Adrenal gland, pancreas , ovaries, & testes histology, hormones secreted and its actions

1. Endocrinology
Princess Alen I. Aguilar

2. • Are closely associated with the kidneys
• A gland sits atop each kidney like a cap and
is embedded in the mass of adipose tissue
that encloses the kidney.
• Very vascular; hormones secreted are steroids
• Consist of two parts:
• Adrenal medulla- central portion; consist of irregularly
shaped cells organized in groups around blood vessels; a
modified postganglionic neurons
• Adrenal cortex- outer part; composed of closely packed
masses of epithelial cells, organized in layers;
• Layers are form an
• OUTER ( Glomerulosa )
• MIDDLE ( Fasciculata )
• INNER ( Reticularis )
•Adrenal glands

3. •Adrenal Gland
Divided into 2:
• Adrenal Medulla
• Adrenal Cortex

4. •Adrenal Gland’s histology

5. •Adrenal Gland Hormones

6. •Adrenal Medulla Hormones
Comparative Effects of Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Part or Function
affected
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Heart Increases rate and force of contraction Increases rate and force of
contraction
Blood vessles Dilates vessels in skeletal muscle,
decreasing resistance to blood flow
Increases blood flow to
skeletal muscles, resulting fro
constriction of blood vessels
in skin and viscera
Systemic Blood
pressure
Increases somewhat due to increased
cardiac output
Increases greatly due to
vasoconstriction
Airways Dilates Dilates slightly
Reticular
formation of brain
Activates Produces little effect

7. • Hypersecretion of cortisol
• Causes include a tumor of the
Adrenal gland or a tumor that
secrets ACTH, which is turn
stimulates the secretion of
cortisol.
• Characterized by breakdown
of muscle proteins and
redistribution of body fat,
resulting in spindly arms and
legs accommpanied by
rounded “moon face”-
“Buffalo hump”.
•Adrenal Gland Disorders
Cushing Syndrome

8. • Hyposecretion of
glucocorticoids and
aldosterone
• Chronic adrenocortical
insufficiency
• Majority of cases are
autoimmune, in w/c Ab’s
causes adrenal cortex
destruction or blocking
binding of ACTH to its
receptors.
•Adrenal Gland Disorders
Addison’s Disease

9. • Usually a benign
tumor of the
chromaffin cells of
the Adrenal Medulla
• Pheo= Dusky;
chromo= Color;
cyto= cell
• Causes
hypersecretion of
epinephrine and
norepinephrine
• Resulting to prolonged
version of the fight-or-flight
response; rapid heart rate,
high blood pressure,
hyperglycemia/glucosuria,
an elevated basal
metabolic rate, flushed
face, nervousness,
sweating, and decreased
gastrointestinal motility.
• Tx- surgical removal of
tumor
•Adrenal Gland Disorders
Pheochromocytomas

10. • Consist of two major types of secretory tisues which
reflects its dual function as an exocrine and
endocrine gland
• Exocrine-secretes digestive juices
• Endocrine=releases hormones
• Elongated, somewhat flattened organ posterior to
stomach and behind the pariental perotnonium;
• Endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of groups
of cells that are closely asstd, with blood vessels-
these groups forms “islets of Langerhans/ pancreatic
islets”
• Which includes two distinct type cells:
• Alpha cells- secretes glucagon
• Beta cells- secrets insulin
Pancreas

11. •Pancreas

12. Pancreatic Hormones
Control of secretion Principal Action
Decreased blood level of
glucose, exercise. And mainly
protein meals stimulate
secretion; somatostatin & insulin
inhibit secretion
Glycogenolysis;
gluconeogenesis and releasing
glucose in blood
Increased blood level of
glucose, acetylcholine,
arginine and leucine (2 aa),
glucagon GIP, hGH, & ACTH
stimutae secretion;
somatostatin inhibits secretion
Intercellular glucose transport;
glycogenesis, decreaseing
glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis; increases
lipogenesis and stimulates
protein synthesis
Pancreatic polypeptide inhibits
secretion
Inhibits secretion of insulin and
glucagon; slows absorption of
nutrients from GI tract
Meals containing protein,
fasting, exercie, and acute
hypoglycemia stimulate
secretion; somatostatin and
elevated blood glucose level
inhibit secretin
Inhibits somatostatin secretion,
gallbladder contraction &
secretion of pancreatic
digestive enzymes.

14. •Pancreatic Disorder
• Inability to produce or
use insulin
• Hallmark:
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Polyphagia
• Type 2 (NIDDM)-
more common;
Adult onset
• Diabetes arises not
from a shortage of
insulin but because
target cells becoe
less sensitive to it due
to down-regulation
of insulin receptors.
Diabetes mellitus
• Type 1 (IDDM)
• Occurs because the
person’s immune system
destroys the pancreatic
beta cells
• Juvenile;
• can develop ketoacidosis

15. • Often results when a diabetic injects too
much insulin; main symptoms is
Hypoglycemia- which stimulates the
secretion of epinephrine, glucagon, &
GH.
• As a consequence- anxiety, sweating,
tremor, increased heart rate, hunger
and weakness occur.
• Sever hypoglycemia leads to mental
disorrientation, convulsions,
unconsciousness and shock.
• Insulin Shock
Hyperinsulinism
Pancreatic Disorder

16. • The ovaries are located in the pelvic
cavity and produce estrogens,
progesterone and inhibin. Theses sex
hormones govern the development and
maintenance of female secondary sex
characteristics, reproductive cycles,
pregnancy, lactation and normal
female reproductive functions.
• The testes lies inside the scrotum and
produce testosterone and inhibin. These
sex hormones govern the development
and maintenance of male secondary
sex characteristics and normal male
reproductive functions.
•Ovaries and Testes

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