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Corn Silage Production
www.RCVetS.com
Drought-Stressed Corn:
Silage is an Option
• Drought-stressed corn that is unlikely to
resume growth should be ensiled.
• 85 to 100% of the normal net energy content.
• May contain more crude protein.
• May contain high nitrate concentrations,
especially in the lower third of the plant.
• Do not feed until at least 3 weeks after the
silo has been filled.
Corn Silage: Nitrate Caution
% Nitrate
(NO3) in Dry
Matter

Feeding Instructions

0.0 – 0.44%

Safe to feed.

0.44 – 0.88%

Limit to 50% of total dry ration for pregnant
animals.

0.88 – 1.50%

Limit to 25% of total dry ration.
Avoid feeding pregnant animals.

Over 1.50%

Toxic. Do not feed.

At high enough concentrations, nitrates are poisonous to cattle.
The ensiling process will decrease nitrates by 30 to 50%.
Corn Silage Harvesting
• Milk line is ½ to ¾ down the kernel.
• Leaves above the ear should be
mostly green.
• Dry matter content should be near
35%, slightly less for storage in
bunkers, trenches, or stacks.
• Silage should be chopped into
lengths of approximately 3/8 to 1/2
inch.
1/2

3/4
Corn Silage Storage
• Any structure that preserves the green and moist forage
in the absence of air and water.
• Silo
• Bunker
• Bags
Corn Silage Moisture:
Microwave Test
•
•
•
•
•

•

Collect a representative sample of fresh plants.
Chop the plants in 1 to 2 inch pieces.
Weight a sample (about 3 to 4 oz or 100 g)
Spread the sample uniformly and thinly over a microwave safe dish and
place in oven.
Heat for 1 to 2 minutes and weigh. Heat for 30 seconds and reweigh.
Repeat until two weight recordings are similar. If the sample chars, use
the previous weight.
Calculate the percent moisture.

[

% moisture =

fresh wt – final wt.

fresh wt

]

X 100
Corn Silage Moisture: Grab Test
Squeeze a handful of green chop as tightly as
possible for 90 seconds to make a forage ball.
Condition of forage ball

Approx. Dry Matter
Content

Holds shape and there is considerable free juice

Below 30%

Holds shape but very little free juice

25 to 30%

Falls apart slowly and there is no free juice

30 to 40%

Ball falls apart rapidly

Above 40%
Corn Silage: Production
• Planting Date
– April 1 to May 1 in western Kentucky
– April 15 to May 15 in eastern and central KY
– Soil temperatures should be above 50oF at a 2inch depth for 3 or 4 days

• Planting Depth
– 1 ½ - 2 inches (depending on moisture and
temp)
Corn Silage: Production
• Planting Population
– 24,000 to 30,000 seeds/acre
– increase of 2,000 seeds/acre over grain corn

• Row Width
– 30 inches

• Fertility
– Follow AGR-1: Lime and Fertilizer
Recommendations
Corn Silage vs. Grain Production
• Increase plant populations by about 2,000 seeds/A
compared to grain corn.
• Add more pounds of potash per acre compared to
grain corn (see AGR-1).
• Use a full- to late-season, high grain producing hybrid.
Silo Gases: Caution
• Lethal gases - greatest danger is between 12 to
72 hours after filling.
• Run the blower.
• Stay out of the silo for at least one week after
filling.
• Keep doors closed between silos and barns.
Any experience of the slightest throat irritation or
coughing requires immediate medical attention.
Nutrient Sampling for Feed Quality
• Collect a couple handfuls of each load of silage that
is being unloaded.
• Keep the samples out of sunlight.
• Mix the samples together.
• Keep refrigerated until sent off for analysis.
Silage Publications
• AGR-79: Producing corn for grain and silage
• ID-139: A comprehensive guide to corn
management
• AGR-1: Lime and fertilizer recommendations
• AEU-41: Temporary silage storage
• ID-86: Using drought-stressed corn: harvesting,
storage, feeding, pricing
Corn Hybrid Types
• Dual-Purpose
– Normal corn hybrids used for grain and/or silage

• NutriDense
– Slightly higher oil and protein content in the kernel

• Waxy
– 100% amylopectin (believed to be more digestible)

• Leafy
– Have more leaves above the ear than normal
hybrids

• BMR
– Lower lignin content than normal corn, making it
more digestible
No-Till Silage Project
• Four hybrids
–
–
–
–

Dual Purpose
Nutri-Dense
Waxy
Leafy

• Three Populations
– 22,000
– 27,500
– 33,000

• Two N Fertility
Levels
– AGR-1
– Yield Goal
Hybrid effect on yield
18
16
14
12
Dry Matter 10
(Mg/ha)
8
6
4
2
0

a

a

a
b
ES213ND
ES112
F2F797
8464wx

Hybrid
N Rate

(lbs/acre)

Crude Protein

(%)

Green Chop

Silage
Corn Yields
Lexington, 2003
Hybrid

Type

ES112

Dual
Purpose
NutriDense
Leafy
(TMF)
Waxy

ES213ND
F2F797

8464wx

Silage Yield Ear:Stover
(Tons/A)
(Ratio)
22.1
0.68 a
23.0

0.67 a

24.6

0.39 a

15.9

0.66 a

Note: Interactions between population, fertility and replication prevent statistical comparison of hybrids for silage yield.
Corn Yields
Lexington, 2003
Hybrid

Type

Silage Yield Grain Yield
(Tons/A)
(Bu/A)
22.1
241.4

Dual
Purpose
ES213ND Nutri23.0
233.2
Dense
Leafy
F2F797
24.6
203.5
(TMF)
Waxy
8464wx between population, fertility and replication prevent statistical comparison of hybrids.
15.9
194.1
Note: Interactions

ES112
No-Till Silage
• Data is being analyzed for second year of
research.

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Corn Silage Production (Animal Nutrition)

  • 2. Drought-Stressed Corn: Silage is an Option • Drought-stressed corn that is unlikely to resume growth should be ensiled. • 85 to 100% of the normal net energy content. • May contain more crude protein. • May contain high nitrate concentrations, especially in the lower third of the plant. • Do not feed until at least 3 weeks after the silo has been filled.
  • 3. Corn Silage: Nitrate Caution % Nitrate (NO3) in Dry Matter Feeding Instructions 0.0 – 0.44% Safe to feed. 0.44 – 0.88% Limit to 50% of total dry ration for pregnant animals. 0.88 – 1.50% Limit to 25% of total dry ration. Avoid feeding pregnant animals. Over 1.50% Toxic. Do not feed. At high enough concentrations, nitrates are poisonous to cattle. The ensiling process will decrease nitrates by 30 to 50%.
  • 4. Corn Silage Harvesting • Milk line is ½ to ¾ down the kernel. • Leaves above the ear should be mostly green. • Dry matter content should be near 35%, slightly less for storage in bunkers, trenches, or stacks. • Silage should be chopped into lengths of approximately 3/8 to 1/2 inch. 1/2 3/4
  • 5. Corn Silage Storage • Any structure that preserves the green and moist forage in the absence of air and water. • Silo • Bunker • Bags
  • 6. Corn Silage Moisture: Microwave Test • • • • • • Collect a representative sample of fresh plants. Chop the plants in 1 to 2 inch pieces. Weight a sample (about 3 to 4 oz or 100 g) Spread the sample uniformly and thinly over a microwave safe dish and place in oven. Heat for 1 to 2 minutes and weigh. Heat for 30 seconds and reweigh. Repeat until two weight recordings are similar. If the sample chars, use the previous weight. Calculate the percent moisture. [ % moisture = fresh wt – final wt. fresh wt ] X 100
  • 7. Corn Silage Moisture: Grab Test Squeeze a handful of green chop as tightly as possible for 90 seconds to make a forage ball. Condition of forage ball Approx. Dry Matter Content Holds shape and there is considerable free juice Below 30% Holds shape but very little free juice 25 to 30% Falls apart slowly and there is no free juice 30 to 40% Ball falls apart rapidly Above 40%
  • 8. Corn Silage: Production • Planting Date – April 1 to May 1 in western Kentucky – April 15 to May 15 in eastern and central KY – Soil temperatures should be above 50oF at a 2inch depth for 3 or 4 days • Planting Depth – 1 ½ - 2 inches (depending on moisture and temp)
  • 9. Corn Silage: Production • Planting Population – 24,000 to 30,000 seeds/acre – increase of 2,000 seeds/acre over grain corn • Row Width – 30 inches • Fertility – Follow AGR-1: Lime and Fertilizer Recommendations
  • 10. Corn Silage vs. Grain Production • Increase plant populations by about 2,000 seeds/A compared to grain corn. • Add more pounds of potash per acre compared to grain corn (see AGR-1). • Use a full- to late-season, high grain producing hybrid.
  • 11. Silo Gases: Caution • Lethal gases - greatest danger is between 12 to 72 hours after filling. • Run the blower. • Stay out of the silo for at least one week after filling. • Keep doors closed between silos and barns. Any experience of the slightest throat irritation or coughing requires immediate medical attention.
  • 12. Nutrient Sampling for Feed Quality • Collect a couple handfuls of each load of silage that is being unloaded. • Keep the samples out of sunlight. • Mix the samples together. • Keep refrigerated until sent off for analysis.
  • 13. Silage Publications • AGR-79: Producing corn for grain and silage • ID-139: A comprehensive guide to corn management • AGR-1: Lime and fertilizer recommendations • AEU-41: Temporary silage storage • ID-86: Using drought-stressed corn: harvesting, storage, feeding, pricing
  • 14. Corn Hybrid Types • Dual-Purpose – Normal corn hybrids used for grain and/or silage • NutriDense – Slightly higher oil and protein content in the kernel • Waxy – 100% amylopectin (believed to be more digestible) • Leafy – Have more leaves above the ear than normal hybrids • BMR – Lower lignin content than normal corn, making it more digestible
  • 15. No-Till Silage Project • Four hybrids – – – – Dual Purpose Nutri-Dense Waxy Leafy • Three Populations – 22,000 – 27,500 – 33,000 • Two N Fertility Levels – AGR-1 – Yield Goal
  • 16. Hybrid effect on yield 18 16 14 12 Dry Matter 10 (Mg/ha) 8 6 4 2 0 a a a b ES213ND ES112 F2F797 8464wx Hybrid
  • 18. Corn Yields Lexington, 2003 Hybrid Type ES112 Dual Purpose NutriDense Leafy (TMF) Waxy ES213ND F2F797 8464wx Silage Yield Ear:Stover (Tons/A) (Ratio) 22.1 0.68 a 23.0 0.67 a 24.6 0.39 a 15.9 0.66 a Note: Interactions between population, fertility and replication prevent statistical comparison of hybrids for silage yield.
  • 19. Corn Yields Lexington, 2003 Hybrid Type Silage Yield Grain Yield (Tons/A) (Bu/A) 22.1 241.4 Dual Purpose ES213ND Nutri23.0 233.2 Dense Leafy F2F797 24.6 203.5 (TMF) Waxy 8464wx between population, fertility and replication prevent statistical comparison of hybrids. 15.9 194.1 Note: Interactions ES112
  • 20. No-Till Silage • Data is being analyzed for second year of research.