesized in a number of
ways.

8. Advances in Synthesis of Graphene Oxide
• Modified Hummers’ Method
• Tour’s Method

9. Hummer's Method
• A water free mixture of
concentrated sulfuric acid
(H2SO4), sodium nitrate
(NaNO3), and potassium
permanganate(KMnO4)
was prepared and
maintained below 45 °C
to oxidize graphite for 2 h.
• A mixture of concentrated
H2SO4 , K2S2O8 , and
P2O5 at 80 °C for several
hours. The pretreated
mixture was diluted,
filtered, washed, and
dried after which
oxidation using Hummers’
method was applied.
• The degree of oxidation
and overall yield of GO
has been extensively
improved by this method
in comparison to other
method

10. Schematic diagram of the modified Hummers’ method for GO preparation

11. Tour’s Method
• To improve the modified Hummers’ method in
the overall degree of GO oxidation as well as
minimize the generation of hazardous gases.
(NO2 , N2O4 , or ClO2)
• Replacement of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) with
an increased amount of potassium
permanganate for the oxidation reaction.
• In addition, phosphoric acid in a 9:1 mixture of
H2SO4 /H3PO4 was introduced into the reaction
flask.

12. A comparison of procedures and yield of the starting material left over after
oxidation using different approaches.

13. Two chemical oxidation techniques have been used to convert
graphite into GO:
• (i) potassium chlorate with
conc. nitric acid and
• (ii) potassium permanganate
with conc. sulfuric acid and
optionally phosphoric acid.
• most commonly used
oxidation agents are
KMnO4 and H2SO4 . The
reactivity of MnO4
− can
only be activated in acidic
solution, and is described
using the following
equations

15. Currently, graphene is one of the hottest materials and it can be applied for
various energy storage and sensors devices.preparation methods available for
graphene
• Micromechanical exfoliation,
• Chemical vapor deposition,
• epitaxial growth,
• arc discharge method,
• intercalation methods in
graphite,
• unzipping of CNTs
• electrochemical and
chemical method.
• Each method have its own
advantageous and
disadvantages. Among all of
these methods, chemical
method is the efficient and
profitable method for the
production of bulk quantity
of graphene towards
applications in
electrochemical sensors
and energy storage devices.
and environmentally friendly.

16. Meaning of Energy Storage & Its Technology
• Energy storage is accomplished by devices or
physical media that store energy to perform useful
processes at a later time.
• Energy storage involves converting energy from forms
that are difficult to store (electricity, kinetic energy,
etc.) to more conveniently or economically storable
forms. (A windup clock stores potential energy,
rechargeable battery,hydroelectric dam, etc.)
• Storing energy allows humans to balance the supply
and demand of energy. Energy storage systems in
commercial use today can be broadly categorized as
mechanical, electrical, chemical, biological and
thermal.

17. Storage Methods
• Mechanical storage
• Hydroelectricity
• Thermal storage
• Electrochemical
• Rechargeable
battery- (lead –acid,
nickel cadmium
(NiCd), nickel metal
hydride (NiMH),
lithiumion (Liion), and
lithium ion polymer.)
• Flow battery
• Supercapacitors
• UltraBattery

18. Electrical methods
• Capacitor
• Electromagnetic storage

19. Applications
• Applications of GO/RGO in Energy
Storage
High surface area, good electrical conductivity and
large-scale processability, RGO has been widely
used as electrode materials in supercapacitors
and lithium-ion batteries.
Improved batteries with faster charge rates and greater capacity

21. GO/RGOs as Supercapacitors and/or
Ultracapacitors
• Supercapacitors are devices that are capable of storing energy
and releasing it within a short time interval with a high power
capability and large current density. They also present a high
charge propagation, small size and ultra-long cycling life.
• Therefore, it has been proven that supercapacitors can act as
perfect complements for batteries, and their joined
performances are considered to be promising power supplies
for many applications such as ecofriendly automobiles, artificial
organs, portable electronics, etc.
• Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLC), pseudo-
capacitors
• high surface area, good electrical conductivity, and large
electrode porosity for high ion diffusion.
• GO not only acts as a separator, but also functions as an
electrolyte, which allows the devices to function as a
supercapacitor without adding any external electrolytes.

23. GO/RGO Application in Lithium Ion Batteries
• The most widely used electrode materials in
LIBs are lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and
graphite.
• The role of RGOs in LIB is usually as a
supporting matrix for the active anode and/or
cathode materials, and may sometimes contain
engineered nanostructures to facilitate lithium
ion diffusion and prevent volume expansion

24. Different structure of RGOs in LIB anode materials

25. Water Purification
• Around 1.1 billion people all over the world lack
access to clean water and about 1.6 million
people die every year because of diseases
caused by polluted water
• coating of GO onto coarse sand surfaces
followed by 150 ° C annealing resulted in a
“super sand” material that can adsorb mercuric
ions and rhodamine B dyes from contaminated
water more effi ciently than the pristine sand
• GO can remove radionuclides from water

26. Biological Applications of GO
• GO in pristine form can form highly stable
suspensions in water. Various functional groups
on its surface enable its modifi cation to make it
soluble in other biological systems too.
• GO-based drug delivery and bio-imaging
systems.
• Multimodality contrast enhancement in
photoluminescence imaging and MRI has been
reported using fl uorinated GO.
• Use of GO functionalized with iron oxide
nanoparticles for in vivo imaging and
photothermal therapy for cancer treatment has
been also demonstrated

27. Beauty Of GO
• Graphene transistors could
make smaller, faster
electronic chips.
• Graphene sheet is a million
times thinner than a human
hair.
• Graphene is 200 times more
resistant to breakage than
steel.
• In a computer, the hottest
spots – microprocessors for
the most – reach
temperatures that range
between 55 and 115°C (160
to 240 ° F). By applying a
layer of graphene
• Carrier mobility was roughly
30 times greater than that of
conventional zinc
oxidebased contact layers.
• Used in photovoltaic cells,
electric vehicle batteries, and
data centers processors.
• Graphene is more
conductive than copper,
perfectly transparent, and
totally flexible.

28. • Generates 30 times more
power per volume unit than
the thinnest solar cells
known (made either of
gallium arsenide, silicon, or
indium selenide) which are
one micron thick, and whose
performance near 30 %.
• Graphene and molybdenum
layers disulfide performance
could theoretically reach
10%.
• capable of conferring
considerable strength to
ordinary materials
• Possible to charge a
smartphone in less than ten
minutes.
• A graphene battery
powering an electric car.
boasts performance which
is incommensurate with the
most efficient lithiumion
battery: it is 100 to 1000
times more powerful and
three to four times denser.
• Future electric vehicles
equipped with ultrareliable
capacitors instead of
expensive and heavy
batteries.

29. Future Outlook & Conclusion
• It is a material that offers flexibility and tunability
for a wide range of applications and more
importantly, its synthesis can be easily scaled up
to industrial scales.
• Advances in research have also been devoted to
characterizing the nature and role of different
functional groups attached to GO and how their
density, functionality, and position (on the edge
or basal plane) affect the intrinsic optical,
electronic/ionic, and chemical properties.
• Chemists are going to play a key role in
developing more refi ned synthesis techniques
that will allow for tuning the band structure of GO
for desired applications in flexible
optoelectronics, energy storage, and bio-sensing.

30. REFERENCES
• Daniela C. Marcano, Dmitry V. Kosynkin, Jacob M. Berlin, Alexander Sinitskii,
Zhengzong Sun, Alexander Slesarev, Lawrence B. Alemany, Wei Lu, and James M.
Tour. Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide. ACS Nano 2010 4 (8), 4806-4814
• Cote, L. J., Cruz-Silva, R. & Huang, J. Flash reduction and patterning of graphite
oxide and its polymer composite. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 11027–11032 (2009).
• El-Kady, MF. et al. Scalable fabrication of high-power graphene micro-
supercapacitors for flexible and on-chip energy storage. Nat. Commun. 4:1475 doi:
10.1038/ncomms2446 (2013).
• William S. Hummers Jr. and Richard E. Offeman. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide.
Journal of the American Chemical Society 1958 80 (6), 1339-1339 DOI:
10.1021/ja01539a017
• [14] The royal socity of chemistry and Dept. Of elctrochemistry webpage from iits.
• [16]A. Nourai, R. Sastry, and T. Walker, “A vision & strategy for deployment of energy
storage in electric utilities, ” in Proc. IEEE Power Energy Soc. Gen. Meet.,
Minneapolis, MN, Jul. 2010.
• [17] L. Guo, Y. Zhang, and C. S. Wang, “A new battery energy storage system control
method based on SOC and variable filter time constant, ” in Innovative Smart Grid
Technologies (ISGT), 2012 IEEE PES, Jan. 2012, pp. 1 –7.

31. Thanks to all......
Special Thanks goes to
(APGRES-15,Coordinator, RTU-K)
&
(EED, SBCET-J), Tagore Group Kcity
Any Queries
?