Hanne-Dorthe Emborg, DVM, PhD National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark

1. Effects of the termination of non-therapeutic antimicrobials (NTA) on overall drug usage, resistance and productivity in the Danish swine and broiler industry Hanne-Dorthe Emborg, DVM, PhD National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark

2. Development in pig herd structure in Denmark Denmark has The world’s largest export of pork Highly modern production Well educated farmers High level of animal welfare, hygiene and management 80% increase in production in 20 years

4. Highly modern production

5. Well educated farmers

6. High level of animal welfare, hygiene and management

8. Termination of non-therapeutic antimicrobial (NTA) use in Denmark In 1995, the Danish Minister for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries banned the glycopeptideavoparcin In 1997, avoparcin was suspended in EU In 1998, virginiamycin, a streptogramin, was banned in Denmark Early 1998, the Danish cattle and broiler industries voluntarily decided to stopped all use of NTA’s, and the pig industry stopped all use of NTA’s in pigs over 35 kg (Fines imposed on those not agreeing to phase out.) In July 1999, 4 NTA’s were suspended in EU: spiramycin, tylosin, bacitracin and virginiamycin In 1999, EU banned olaquindox and carbadox due to toxicity to humans The remaining use of NTA’s in Danish pigs was voluntarily phased out during 1999 (Fines imposed on those not agreeing to phase out.) In the European Union, all NTA’s were phased out by the end of 2005

9. Antimicrobial use in Danish swine production No sales profit Avoparcin ban Virginiamycin ban Ban on NTA use for finishing pigs Ban on NTA use for weaning pigs NTA

10. Comparisons of tetracycline and macrolide consumption in danish pig production 1992-2008

11. Production of poultry and consumption of NTA and therapeutic antimicrobials

12. Consumption of antimicrobials in Denmark

13. Consumption of antimicrobials in Denmark and the USA * Based on data from Animal Health Institute and USDA

14. Effects on resistance The purpose of the interventions were to reduce a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance in food animals The NTA’s used in Europe had mainly activity against Gram positive bacteria. Thus, susceptibility in Salmonella and E. coli are not relevant as an indicator for NTA termination

15. Occurrence of VRE Avoparcin consumption and resistanceto avoparcin among E. faecium

16. Macrolide consumption and resistance to macrolides among entorococci from pigs

17. Macrolide consumption and resistance to macrolides among Campylobacter coli from pigs

18. Macrolide consumption and resistance to macrolides among Staphylococcus hyicus from pigs

19. Virginiamycin consumption and resistance to virginiamycin among E. faecium from pigs and broilers

20. Conclusions Major increase in Danish food animal production Total antimicrobial consumption reduced from 100 to 49 mg/kg (51%) from 1992 to 2008 Major reductions in resistance to the antimicrobial agents which were reduced, among animal pathogens, indicator bacteria and zoonotic bacteria

21. Broiler productionPercent dead broilers in total (Nov. 1995 – June 2002) NTA stop Data: Danish Poultry Council

22. Temporal association between NTA termination in weaners and productivity measures in weaners Data: National Committee for pig production