1. Unit 2 Content
2.1 Coals
Fossil fuels and petroleum products
- Formation of coals
- Uses of coals
2.2 Petroleum (crude oil)
- Formation of petroleum
- Petroleum refinery
- Petrochemical Products
Chemistry IV: SCI 32222
Content Energy Consumption
2.3 Polymers
• Per capita energy consumption
- Polymerization reactions
- Structures of polymers
- Synthetic and natural polymers
2.4 Pollutions produced by petrochemical industry and
uses
Energy Consumption Energy Consumption
Energy consumption in the US Energy consumption in the US
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2. Energy consumption in Thailand
Energy Consumption
Energy consumption in the US
TOE = Thousand tons of Oil Equivalent;
1 TOE = 10,000 kcal
•Energy consumption in Transportation •Energy consumption in Industry
•Energy consumption in Residential
Energy from Fossil Fuels
• The combustion
of fossil fuels –
coal, natural gas,
and petroleum –
provided nearly
85% of all the
energy used in the
world.
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3. Energy from Fossil Fuels Energy from Fossil Fuels
• Every time we use an • Fossil fuels are non-
electrical device, energy renewable energy
flows from a power resource. It is not
station to the device you unlimited.
are using. • Once they have been
• Most of our electricity burned we cannot
comes from the burning replace them.
of the fossil fuels.
Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuel energy resources include
• Petroleum • These are all
– Oil (liquid) hydrocarbons,
– Natural gas (gas!) consisting of mainly
– Oil (Tar) sands (solid) carbon and hydrogen
– Oil shale (solid)
• The hydrocarbons form
• Coal from buried organic
matter
• World commercial energy sources for electrical
power:
2.1 Coals
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4. What is Coal? Coal
• Coal is our most abundant fossil fuel resource. • Coal forms from organic plant material on land
• It is a complex mixture of organic chemical
substances containing carbon, hydrogen and • Plant material accumulates in swamps in a tropical
oxygen in chemical combination, together with or semi-tropical environment
smaller amounts of nitrogen and sulfur.
• This organic part of coal has associated with it • Again, the organic material is buried progressively,
various amounts of moisture and minerals. leading to increases in temperature and pressure
http://www.bydesign.com/fossilfuels/links/html/coal/coal_create.html
Formation of coals
• Swampy environments on land
• Land plants appeared about 400 million years
ago
• Anaerobic conditions
• Burial
• Heat and pressure
Formation of coals
• So, the conversion is:
– plant material => peat => coal
– matter is compressed, water is squeezed out,
and density increases
• Coal mainly found between layers of
sandstone and shale
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5. Types of Coal
Types of Coal:
Lignite (lowest quality)
Sub-bituminous coal
Bituminous coal
Anthracite (highest quality)
http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalform.htm
Types of Coal Types of Coal
• Lignite coal, or brown coal, is a very soft coal that
contains up to 70% water by weight.
• Lignite (volatile-rich) • Sub-bituminous coal contains less carbon and
more water, and is therefore a less efficient source
Increasing grade • Sub-bituminous of heat.
due to higher
temperatures and • Bituminous • Bituminous coal, or soft coal, contains between
pressures
69% and 86% carbon by weight and is the most
• Anthracite abundant form of coal.
• Anthracite coal is a dense, hard rock with a jet-
• Graphite black color and a metallic luster.
(metamorphosed, no volatile
substances, so will not burn)
In general, lower grades of coal have more volatile, or
gaseous, components
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
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6. Uses of coals
About 90% of coal production is burned to produce • Coal is burning in a boiler to heat water to produce
electricity. steam.
• The steam, at tremendous pressure, flows into a
- Coal that is going to be burned in solid form may go
turbine, which spins a generator to produce
through a variety of preparation processes. electricity.
- The simplest of these is removing foreign material and
• The steam is cooled, condensed back into water,
screening for size. Large pieces may be crushed, or the
and returned to the boiler to start the process over.
whole mass pulverized to a certain size.
Uses of coals
Inside the power station
Inside the power station
Energy flow diagram
Chemical Thermal Kinetic energy
energy in coal energy in turbine
Electrical Kinetic energy
energy in generator
Coal Mining
Two basic types of
Coal Mining:
1) Subsurface
(underground)
2) Surface
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7. Mining coal Mining coal
1) Subsurface (underground) 2) Surface
• Shaft mining • Strip mining
– Tunneling into hillsides – extract mineral deposits
– Dangers to miners that are close to the
surface.
– Significant landscape
changes
Wyoming strip mine
Abandoned mine shafts in Marl, Germany
Environmental impacts of coal
• Mining pollution
– Tailings
– Run-off
• Air and water pollution
– Acid rain
Coal rail cars in Ashtabula, Ohio.
Environmental impacts of coal Environmental impacts of coal
Environmental Impacts of Burning Coal:
Environmental Impacts of the Mining Process: - Increases CO2 concentration in atmosphere
Prior to 1977, most surface mines were - Lower quality coals release sulfur causing
abandoned. “Acid rain”.
Leading to water pollution and acid mine
drainage. Sulphur is released as sulphur dioxide, SO2, when
Current law requires all surface mines to be Coal is burnt.
reclaimed. S + O2 ----> SO2
S + 3O2 ----> 2SO3
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8. Environmental impacts of coal
• Acid rain can be avoided in two ways.
• Removing the sulphur from the fuel
• Removing SO2 from the power station’s
waste gases.
• Both these options are expensive and add
considerably to the cost of producing
electricity.
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