Mobility of Ground Vehicles:
US MILITARY VIEW
a overview primer and reference source guide:
(vintage 2003)
Jim Lutz – Quest Systems Inc. June 2003
JLutz@quest-systems-inc.com

MILITARY “…ITIES”
• Agility Very specific terms, each with a military usage
• Deployability definition and appropriate metrics,
quantification and measurement procedure.
• Survivability
• Maintainability
Frequently expressed in an “ORD”:
• Mobility
(Operational Requirements Document) with
• Maneuverability “Threshold” and “Objective” targets.
• Sustainability
• Reliability
• Trafficability
• Lethality
•
• And on & on ….. but no “motivity”…
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 2

MILITARY DEFINITIONS:
• mobility. [JP 1-02] (DoD, NATO)
– A quality or capability of military forces which permits them to move from
place to place while retaining the ability to fulfill their primary mission.
• trafficability. [JP 1-02] (DoD, NATO)
– Capability of terrain to bear traffic.
– It refers to the extent to which the terrain will permit continued movement of
any and/or all types of traffic.
• maneuver. [JP 1-02] (DoD, NATO)
– A movement to place ships or aircraft in a position of advantage over the
enemy.
– A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in
imitation of war.
– The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause it to perform desired
movements.
– Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement in combination with
fire, or fire potential, to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy
in order to accomplish the mission.
• agility.
– The ability of friendly forces to act faster than the enemy.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 3

MILITARY DEFINITIONS:
• strategic level of war. [JP 1-02] (DoD)
– The level of war at which a nation or group of nations determines national or alliance
security objectives and develops and uses national resources to accomplish those
objectives. Activities at this level establish national and alliance military objectives;
sequence initiatives; define limits and assess risks for the use of military and other
instruments of power; develop global or theater war plans to achieve those objectives; and
provide armed forces and other capabilities in accordance with the strategic plan.
• operational level of war. [JP 1-02] (DoD)
– The level of war at which campaigns and major operations are planned, conducted, and
sustained to accomplish strategic objectives within theaters or areas of operations.
Activities at this level link tactics and strategy by establishing operational objectives
needed to accomplish the strategic objectives, sequencing events to achieve the
operational objectives, initiating actions, and applying resources to bring about and sustain
these events. These activities imply a broader dimension of time or space than do tactics;
they ensure the logistic and administrative support of tactical forces, and provide the
means by which tactical successes are exploited to achieve strategic objectives.
• tactical level of war. [JP 1-02] (DoD)
– The level of war at which battles and engagements are planned and executed to
accomplish military objectives assigned to tactical units or task forces. Activities at this
level focus on the ordered arrangement and maneuver of combat elements in relation to
each other and to the enemy to achieve combat objectives.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 4

STRATEGIC MOBILITY:
… the transport of forces over continental and
intercontinental distances
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 5

OPERATIONAL MOBILITY:
the ability to swiftly allocate and relocate
forces within a theater of crisis or war.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 6

TACTICAL MOBILITY:
• needed when a force is in
immediate contact with its
adversary.
• Direct confrontation with an
enemy imposes at least two
mobility requirements:
• Good off-road mobility is
an important precondition
of being able to evade
enemy action and exploit
unexpected avenues of
approach.
• Agility -- a combination of
high speed, good
acceleration, and the
ability to \"zig-zag\"--is also
key to being able to
respond flexibly to rapidly
changing opportunities
and challenges.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 7

Tactical Mobility
must consider:
– vehicle weight loading in combat
conditions
– rapid transitions from pavement to ?
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 8

MILITARY DEFINITIONS:
• Combat.
– The purposeful application of force by a military or paramilitary organization
through fire and maneuver to destroy the capacity and will of a like
organization with competing goals and objectives.
• Combat Support (CS).
– Fire support and operational assistance provided to combat elements.
Combat support includes artillery, air defense artillery, engineer, military
police, signal, and military intelligence support.
• Combat Service Support (CSS).
– The essential capabilities, functions, activities, and tasks necessary to
sustain all elements of operating forces in theater at all levels of war. Within
the national and theater logistic systems, it includes but is not limited to that
support rendered by service forces in ensuring the aspects of supply,
maintenance, transportation, health services, and other services required by
aviation and ground combat troops to permit those units to accomplish their
missions in combat. Combat service support encompasses those activities
at all levels of war that produce sustainment to all operating forces on the
battlefield.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 9

MILITARY WHEELED VEHICLES:
vehicle size vs. “usage”
Wheeled Vehicles:
Usage ( primary function)
Combat
Combat
Service
Support Special
Support
(CS) Combat Ops
(CSS)
civilian commercial
Tahoe &
LIGHT: class 2A (6,500 Suburban
to 8000lbs) class 2B H1, H2, H1 & all HD HMMWV, HMMWV, HMMWV,
size - cargo capacity category
(8,500 to 10,000lbs) pickups pickups CUCV HMMWV, IFAV IFAV
MEDIUM: class 6 & 7 MTVR FMTV ASV FMTV
(19,500 to 33,000lbs) 5-Ton MTVR 5-Ton FMTV ASV
M915, M916,
PLS, HEMTT,
HEAVY: class 8 & up HETS LVSR HEMTT
(>33,000 lbs) LVSR M871A3 M871A3 HIMARS
LAC-25
Light Armored LAV-25 Stryker Stryker
Heavy Armored M1977
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 10

US MILITARY TRUCK FLEET OVER TIME
450000
400000 20244
20507
350000
300000
158661 206487 HEAVY
250000
30474 MEDIUM
200000
LIGHT
83551
150000
100000 205819 174989
124170
50000
0
1980 1987 2007
TOTALS 384,987 401,720 238,195
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 11

Trucks Provide the Logistical Backbone to the Army
The US Army has a fleet of over 246,000 tactical wheeled vehicles and
drives 823 million miles annually.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 12

Key documents for all military vehicles:
• Mission Needs Statement (MNS).
– [TR 350-70] A broad statement of mission need for a deficiency which can
only be satisfied by a materiel solution. A MNS will be prepared for all Army
acquisition programs regardless of acquisition category.
• Operational Requirements Document (ORD).
– [TR 350-70] A formatted statement containing performance (operational
effectiveness and suitability) and related operational parameters for the
proposed system. The operational requirements document will be initially
prepared during Phase 0, Concept Exploration and Definition. It will be
updated during Phase 1, Demonstration and Validation.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 13

Distinctions for military vehicles
vs. civilian/commercial practice
• Fully loaded in “COMBAT trim” is the
primary weight condition for military vehicle
mobility!
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 14

Soldier Human Factors Criteria:
• Military vehicles must
accommodate 5th% female to 95th%
percentile male “soldier” with “gear
& equipment”
• 95% soldier \"weight with gear”:
1 Crewman 295 pounds
2 Crewmen 566 pounds
3 Crewmen 828 pounds
4 Crewmen 1080 pounds
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 15

Building Blocks for Military
Mobility Analysis & Simulation
Surface Topography -
Vehicle Platform
Terrain Classification &
Mobility “profile”
Visualization
Modeling &
Simulation tools:
NRMM-II
(VehDyn, OBSMOD)
ADAMS-DADS
Surface-Soils Tire / Track
Characterization Ground Interaction
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 16

Surface Topography -
Digital Terrain
Terrain Classification &
Visualization
Elevation Data [DTED]
DTED Post
• In support of military applications, the # Points
Level Spacing
National Imagery and Mapping Agency
(NIMA) has developed standard digital
1 100m 90,000
datasets (Digital Terrain Elevation
Data (DTED®)) which is a uniform
matrix of terrain elevation values which 2 30m 810,000
provides basic quantitative data for
systems and applications that require
3 10m 5,000,000
terrain elevation, slope, and/or surface
roughness information
4 3m 21,250,000
5 1m 506,250,000
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 17

Surface Topography -
High Resolution Data:
Terrain Classification &
Visualization
1-meter Light Detection and Ranging
(LIDAR/LADAR)
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Terrain Visualization
Surface Topography -
Terrain Classification &
(click on picture)
Visualization
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Definition of Terrain Types by
Surface – Soils
Classification
“Surface Roughness” (RMS):
• Super Highways: 0.1 to 0.3 inch RMS
– Multi-lane, high speed, high density, limited access roads such as Autobahns and
Interstate highways.
• Primary Roads: 0.1 to 0.3 inch RMS
– Two or more lanes, all weather, maintained, hard surface roads with good driving
visibility used for heavy and high density traffic. These surface roads have lanes with a
minimum width of 2.7m(9 ft) and the legal maximum GVW/gross combined weight for
the country or state is assured for all bridges.
• Secondary Roads: 0.1 to 0.6 inch RMS
– Two Lane, all weather, occasionally maintained, hard or loose surface roads intended
for medium weight, low density traffic.
• Trails: 0.1 to 2.8 inch RMS
– One lane, dry weather, unimproved, seldom maintained, loose surface roads intended
for low density traffic. Trails have a minimum lane width of 2.4m (8 ft), no large
obstacles ( boulders, stumps, logs) and no bridging.
• Off-Road: 0.6 to 4.5 inch RMS
– Vehicle operations over virgin terrain which has nor previous traffic and over combat
and pioneer trails.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 20

Surface – Soils
Surface Roughness
Classification
• Military expresses surface roughness in “RMS” values of inches
• Operational Requirements Document (ORD) for military vehicles
will express ride quality on specific test courses with measured
RMS values: example from HMMWV ORD
3.12.1 Ride Limiting Speed
The HMMWV shall attain no more then 6 watts average vertical absorbed power, as
measured at driver's location, while negotiating the following Root Mean Square
(RMS) ride courses at speeds listed below, with the tires at normal tire pressure:
6-watt speeds
RMS (inches) 1 1.5 2 2.5
MPH 30 20 15 13
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 21

Comparing Mobility
Surface Topography -
Terrain Classification
& Visualization
Test Courses:
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 22

Surface Topography -
Test Courses at
Terrain Classification
& Visualization
Nevada Auto Test Center (NATC)
NATC Engineering Development Courses
Roughness (RMS) Values
Course Name RMS Value
Gravel Oval 0.2”
1/2” RMS 0.5”
1” RMS 1”
1.4” RMS 1.4”
2.4” RMS 2.4”
3.6” RMS 3.6”
Sine Wave Oval – Long Amplitude Section 0.7”
Sine Wave Oval – Large Amplitude Torsional 0.9”
Section
Alternating Bumps (Dirt) 0.7”
Perryman I 0.3”
Perryman II 0.4”
Perryman III 2.8”
Belgian Block 0.5”
3” Spaced Bump 0.9”
2” Washboard 0.7”
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 23

Surface – Soils
Basic Trafficability Factors:
Classification
• Factors that affect ground (soil) trafficability:
– Soil Strength & Sinkage:
• Load bearing & traction capacities of soils are functions of their
shearing resistance
• Shearing resistance is measured by cone penetrometer and expressed
in terms of Cone Index(CI)
– Stickiness
• May seriously hamper vehicles operating in wet, fine grained soil (e.g.
mud accumulation)
– Slipperiness
• Excess water or a layer of soft, plastic soil overlying a firm layer
• Vegetation when wet on a slope, may cause immobilization of rubber
tired vehicles.
• Problem even on soils with high bearing capacities
– Variations with Weather
• Loose sands improve trafficability through an increase in adhesion
during rainy periods
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 24

Surface – Soils
Classification
Unified
Soil
Classification
System:
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 25

Surface – Soils
Classification
Rating Cone Index
• In vehicle off-road mobility, soil strength is a dominating factor.
• Soil strength at a given place and time is expressed in terms of its
RCI (Rating Cone Index of soil strength).
• The larger the RCI, the stronger the soil.
• rating cone index (RCI):
– The measured Cone Index multiplied by the remolding index (RCI = CI
x RI).
– The RCI expresses the soil-strength rating of a soil area
subjected to sustained traffic.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 26

Surface – Soils
Classification
Wet-Season Trafficability of Soils
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BOSNIA:
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Golan Heights
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Tire / Track
Sinkage of Wheeled Vehicles
Ground Interaction
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 30

Tire Sinkage vs. Tire Diameter
Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
9000# pickup
8.4
8.2
Rating Cone Index = 25
Tire Width = 10”
8
Tire Sinkage (in)
Vehicle Weight = 9,000 lb
Number of Wheels = 4
7.8
Tire Deflection = 1”
Tire Section Width = 8”
7.6
Tire Diameter varied between 30” to 40”
7.4
7.2
32 34 36 38 40
Tire Diameter (in)
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 31

Tire / Track
Tire Sinkage vs.Tire Width
Ground Interaction
9000# pickup
Rating Cone Index = 25
Tire Width varied between 8” to 16”
10 Vehicle Weight = 9,000 lb
Number of Wheels = 4
Tire Sinkage (in)
Tire Deflection = 1”
8 Tire Section Width = 8”
Tire Diameter = 33.5”
6
10 12 14 16
Tire Width (in)
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 32

Tire / Track
Vehicle Cone Index
Ground Interaction
• Platform’s gross vehicle weight and its footprint determine
resultant ground pressure imparted on the soil
• Soil strength, coupled with vehicle’s ground pressure, determine a
parameter called “Vehicle Cone Index” (VCI)
• The VCIN (Vehicle Cone Index for N vehicle passes) is a vehicle
characteristic and is the minimum value of RCI at which that
vehicle can successfully complete N passes in the same ruts,
given that the vehicle is moving on level ground at a slow, steady
speed and not pushing or towing.
– VCIN is determined either by experiment or through calculations and
is closely related to nominal unit ground pressure but incorporates
other factors in the overall vehicle-soil relation.
– The lower the VCIN, the better the basic performance of the
vehicle in fine grained soils.
– the term VCI will assume to mean VCI1, (soil rating cone index for
one vehicle pass, unless otherwise specified).
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 33

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 34

VCI values for
Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
US Military Vehicles
weight VCI VCI # of
Vehicle lbs. (one pass) (50 pass) wheels tire size
16
HTTV 6200 4 35x12.50 R17LT
19 44
M151 \"Jeep\" 3180 4 7.00x16
20 47
M998 HMMWV 7500 4 37x12.50x16.5
31 70
M1028 old CUCV 9300 4 LT235/85 R16
32 72
LAV-25 27700 8 12.00 R20 XML with CTI
35/29
Stryker LAV-III 38300 8 12.00 R20 XML with CTI
25 58
Tank M1A1 125000 tracks
28 64
Tank M1A2 140000 tracks
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 35

Tire / Track
M1028: “old CUCV”
Ground Interaction
• Comments from Desert Storm:
– LTC KILGORE: Okay. As far as the
reliability of a CUCV, it was less than
desirable, especially in this
environment. The HMMWV [M-998-
series High-Mobility Multi-Wheeled
Vehicle], I thought, stood up very well,
especially with the rocky ground and the
soft sand that we had to go over. Many
times, you know, they just got stuck in M1028
The M1028 is a 5/4 ton tactical truck cargo
the soft sand, especially your deuce and
shelter carrier, General Motors Model K30903
a halfs [2.5-ton trucks] where you had Pickup. Military tasks include carrying the S-250
Communications Shelter. Military requirements
numerous problems with transfers, include all of the following: air transportability;
transmissions, due to the soft sand, blackout lights; camouflage paint; engine
diagnostic connector assembly; military markings;
clutches, things of that nature that were multi-purpose towing/tiedown eyes; nuclear,
biological, and chemical (NBC) warfare protection;
impacted by the terrain itself.
NBC kit provisions; radio mounting provisions;
rear pintle hook with trailer wiring connector;
slave-start capability; S-250 shelter equipment
tiedowns; towing capability; weapon holders;
winterization kit add-on capability.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 36

Predicted VCI for
Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
Commercial ¾ ton Pickups:
Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle
VCI @ VCI @ VCI @ VCI @
15% 20% 25% 30%
condition m odel & body tire size
prod base curb 24.2 22.5 21.3 20.3
prod base at GVW 2500HD, crew cab, 4x4
(9200 #s) LT245/75R-16 28.4 26.4 25.0 23.9
Duramax, short bed
BATUS \"General 2500HD, crew cab, 4x4
Purpose\" @ 9200# Duramax, short bed LT285/75R17 24.1 22.5 21.2 20.3
COMBATT curb 20.3 18.9 17.8 17.0
2500HD, extended cab,
COMBATT GVW 37x12.5LT17E 22.7 21.1 19.9 19.1
short bed, 4x4, Duramax
Border Patrol
\"Enhanced\" 2500HD, extended cab, LT285/75R16 24.6 22.9 21.7 20.7
short bed, 4x4,
Border Patrol \"SORV\" LT315/75R16 24.0 22.4 21.1 20.2
Duramax
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 37

Tire / Track
VCI & speed requirements
Ground Interaction
for vehicles with CTIS
• From Light Tactical Vehicle ORD:
– The LTV single pass cone index (VCI1, fine grained) shall have
a value no greater than 22 at tire inflation pressure for cross-
country.
– The calculated VCI1 shall employ the deflection ratio effect
algorithms as defined in NRMM version 2.5.7.
– The cross-country tire pressure will allow the vehicle to maintain
speeds of at least 50 mph for continuous operation on secondary
roads and trails.
– The sand/mud/snow tire pressure will allow the vehicle to achieve
speeds of at least 15 mph
– the emergency tire pressure will allow speeds of at least 5 mph.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 38

Central Tire Inflation Systems
• Current & Proposed US Military Vehicles with CTI
systems:
– M939A2 5-Ton
– M939A0, A1 5-Ton (USMC):
– M1074, M1075 Palletized Loading System 20-Ton [PLS]
– Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles
– Light Medium Tactical Vehicle 2-1/2-Ton
– Medium Tactical Vehicle 5-Ton
– Heavy Equipment Transporter [HET] Tractor (only)
– Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement 7-Ton [MTVR](USMC)
– LAV-III
– Heavy Expanded Mobile Tactical Truck 10-Ton (new buy and rebuild??)
– Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR) (USMC)
– HMMWV A2: Several systems proposed, none accepted by US Army or
USMC (available as an option on commercial Hummer)
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 39

Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
Central Tire Inflation Systems
• CTIS allows a vehicle operator to maintain traction and mobility
over wide variations of terrain and soil types through
adjustments to tire pressure, while the vehicle is in motion.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 40

Tire / Track
CTIS “Settings”
Ground Interaction
• Under the conditions for
which the pressures were
developed (usually full load)
the tire pressures roughly
correspond to:
– Highway:
10 - 15% deflection
– Cross-Country:
25 - 30% deflection
– Mud, Sand, And Snow:
30 - 35% deflection
– Emergency:
35 - 40% deflection.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 41

Tire / Track
Tire Pressure & Deflection
Ground Interaction
There is a tire deflection appropriate
for any load and speed.
For high speed operations tire
deflections should be in the 10%
range.
For low speed operations tire
deflections can be in the 20-30%
range.
Increasing tire deflection increases the
tire footprint.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 42

Tire Foot Print
Tire / Track
Ground Interaction
vs. Tire Pressure
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 43

Vehicle Mobility
Mobility on Slopes:
“profile”
• Typical ORD for Light Tactical vehicle:
– Up/down on 60% grade
– 40% side slope operation
• NRMM will evaluate a vehicle platform
operating on a given terrain profile.
• Each terrain data point is tested three
times in NRMM for “Go/No-Go”
– Vehicle traveling up-slope
– Vehicle traveling down slope
– Vehicle traveling side slope
• Tested at GVW & GCVW (with trailer at its
GVW)
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 44

Ride Quality Requirements:
Vehicle Mobility
“profile”
HMMWV ORD
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 45

Technology can improve military
vehicle ride quality!
Data courtesy of MillenWorks – Dr. Anderfaas
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 46

NATO Reference Mobility Model
(NRMM)
• NRMM II is an Army standard model for determining vehicle mobility
performance, primarily by predicting maximum vehicle capable speeds.
• The NRMM is a computer-based simulation tool that can predict a vehicle's steady-
state operating capability (effective maximum speed) over specified terrain.
– a set of equations and algorithms that predict a particular vehicle's performance in a
prescribed terrain based on vehicle physics and terrain properties.
– The main prediction module considers vehicle, terrain, and vehicle-terrain independent
scenario data such as weather conditions to determine the maximum possible speed
versus resisting force at which the vehicle can operate.
• The primary prediction product of NRMM is the vehicle's \"speed-made-good\"
(i.e. effective maximum speed) per terrain unit.
– Speed predictions and limiting force calculations can be determined for on-road, off-road,
and obstacle crossing maneuvers.
• revised and updated throughout the years:
– the current version is version 2.5.9a, also known as NRMM II.
– a matured technology that was developed and proven by the Waterways Experiment
Station (WES) and the Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) over several
decades.
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NRMM “NO-GO” Requirements:
HMMWV ORD example
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NRMM treatment
of “obstacles”:
• The effect of a linear obstacle on maximum speed is determined by
using two look-up tables. The first is a table of average and
maximum (resistance to motion) forces and minimum clearances
based on standard obstacle descriptions.
– If the minimum clearance is greater than the vehicle clearance, the
maximum force is used to determine if there is enough available
traction to cross the obstacle.
– If either the clearance or maximum traction tests fail, NRMM II predicts
“no-go”. Otherwise, the average force is added to the total
resistance, which is used to calculate the maximum vehicle capable
speed across the obstacle.
– The second table contains vehicle speed versus obstacle height and is
used to limit speed due to vehicle and driver acceleration tolerance
(2.5g).
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 51

Obstacle Crossing Performance of Vehicles
(double click on pictures)
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 52

Obstacle Crossing Background
NRMM II is the Army standard for determining vehicle
mobility performance, and its primary output is amobility
NRMM II is the Army standard for determining vehicle prediction
of maximum vehicle primary output is a prediction of maximum
performance, and its capable speeds. Simplified, the
prediction procedure forSimplified, the prediction procedure for
vehicle capable speeds. determining the speed during an
obstacle crossing can during an obstaclefollows: can be
determining the speed be outlined as crossing
outlined as follows:
1. Develop a tractive-force speed given vehicle characteristics
curve given vehicle
1. Develop a tractive-force speed curve
characteristics and strength. type and strength.
and terrain type and terrain
2. Determine thetotal of the the various resistances to motion
2. Determine the total of various resistances to motion (slope,
vegetation, obstacle, sinkage, …).
(slope, up or calculate speed.
vegetation, obstacle, sinkage, …).
3. Look
3. Look up or calculate speed.
4. Limit speed based on other environmental conditions (visibility,
braking ability, surface roughness, …).
4. Limit speed based on other environmental conditions
(visibility, braking ability, surface roughness, …).
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 53

Notional Tractive-Force Speed Curve
Maximum Traction From Soil
Vehicle Operating Region
TRACTIVE FORCE
Maximum Speed
Speed Limit Based on
Obstacle Force
Other Criteria
Theoretical
Vegetation Force
Power-Train
Curve
Slope
Motion Resistance
SPEED
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 54

Resistance due to an Obstacle
• Data tables of average and maximum resistance forces based
on standard obstacle descriptions.
• Data for these tables are produced using OBSMOD, a 2-D
simplified force balance model. (subroutine within NRMM)
• The tables are interpolated and the average and maximum
resistance forces are used to:
1. Determine available traction to cross the obstacle.
2. Use average resistance to get predicted speed.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 55

NRMM II Standard Obstacles
Approach angle > 180 Approach angle < 180
TRENCH
Height
BERM
Width Width
Obstacle Spacing
Obstacle
Length
Diagrams of obstacle measurements
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 56

VEHDYN III Animation M1097, 3 mph
(click on picture)
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 57

Terrain features Used by NRMM
• Slope
• Vegetation stem spacing
• Obstacle geometry
• Soil Type
• Soil Strength
• Surface Roughness (RMS)
• Visibility ( line of sight)
• Snow
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 58

What does all this provide the
warfighter & planner?
Surface Topography -
Vehicle Mobility
Terrain Classification &
“profile”
Visualization
TACTICAL
Modeling &
DECISION
Simulation tools:
NRMM-II
AIDS:
(VehDyn, OBSMOD)
ADAMS-DADS
•Go–NoGo Maps
Surface-Soils Tire / Track •Speed over terrain
Characterization Ground Interaction
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 59

Tactical Decision Aids
• The output of GIS
& NRMM software
can produce a
“Mobility Map”:
– A standardized land
area in which terrain
surface composition,
surface geometry
and vegetation are
defined
– GIS & NRMM will
show GO & NO-GO
segments for the
specific vehicle over
this terrain
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 60

DoD Ground Vehicle Testing:
• The U.S. Army Developmental Test
Command (DTC) is the “vehicle testing
capital of the world.”. DTC has been
designated as the Department of
Defense’s (DOD) overall lead for all
land vehicle testing.
– Aberdeen Test Center, Maryland
– Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona
– Cold Regions test Center, Fort Greely,
Alaska
– Tropic Test Site, Hawaii
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 61

Aberdeen Mobility Test:
18 Inch Step
HMMWV's Ability to Maneuver Standard Obstacles
18\" Step
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 62

Aberdeen V-ditch Test:
Typical ditches in
Operation Iraqi Freedom
HMMWV's Ablility to Maneuver Standard
Obstacles - Aberdeen V-ditch
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 63

High Mobility Trailer (HMT)
• Family of Light Cargo (M1101)
– Heavy Cargo (M1102) and
Chassis Type
• Companion Trailers for HMMWVs
• Payloads
M1101 1,500 Lb. 3,400 Lb. GVW
M1102 2,500 Lb. 4,200 Lb. GVW World’s Best
Chassis 2,800 Lb. 4,200 Lb. GVW Cross-Country
• Cross-Country Speed Trailer
– Required, 15 MPH Avg.
– Achieved, 18+ MPH
• Enhancements
– Steel Drawbar and Brake Actuator
• Requires HMMWV Towing Kit
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 64

Future Military Trucks
• C130 transportability
• Increased survivability
• 10 - 20T payload
• Reduced curb weight
• Improved mobility
• Improved fuel economy
• Improved command and control
• Unit Price constraint
• 2 man crew
• Non-lethal capabilities
• Suppress enemy troops
• ISO container
Where we are headed…..
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 65

Tactical Wheeled Vehicle Vision
FY 03 OBJECTIVE
TRANSITION FROM FY03 TO OBJECTIVE FORCE
FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11
FY02
CURRENT FORCE (HET, PLS, HEMTT, M915, FMTV, HMMWV)
M1A2SEP TANKS IN SERVICE IN FY30
REPLACE & UNIT ACTIVATIONS (ADRS)
PLS contract ends FY07
HEMTT funding linked to ESP
FTTS
OBJECTIVE FORCE
MANEUVER SUSTAINMENT
RDT&E
MS MS MS
UTILITY
A B C
INTERIM FORCE (HEMTT-LHS, FMTV, HMMWV)
HEMTT ESP contract ends FY07
FMTV contract ends FY08
HMMWV contract ends FY07
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 66

Vehicle mobility in the 3rd world…
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 67

Backup information:
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 68

Tactical Mobility in
Operation Iraqi Freedom
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 69

Fuel is the Second Largest Demand
on the Battlefield
Clothing
Package Petroleum
0.5%
0.2%
Food
2.7%
Bulk Petroleum
38.6%
Water
51.1%
Barrier Materials
2.7%
Ammunition
1.6%
Medical
Comfort Items
Major End Items Repair Parts 0.2%
1.1%
1.1% 0.2%
Next to Water, Fuel has the Most Tonnage on the Battlefield:
39% of the Demand
70
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 70

Future Combat Systems (FCS)
Mobility Requirements
• FCS units should be capable of traversing all anticipated land
environments, to include, but not limited to, urban, complex,
open and rolling terrain without compromising tactical unit
integrity. An in-stride water obstacle crossing capability will be
considered for selective applications. (MNS, 2.c.3.f)
• This force should possess unsurpassed battlefield agility in
terms of maneuver, cross-country (dash and sustained) and
hard surface speeds. (MNS, 2.c.3.f)
Draft MNS from Solicitation
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 71

Future Tactical Truck System Requirements:
Agility
% of Terrain Crossed Over Time
Primary 33% / Secondary 33% / Cross Country 34%
Fording Capability
48” (T) / 60” (O) without kit (MSV)
40” (T) / 60” (O) without kits (UV)
Operational Environmental Range
All Environment Capable in Ambient Air Temperatures -
o o o o
25 F to 120 F & -50 F to 120 F with a kit (T)
MAINTAIN PACE WITH THE WARFIGHTER /
OPERATE WITHIN SAME ENVIRONMENT
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 72

June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 73

Soil’s “Coefficient of Traction”
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 74

Soils & Surfaces Comparison:
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 75

June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 76

Increased Importance of Wheeled
Vehicles ……..
ARMY VISION
• RESPONSIVE
• DEPLOYABLE
- 1 BRIGADE IN 96 HOURS.
“Soldiers on point for the
- 1 DIVISION IN 120 HOURS.
Nation transforming this,
- 5 DIVISIONS IN 30 DAYS. the most respected Army
• AGILE in the world, into a
strategically responsive
• VERSATILE
force that is dominant
• LETHAL
across the full spectrum of
• SURVIVABLE
operations.”
• SUSTAINABLE GEN ERIC K, SHINSEKI,
CSA
“Nothing happens until something moves”
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 77

PRIMARY MILITARY VEHICLE PRODUCTION LOCATIONS
Partnering with Industry...
PALLETIZED LOAD SYSTEM
HMMWV
HEAVY EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER SYSTEM
AM GENERAL CORP.
HEAVY EXPANDED MOBILITY TACTICAL SOUTH BEND, IN
TRUCK
OSHKOSH TRUCK CORP (OTC)
OSHKOSH, WI
PLS TRAILERS
OTC TRAILER
BRADENTON, FL
HETS SEMITRAILER
SYSTEMS & ELECTRONICS, INC.
ST LOUIS, MO
ASV
PLS FLATRACKS
FAMILY OF MEDIUM TACTICAL VEHICLES (FMTV) TEXTRON
NEW ORLEANS, LA SUMMA CORP
STEWART & STEVENSON SERVICES, INC.
HUNTSVILLE, AL
SEALY, TX
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 78

AMERICA’S ARMY BY
COMPONENT FY2001
National Guard (NG)
44%
Army Reserve (USAR)
18%
Active Component (AC)
38%
*Combat *Combat Support *Combat Service Support
NG 54%
USAR 31%
NG 39% USAR 44%
NG 26%
USAR
<1%
AC 45% AC 30% AC 29%
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 79

Light Fleet - USMC
Potential Industry Involvement
Ongoing Acquisition Initiatives
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 80

HMMWV
• Description: Light, highly mobile, diesel-powered, four wheel drive
vehicle that uses a common chassis.
• Units Affected: The majority of Combat, CS, CSS.
• Qty Req: 41,654
• Programmed: 1,926 (FY03 - FY07)
• Qty OH: 29,240
• Short: 10,488
• Unit Cost: $77K
Note: There is a shortage of 2,699 up-armored
HMMWV’s (included in the above shortage),
at per unit cost of $185K.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 81

Medium Fleet - USMC
Potential Industry Involvement
Ongoing Acquisition Initiatives
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 82

HEMTT
• Description: Performs line and local haul, unit resupply,
and related missions in a tactical environment.
• Units Affected: A majority of Combat, CS and CSS units.
• Tanker: Qty Req: 2,077
• Programmed: 502 (FY03-07)
• Qty OH: 1,303
• Short: 272
• Unit Cost: $305K
• Wrecker: Qty Req: 1,023
• Programmed: 55 (FY03-07)
• Qty OH: 609
• Short: 359
• Unit Cost: $360K
•Note: The ARNG HEMTT cargo fleet is well.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 83

Heavy/Special Fleet -USMC
Ongoing Acquisition Initiatives
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 84

Family of Medium Tactical
Vehicles (FMTV)
• Description: Consists of a common truck chassis that is used
for several vehicle configurations in two payload classes and
two tactical trailers.
• Units Affected: The majority of Combat, CS & CSS.
• Qty Req: 34,287
• Programmed: 2,113
– (FY03=467,
FY04=1163, FY05=483)
• Qty OH: 501
• Short: 31,673
• Unit Cost: $180K
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 85

22 1/2T Semi Trailer
(M871A3)
• Description: A commercially designed 22-1/2 ton semi-
trailer used where a limited degree of off-road mobility is
required. Prime mover is the FMTV 5 ton tractor.
• Units Affected: CS & CSS units.
• Qty Req: 5,057
• Programmed: 639 (Thru FY05)
• Qty OH: 2,495
• Short: 1,923
• Unit Cost: $35K
Note: Normally purchased for the FMTV
at a ratio of 2 trailers to 1 truck.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 86

HMMWV tire change in
Iraqi Freedom
• Note tire tread pattern
• Note tire size and section
width
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 87

21ST CENTURY TRUCK
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 88

Future Military Trucks:
ORD Starting Point
Threshold Capabilities:
Sustainability
• Reliability – MTBF > duration of Pulsed Operations
• Maintainability – Self-reporting, no special tools,
No TMDE, and No Spares
Agility
• Higher Mobility Rated Speed: 50% increase
• Must be able to go where
Deployability
FCS goes and bypass built up
• C130 Roll on/Roll off w/load
Areas to deliver support
• Ready to support off the ramp
Lethality Without vehicle preparation or
Transportability waivers
Survivability
Versatility • Designed upfront to provide
• Advanced Load Handling
time definite and assured
• Interchangeable/Intermodal Operation
delivery
• On Board Power & water Generation
• Reduced Emissions and
• Deliver integrated, common, formed
Signature
Packaging
Responsiveness
• Greater Fuel Efficiency 100 - 200%
• Dynamic Movement Tracking and Re-routing
• Greater Range 600 – 900 miles
• Integrated C4ISR
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 89

Future Tactical Truck System (FTTS):
Concept Design Goals
Deployability
• C130J
• Rail envelopes GIC, B, AAR, British Rail gauge W5
• Meets US and NATO highway requirements
• Transport an 8’6” ISO container under a 4m overhead
obstruction
Mobility
• Improved fuel economy
• Improved cross-country traversing characteristics
• Increased range
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 90

USMC HMMWV A2 Fielding
Status:
• In Production
• Fielding Began December 1999
• MPF-E Fielding to begin Jan 2002
• Fielding to Complete Oct 2010
The HMMWVA2 is scheduled to replace the aging fleet of more than 17,000
HMMWVs that were originally fielded to Marine Corps units in the mid-1980s.
System upgrades include: microprocessor-controlled engine electrical start
system; improved braking system; more powerful EPA certified engine;
electronically controlled transmission; 15-year corrosion prevention and access
panels to facilitate maintenance. The use of hot dip galvanization and electro-
deposition coating of selected parts improves system durability in the highly
corrosive environment that Marines often train and operate in.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 91

Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement:
MTVR
Schedule
• Low Rate Production On-going
• IOT&E Completed
• FOT&E Started
• Milestone III Pending
• Variant Development 2000 - 2003
• Initial Fielding 2001
• Full Fielding 2004
Replaces the 5-ton Fleet and Provides:
• Greater off-road mobility 70% vs. 30%
• Greater off-road speed 30 vs 15 mph
• Greater lift capacity
•Cross Country 7.1 tons vs. 5
•Highway 15 tons vs. 10
• Improved RAM-D 4,000 MMBOMF
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 92

FMTV A1 Description
Strategically Responsive
Technical Onboard Material Handling
A0 & A1 Share
Equipment Available
Characteristics Same Basic Capabilities
• Incorporates Proven
Program Events
Commercial Components
(CAT, Allison, Arvin Meritor, • FUE JUL ‘00
Dana ...)
• Fielded 500 Vehicles to
• Meets or Exceeds Applicable Units at Ft Carson, Ft. Lewis
Federal Motor Vehicle and Hawaii
Standard System (FMVSS)
• Digitization Installation to
• Meets Applicable EPA IBCT
Emission Standards
•Trailer FUE 3rd Qtr FY01
• Best Corrosion Resistance of
Dual-circuit Four Channel Air
Any Vehicle in Army Inventory
Anti-lock Braking System, With
Exhaust Brake
CAT- 3126 (7.2 Liter)
Heavy-duty 6 Cylinder
Allison Automatic/Select
Turbocharged Diesel,
7 Speed, Electronically
Improved Cooling, EPA
Controlled Transmission
Compliant SAE J1708/J1939 All Wheel Drive, Electronic
Databus for Interactive Electronic CTIS, Superior Mobility & Ride
Technical Manual (IETM) Interface Quality
& Diagnostics
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 93

FMTV Integrates New
Technology for Objective Force
21ST CENTURY
HORIZONTAL TECHNOLOGY
INTEGRATION (HTI) TRUCK
• Digitization • Hybrid Electric Drive
(FBCB2, EPLARS, DVE, MTS) Propulsion
• Battery Health & Maint Package • Advanced Diesel
Shatter Resistant Glass - Cab Prototype Test
Propulsion Systems
• Advanced Lighting Package
• Variable Speed Transmission
• Collision Warning Suite
• Advanced Structures & Composites
• Weight Sensor
for Dump
• Variable Height Active Suspension Systems
Truck
• Advanced Crew Station
Reconfigurable Controls & Displays
• Movement Tracking System, GPS, Collision
Avoidance System
• Signature Management & Lightweight
Modular Armor
January 2001
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 94

LIGHT FLEET MOD PATH
VEHICLES
1960-83 1984-2001 2002-2014 2002-2015
M151 “JEEP” CUCV HMMWV HMMWV
GAMA GOAT HMMWV HMMWV HMMWV
M880 RECAP COMBATT*
MULE
MISSIONS
UP ARMOR
C4I
CARGO
TROOP TRANSPORT
* COMMERCIAL BASED
WEAPONS PLATFORM
TACTICAL TRUCK.
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 95

MEDIUM FLEET MOD PATH
1960-1994 1994-1999 2000-2015
2-1/2 TON LMTV LMTV
MISSIONS: 2-1/2 TON ESP MISSIONS:
MISSIONS:
CARGO CARGO
DUMP
TANKER VAN
TRACTOR
VAN
1960-1980 1983-84 1985-86 1988-1996 1996-2015
5 TON M939 M939A1 M939A2 MTV
MISSIONS:
CARGO MISSIONS:
TRACTOR TANKER
WRECKER WEAPONS
VAN
DUMP
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 96

HEAVY TACTICAL DESIGN FLEET
MOD PATH
1965-1985 1983-2008 1994-2015 2008-2015
GOER HEMTT PLS HEMTT II
HI-MOBILITY HETS HEMTT ESP
5 TON HEMTT PLS
M911/M747 RECAP HETS
NEW USES PLS:
MISSIONS: TRACTOR FUEL MODULE
CARGO ENGINEER
TANKER MODULES
WRECKER FORWARD REPAIR
TANK TRANSPORT SYSTEM - HEAVY
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 97

HEAVY FLEET COMMERCIAL
DESIGN MOD PATH
1978-1980 1985 1992-1994 1998-2015
M915 M915A1 M915A2 M915A3/5
M916 M916A1 M915A4 (ESP)
M916A2
MISSIONS:
PULL FUEL TRAILERS
CARGO TRAILERS
ENGINEER EQUIPMENT TRAILERS
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 98

MILITARY DEFINITIONS: MOUT
• Military Operations on
Urbanized Terrain (MOUT):
– All military actions planned
and conducted on a
topographical complex and
its natural terrain, where
man-made construction is
the dominant feature.
– It includes combat-in cities,
which is that portion of
MOUT involving house-to-
house and street-by-street
fighting in towns and cities
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 99

PORTABILITY
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 100

Relevance
June 2003 Prepared by Jim Lutz - Quest Systems Inc. 101