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Comparison of Conventional Ring, Mechanical 
Compact and Pneumatic Compact Yarn Spinning Systems 
Sevda Altas1, Hüseyin Kadoğlu2 
1Ege University Emel Akın Vocational School, İzmir TURKEY 
2Ege University Textile Engineering Department, İzmir TURKEY 
Correspondence to: 
Sevda Altas email: sevda.altas@ege.edu.tr 
ABSTRACT 
This research is a comparative study of the physical 
properties of mechanical compact and conventional 
spun yarns and fabrics knitted from these yarns. To 
experiment the relational behavior, mechanical 
compact and conventional spun cotton yarns were 
produced in three different yarn linear densities 
having three twist levels. In order to examine the 
effect of spinning systems on fabric properties single 
jersey fabrics were knitted from these yarns. Results 
showed that, compact spun yarns have less hairiness, 
higher strength and higher elongation ratio than 
conventional spun yarns. Also, fabrics produced with 
compact yarns were found to have less pilling 
tendency. 
In the second part of the study, we compared the yarn 
properties produced with conventional ring, 
mechanical compact and pneumatic compact 
spinning systems. Analysis showed that, yarns 
produced with the pneumatic compact spinning 
system had the highest strength and the lowest 
hairiness. 
Keywords: Mechanical compact spinning, 
conventional ring spinning, carded cotton, combed 
cotton, yarn physical properties, fabric physical 
properties. 
INTRODUCTION 
In conventional ring spinning, the zone between the 
nip line of the delivery rollers and the twisted end of 
the yarn is called the “spinning triangle”. This is the 
most critical part of the ring spinning system. In this 
zone, the fiber assembly doesn’t have any twist. The 
edge fibers play out from this zone, and make little or 
no contribution to the yarn tenacity. Furthermore, 
they lead to yarn hairiness [1]. 
In compact spinning, the “spinning triangle” is 
eliminated and almost all fibers are incorporated into 
the yarn structure under the same tension. This leads 
to significant advantages such as increasing yarn 
tenacity, yarn abrasion resistance and reducing yarn 
hairiness [2 and 3]. 
There are different compact spinning systems on the 
market from different manufacturers. The main 
difference of these systems is the condensing unit. 
Most of the pneumatic compacting systems are 
composed of perforated drums or lattice aprons over 
the openings of the suction slots. With the air flow, 
the fibers move sideways and they are consequently 
condensed. Today, pneumatic compact spinning 
system is widely used in compact yarn production. 
However the adaptation of this system to 
conventional ring spinning machine is very complex 
and expensive; also this method cause high additional 
energy consumption during spinning process. 
Mechanical compact spinning is an important 
alternative for compact yarn production. The system 
is cheaper and less complicated than pneumatic 
compact yarn spinning systems. Furthermore, there is 
not any additional energy consumption during the 
spinning process [4]. 
In this study Rotorcraft mechanical compact spinning 
system (RoCoS) was used in the production of 
compact yarns. In RoCoS compact spinning system, 
the compact yarn is produced by adding positive nip 
at the end of the drafting unit. The condenser is held 
against the bottom front drafting roller by means of a 
magnet. By the help of the “groove” in the ceramic 
compactor, fibers are brought closer and spinning 
triangle is eliminated [5 and 6]. The view of the 
RoCoS mechanical compact spinning and the back 
view of magnetic compactor are given in Figure 1. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 87 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
FIGURE1. The view of RoCoS mechanical compact spinning and 
the back view of the magnetic compactor. 
The compacting zone of the compactor is the distance 
between the two nipping points (A and B). The front 
top roller and delivery rollers have the same are 
peripheral speed; therefore fibers are not drafted in 
this area. 
A roving guide is attached to the top roller mill shaft. 
By the help of it, roving is fed into the center of the 
ceramic compactor. Roving guide movement is 
critical, during compacting process for the best 
compact yarn production roving guide should be 
stopped. However in bulk production to increase the 
life time of the roller, traversing distance must be 
reduced. 
According to previous research, mechanical compact 
spinning significantly improves yarn tensile 
properties and reduces its hairiness [7 and 8]. Until 
now there are many studies about the comparison of 
the conventional ring and compact yarns properties 
[9-12]. 
In the first part of the study, in order to understand 
how the effect of spinning system varies on yarn 
linear density and twist coefficient, we produced 
various compact and conventional spun yarns. In the 
second part of the study, we compared conventional 
ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact 
yarn spinning systems. 
EXPERIMENTAL 
Yarn Samples Production 
In the experimental part of the study 100 % carded 
cotton and 100 % combed cotton rovings having Ne 
1.04 and 45 T/m were collected from one spinning 
mill. 
Carded and combed rovings used in the study were 
produced from (ait olmak) one type of cotton (Ege 
St.1) raw material. By this way we could compare the 
physical properties of mechanical compact spun 
carded and conventional spun combed yarns. The 
fiber properties measured with High Volume 
Instrument (HVI) test machine were given in Table I. 
The first part of the study was carried out in Ege 
University’s Textile & Apparel Research and 
Application Centre while the second part of the study 
was carried out at one of the textile mill in Turkey. 
For this reason the spinning particulars of two set of 
experimental yarns could not be the same as can be 
seen in Table II for the first part of the study and 
Table III for the second part of the study. 
In the first part of the study, during mechanical 
compact and conventional yarn spinning, the same 
rovings and the same spindles were used in order to 
eliminate any possible effect of roving and spindle on 
yarn quality properties. Yarn linear densities were 
chosen as; 29.5/1 tex (Ne 20/1), 19.6/1 tex (Ne 30/1) 
and 14.7/1 tex (Ne 40/1). For each yarn count, three 
twist coefficients were chosen as; 
α 
tex 
= 103 (αe = 3.4), 
α 
tex 
= 115 (αe = 3.8) 
α 
tex 
= 127 (αe = 4.2). 
In the second part of the study, we compared 
conventional ring, mechanical compact and 
pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. Rieter 
K44 pneumatic compact spinning system was used in 
the production of pneumatic compact yarns. We used 
100 % combed rovings which were used in the first 
part of the study. Yarn linear densities were chosen 
as; 13.1/1 tex (Ne 45/1), 9.5/1 tex (Ne 62/1) and 7.8/1 
tex (Ne 75/1) having the same twist coefficients as; 
α 
=120 (αe = 4.0). 
tex 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 88 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
TABLE I. Raw Material Physical Properties. 
Measured fiber properties Carded 
cotton Combed cotton 
Fiber fineness, micronaire 4.30 4.35 
Fiber strength, gr/tex 37.00 39.02 
2.5 % span length, mm 28.43 29.57 
Uniformity, % 85.40 86.62 
Short fiber percentage, % 6.83 5.75 
Elongation at break, % 4.40 4.82 
TABLE II. Spinning particulars for conventional ring and mechanical compact yarn spinning systems. 
Technological/machine set parameters 
Yarn linear density 
29.5/1 tex 19.6/1 tex 14.76/1 tex 
Ring yarn type Conventional / 
Mechanical Compact 
Conventional / 
Mechanical Compact 
Conventional / 
Mechanical Compact 
Theoretical twist coefficient (α 
tex 
) 103 115 127 103 115 127 103 115 127 
Theoretical twists (turns/m) 602 667 735 735 818 902 838 947 1044 
Spindle speed (rpm) 10.000 10.000 10.000 
Ring diameter (mm) 42 42 42 
Traveller type (ISO No) 80 45 35.5 
Traveller design and finishing treatment SFB 2.8 pm dr Saphir SFB 2.8 pm dr Saphir SFB 2.8 rl dr Saphir 
Cradle spacer thickness (mm) 3.75 3.25 2.75 
TABLE III. Spinning particulars for conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. 
Technological/machine set parameters 
Yarn linear density 
13.1/1 tex 9.5/1 tex 7.8/1 tex 
Compacting system Ring / RoCoS / 
Rieter K44 
Ring / RoCoS / 
Rieter K44 
Ring / RoCoS / 
Rieter K44 
Theoretical twist coefficient (α 
tex 
) 121 121 121 
Theoretical twists (turns/m) 1056 1239 1363 
Spindle speed (rpm) 18.500 17.000 16.000 
Ring diameter (mm) 42 42 42 
Traveller type (ISO No) 25 25 23.6 
Traveller design and finishing treatment c1 el udr Safir c1 el udr Safir c1 el udr Safir 
Cradle spacer thickness (mm) 2.75 2.75 2.75 
Yarn evenness, faults, hairiness and diameter 
properties were tested using an Uster® Tester 5 
(UT5). We tested each type of yarn 10 times with 
400 m/min test speed. Yarn tenacity and elongation 
properties were tested with a Tensojet. We tested 
each type of yarn 25 times with 200 m/min test 
speed. 
For a comprehensive examination of yarn hairiness, 
the average hairiness of yarns was also measured 
with a Keisokki Laserspot Hairiness Diameter 
Tester. This instrument measures hairiness and 
yarn diameter at the same time using a laser beam. 
The instrument counts the number of hairs in 
different length classes including 1 mm, 2 mm, 3, 
mm and calculates the hairiness index. In this 
study, we tested each type of yarn 5 times with a 50 
m/min test speed and evaluated the hairiness index 
results. 
All tests were performed after the yarns were kept 
in standard atmospheric conditions for 24 hours 
(65±5 % relative humidity, 20±2ºC). 
In the analysis of test results, Factorial ANOVA 
and Multiple ANOVA (LSD) methods were used 
with SPPS statistical pocket program at 0.05 
significance level. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 89 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
Fabric Samples Production 
Ring and compact yarns were knitted with 48- 
gauge, 12-inch diameter Mesdan 294 E laboratory 
knitting machine with 225 turn/min production 
speed. 
The pilling properties were measured with a 
Martindale Abrasion and Pilling Tester by 2000 
revolutions. The pilling tendencies due to friction 
of 6 different fabric surfaces were determined 
according to the ISO 12947-1 standard. Later we 
used an SDL Atlas Automated 3D Pilling and Fuzz 
Grading test machine to assess pilling grade values. 
The bursting strength measurements of 5 different 
type of fabric were determined according to ISO 
13938-2 (7.3 cm2 area; 30.5 mm diameter) with 
James Heal Truburst® test device. 
All tests were performed after the fabrics were kept 
in standard atmospheric conditions for 24 hours 
(65±5 % relative humidity, 20±2ºC). 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Evaluating the Yarn Properties 
According to experimental results of yarn linear 
densities, compact yarns were found to be coarser 
than conventional yarns due to elimination of fiber 
fly in compact yarn spinning system. 
We analyzed the main effects which are yarn linear 
density, twist coefficient and spinning system on 
yarn properties. We also analyzed the interaction 
effects of spinning system versus yarn linear 
density and spinning system versus twist 
coefficient. 
Figures 2-7 shows the main effect plots on both 
carded and combed yarns. The effect of spinning 
system is shown as X1 and X4. The effect of yarn 
linear density is shown as X2 and X5. The effect of 
twist coefficient is shown as X3 and X6. M 
represents the mean value for each observed yarn 
property. In the graphics R represents the ring 
spinning system and C represents the compact yarn 
spinning system. 
According to the statistical analysis the effect of 
yarn linear density is significant on all observed 
yarn properties. As the yarn linear density increase 
evenness, the number of thin place, the number of 
thick place and neps values increase, hairiness, 
diameter, tenacity and elongation values decrease. 
In carded yarns, increase of twist coefficient 
increases the evenness, tenacity and elongation 
values and decreases hairiness (Uster and Keisokki) 
and diameter values significantly. On the other 
hand, we couldn’t observe any significant relation 
between twist coefficient and the number of thin 
place, the number of thick place and neps values. 
In the combed yarns, the increase of twist 
coefficient increase tenacity and elongation and 
decreases the number of thick place, neps, Uster 
hairiness and diameter values significantly. On the 
other hand, we couldn’t observe any significant 
relation between twist coefficient and Keisokki 
hairiness, evenness and the number of thin place 
values. Due to having different measuring 
principles, the effect of twist coefficient on Uster 
and Keisokki hairiness results are not similar in all 
type of yarns observed in this study. 
Table IV represents the Factorial ANOVA 
statistical results of the yarn properties. F value 
represents whether a significant difference among 
treatment means or interactions exists. Significance 
(Sig.) value represents the homogeneity of 
variances, if it is less than 0.05 than we can say that 
the effect is statistically significant. 
FIGURE 2. The main effect plots for yarn evenness. 
FIGURE 3. The main effect plots for yarn hairiness (uster). 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 90 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
FIGURE 4. The main effect plots for yarn hairiness (keisokki). 
FIGURE 5. The main effect plots for yarn diameter. 
FIGURE 6. The main effect plots for yarn tenacity. 
FIGURE 7. The main effect plots for yarn elongation. 
TABLE IV. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis for conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarns. 
Compared pairs 
Spinning 
system 
Spinning system* 
Yarn linear density 
Spinning system* Twist 
coefficient 
Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded 
cotton Combed cotton 
F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. 
CV (%) 260.40 .000* 44.54 .000* 22.39 .000* 28.78 .000* 0.57 .562 0.915 .403 
Thin place (-%50) 16.54 .000* 2.70 .102 3.19 .043* 5.13 .007* 0.006 .994 0.736 .481 
Thick place(+%50) 94.34 .000* 4.44 .036* 5.78 .004* 18.94 .000* 0.20 .811 1.01 .364 
Neps (+%200) 40.35 .000* 36.87 .000* 53.67 .000* 58.12 .000* 2.74 .067 6.18 .003* 
Hairiness (Uster) 1428.3 .000* 4055.2 .000* 7.11 .001* 25.66 .000* 1.01 .366 15.19 .000* 
Hairiness (Keisokki) 629.0 .000* 259.58 .000* 4.70 .045* 8.62 .010* 1.47 .284 0.39 .689 
Diameter (mm) 1392.7 .000* 2255.9 .000* 31.86 .000* 63.55 .000* 2.61 .076 13.63 .000* 
Tenacity (cN/tex) 329.35 000* 219.92 .000* 12.02 .000* 7.44 .001* 0.79 .454 1.16 .317 
Elongation (%) 133.94 .000* 137.32 .000* 6.14 .000* 10.82 .000* 0.36 .693 1.55 .217 
* Statistically significant. 
Based on the analysis results following conclusions 
can be drawn: 
Yarn Evenness Results 
The experimental results of conventional and 
compact spun yarns evenness are given in Figure 8. 
According to statistical analysis, the effect of 
spinning system is statistically significant on both 
carded and combed yarn evenness as shown in Table 
IV. 
Carded compact yarns have higher evenness values 
than carded conventional ring yarns. The interaction 
effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 91 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
statistically significant. The difference between the 
evenness values of conventional and compact spun 
carded yarns increases as the yarn becomes coarser. 
Combed compact yarns have higher evenness values 
than combed conventional ring yarns. The interaction 
effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is 
statistically significant. While at 29.5 tex and 19.6 tex 
combed compact yarns have higher evenness than 
conventional ring yarns, at 14.7 tex conventional ring 
yarns have higher evenness values than combed 
compact yarns. 
The reason behind the higher irregularity of the 
compact yarns can be explained by the use of front 
bottom roller in mechanical compact spinning system 
(Figure 1). Rollers cause irregularities in the drafted 
strand since there is an incomplete control of the 
motion of each individual fiber or fiber group 
especially for coarser yarns. Similar result is obtained 
with previous study about mechanical compact 
spinning [8]. 
In both carded and combed yarns the interaction 
effect of spinning system and twist coefficient on 
yarn evenness isn’t statistically significant. 
Yarn Imperfection Results 
In carded yarns, the effect of spinning system is 
statistically significant on the number of thin places, 
the number thick places and neps values (Table IV). 
Carded compact yarns have higher thin place, thick 
place and neps values than carded conventional ring 
yarns. The interaction effect of spinning system and 
yarn linear density is statistically significant. The 
difference between the number of thin places, the 
number of thick places and neps value of compact 
and conventional spun carded yarns increases as the 
yarn becomes coarser. 
FIGURE 8. The evenness of compact and conventional spun yarns. 
In combed yarns the effect of spinning system is 
statistically significant on the number of thick places 
and neps values (Table IV). Combed compact yarns 
have higher thick place and neps values than combed 
conventional ring yarns. The interaction effect of 
spinning system and yarn linear density is statistically 
significant. While at 29.5 tex and 19.6 tex combed 
compact yarns have higher number of thick places 
and neps, at 14.7 tex conventional combed ring yarns 
have higher number of thick places than compact 
yarns. This result can be explained with the weak 
control of fibers in coarse yarn due to the increased 
number of fibers in the yarn cross section. 
The interaction effect of spinning system and twist 
coefficient is only statistically significant on neps 
values of combed yarn. However the effect is 
irregular and the trend is unclear to accept the 
presence of any meaningful relation. 
Yarn Hairiness Results 
The Uster and Keisokki hairiness test results of 
conventional and compact spun yarns are given in 
Figure 9 and Figure 10 respectively. According to 
statistical analysis, the effect of spinning system is 
statistically significant on both carded and combed 
yarn hairiness as shown in Table IV. 
Carded and combed compact yarns have lower 
hairiness (Uster and Keisokki) than carded and 
combed conventional ring yarns. This could be 
explained by the elimination of spinning triangle in 
compact yarn spinning system. 
With both Uster and Keisokki hairiness test result, 
the interaction effect of spinning system and yarn 
linear density is statistically significant on carded and 
combed yarn hairiness (Table IV). However the effect 
is irregular varying yarn linear density and the trend 
is unclear to accept the presence of any meaningful 
relation. 
The interaction effect of spinning system and twist 
coefficient is only statistically significant on Uster 
hairiness values of combed yarn. The differences 
between compact combed and conventional combed 
yarn hairiness values increases as the yarn twist 
coefficient decreases. This shows that the advantage 
of the compact spinning system on combed yarn 
hairiness property is more noticeable at lower twist 
levels. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 92 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
FIGURE 9. The hairiness (uster) results of compact and 
conventional spun yarns. 
FIGURE 10. The hairiness (Keisokki) results of compact and 
conventional spun yarns. 
Yarn Diameter Results 
The diameter measurement results of conventional 
and compact spun yarns are given in Figure 11. 
According to statistical analysis, the effect of 
spinning system is statistically significant on both 
carded and combed yarn diameter as shown in Table 
IV. The diameter values of carded and combed 
compact yarns are lower than the carded and combed 
conventional ring yarns. 
Due to elimination of spinning triangle in compact 
spinning, the migration of fibers in compact yarns is 
deeper and as a result of this compact yarns diameter 
is smaller than conventional spun yarns [8 and 13]. 
The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn 
linear density is statistically significant on both 
carded and combed yarns diameter. The difference 
between the diameter values of conventional ring and 
compact yarn increases as the yarn becomes coarser. 
FIGURE 11. The diameter results of compact and conventional 
spun yarns. 
The interaction effect of spinning system and twist 
coefficient is statistically significant on combed yarn 
diameter. The difference between the diameter values 
of conventional and compact spun combed yarns 
decreases as the twist coefficient increases. 
Yarn Tenacity and Elongation Ratio Results 
The tenacity measurement results of conventional and 
compact spun yarns are given in Figure 12. 
According to statistical analysis, the effect of 
spinning system is statistically significant on both 
carded and combed yarn tenacity and elongation 
properties as shown in Table IV. The tenacity and 
elongation values of carded and combed compact 
yarns are significantly higher than carded and 
combed conventional ring yarns. The diameter values 
of compact yarns were smaller than those of 
conventional ring yarns. In other words the density of 
these yarns was higher. The higher density would 
also infer higher fiber to fiber interaction and thus 
higher strength [8 and 13]. 
The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn 
linear density is statistically significant on both 
carded and combed yarn tenacity and elongation 
ratio. The difference between the tenacity and 
elongation values of conventional and compact spun 
yarns decreases as the yarn becomes coarser. 
For both carded and combed yarns, the interaction 
effect of spinning system and twist coefficient isn’t 
statistically significant on yarn tenacity and 
elongation ratio. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 93 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
Evaluating the Knitted Fabric Properties 
Table V shows the thickness and the weight per unit 
area of fabrics knitted with conventional and compact 
yarns. The weight per unit area of fabrics knitted with 
compact yarns is higher than the fabrics knitted with 
conventional ring yarns. The difference in the weight 
per unit area of the fabrics is due to the difference 
between the yarn liner densities of conventional ring 
and compact spun yarns. However we couldn’t 
observe any significant difference between the 
thicknesses of the knitted fabrics. 
FIGURE 12. The tenacity results of compact and conventional 
spun yarns. 
TABLE V. The thickness and weight per unit area of fabrics knitted with conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarns. 
Fabric property 
Yarn 
linear 
density 
(tex) 
3.4 3.8 4.2 
Weight 
per unit 
area 
(gr/m²) 
%CV Thickness 
(mm) %CV 
Fabrics knitted 
with carded 
ring yarn 
29.5/1 140 4.38 0.73 0.01 149 4.91 0.75 0.02 146 7.93 0.77 0.02 
19.6/1 94 5.85 0.69 0.03 95 0.38 0.72 0.02 102 2.09 0.75 0.02 
14.7/1 62 1.13 0.57 0.02 66 1.30 0.68 0.01 69 2.98 0.73 0.03 
Fabrics knitted 
with carded 
compact yarn 
29.5/1 151 1.90 0.72 0.01 157 2.00 0.73 0.02 164 2.58 0.78 0.02 
19.6/1 100 3.07 0.69 0.02 103 1.72 0.74 0.02 111 1.72 0.79 0.02 
14.7/1 66 0.99 0.62 0.03 72 0.99 0.69 0.04 81 0.50 0.73 0.03 
Fabrics knitted 
with combed 
ring yarn 
29.5/1 148 1.30 0.70 0.05 153 2.83 0.76 0.02 153 2.64 0.77 0.02 
19.6/1 98 7.64 0.69 0.03 96 1.96 0.67 0.02 103 3.05 0.73 0.02 
14.7/1 70 4.42 0.62 0.04 69 0.38 0.67 0.02 70 2.28 0.70 0.02 
Fabrics knitted 
with combed 
compact yarn 
29.5/1 152 1.40 0.70 0.03 163 1.26 0.74 0.03 163 1.61 0.77 0.03 
19.6/1 92 2.07 0.66 0.02 99 5.55 0.73 0.03 110 1.30 0.78 0.02 
14.7/1 68 1.35 0.65 0.01 76 3.34 0.75 0.02 81 6.54 0.75 0.01 
FIGURE 13. The main effect plots for fabric bursting strength. 
Twist coefficient (αe) 
%CV Thickness 
(mm) %CV 
Weight 
per unit 
area 
(gr/m²) 
%CV Thickness 
(mm) %CV 
FIGURE 14. The main effect plots for fabric pilling grade. 
Weight 
per unit 
area 
(gr/m²) 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 94 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
Figure 13 and Figure 14 show the main effect plots 
of fabric bursting strength and pilling grade 
respectively. The effect of spinning system is shown 
as X1 and X4. The effect of yarn linear density is 
shown as X2 and X5. The effect of twist coefficient 
is shown as X3 and X6. M represents the mean value 
for each observed fabric property. In the graphics R 
represents the ring spinning system and C represents 
the compact yarn spinning system. 
For the fabrics knitted with carded yarns, the effect of 
yarn linear density is statistically significant on the 
pilling grade and bursting strength properties 
according to the statistical analysis. The pilling grade 
and bursting strength values of the fabrics increase as 
the yarn becomes coarser. 
For the fabrics knitted with combed yarns, the effect 
of yarn linear density is statistically significant on the 
bursting strength property. The bursting strength 
values of the fabrics increase as the yarn becomes 
coarser. On the other hand, we couldn’t observe any 
significant relation between combed yarn linear 
density and pilling grade of the fabrics. 
In both carded and combed yarns, the effect of twist 
coefficient on pilling grade and bursting strength 
properties of fabrics isn’t statistically significant. 
As it can be seen in Table VI, fabric produced from 
compact yarn has significantly higher bursting 
strength than fabric produced from conventional 
ring yarn. The bursting strength results of fabrics 
produced with compact and conventional spun yarns 
are shown in Figure 15. 
The yarn tenacity contributes the bursting strength of 
the fabrics. The increase of yarn tenacity increases 
the bursting strength property of fabrics. The 
difference between the bursting strength values of 
fabrics knitted with conventional ring and compact 
yarns are less noticeable than the difference between 
the tenacity values of these yarns. 
The difference between bursting strength results of 
the fabrics produced with compact and conventional 
spun yarns doesn’t change according to yarn linear 
density and twist coefficient used in the knitting. 
The pilling results of the fabrics knitted conventional 
and compact spun yarns are shown in Figure 16. 
Fabrics produced from compact yarns significantly 
have higher pilling grade than the fabrics produced 
from conventional ring yarns. 
Pilling tendency of fabrics is affected by the yarn 
hairiness. The fabrics knitted with compact yarns 
have better pilling performance compared to the 
fabric knitted from conventional ring yarns. 
The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn 
linear density effect is significant on fabric pilling 
grade. However we couldn’t find linear correlation of 
the interaction effect of spinning system and yarn 
linear density. 
TABLE VI. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis for knitted fabrics with 
conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarns. 
Compared pairs 
Spinning system Spinning system*Yarn linear 
density 
Spinning system*Twist 
coefficient 
Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded cotton Combed cotton 
F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. 
Bursting strength (kPa) 24.92 .001* 13.94 .006* 0.92 .434 1.52 .275 0.04 .956 0.51 .617 
Pilling grade 104.04 .000* 12.36 .008* 11.08 .005* 2.39 .153 2.52 .142 1.09 .380 
* Statistically significant. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 95 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
FIGURE 15. The fabric bursting strength of compact and 
conventional spun yarns. 
FIGURE 16. The fabric pilling grade results of compact and 
conventional spun yarns. 
The Comparison of Conventional Combed and 
Compact Carded Yarns and Fabrics Produced 
with Them 
Table VII shows the statistical analysis for 
conventional combed and compact carded yarns. 
Compact spun carded yarn has significantly higher 
evenness, the number of thin places, the number of 
thick places and neps values than conventional 
spun combed yarn. 
Carded cotton has higher short fiber ratio than 
combed cotton. Due to the incomplete control of 
the short fibers in compact yarn spinning system 
carded compact yarn has higher evenness and 
imperfection values than conventional combed 
yarn. 
However, due to elimination of spinning triangle, 
compact spun carded yarn has lower hairiness, 
diameter and similar tenacity and elongation values 
with conventional combed yarn. 
TABLE VII. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis for conventional combed and compact carded yarns. 
Compared pairs 
Spinning system Spinning system* 
Yarn linear density 
Spinning system* Twist 
coefficient 
F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. 
CV (%) 6327.6 .000* 15.60 .000* 1.10 .334 
Thin place (-%50) 248.06 .000* 106.02 .000* 0.55 .578 
Thick place(+%50) 1528.5 .000* 231.36 .000* 0.77 .465 
Neps (+%200) 1026.7 .000* 110.97 .000* 8.20 .000* 
Hairiness (Uster) 759.2 .000* 6.97 .001* 2.96 .054 
Diameter (mm) 148.3 .000* 7.85 .001* 2.36 .097 
Tenacity (cN/tex) 0.70 .404 9.57 .000* 6.36 .003* 
Elongation (%) 0.11 .732 3.54 .033* 0.69 .501 
* Statistically significant. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 96 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
TABLE VIII. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis fabrics produced with conventional combed and compact carded 
yarns. 
Compared pairs 
Spinning system Spinning system*Yarn linear 
density 
Spinning system*Twist 
coefficient 
F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. 
Bursting strength (kPa) 23.00 .001* 6.59 .020* 0.34 .719 23.00 .001* 6.59 .020* 0.34 .719 
Pilling grade 7.82 .023* 1.08 .384 0.43 .659 7.82 .023* 1.08 .384 0.43 .659 
* Statistically significant. 
Table VIII shows the statistical analysis for fabrics 
knitted with conventional combed and compact 
carded yarns. Although carded compact and 
conventional combed yarn has similar tenacity 
values, fabric produced with compact carded yarns 
has lower bursting strength than fabric produced with 
conventional combed yarns. This can be explained by 
non-uniform fiber arrangement in carded cotton raw 
material. 
Fabric produced with compact carded yarn has better 
pilling properties because carded compact yarn has 
less hairiness than conventional combed yarns. 
The Comparison of Yarn Properties Produced 
with Conventional Ring, Mechanical Compact and 
Pneumatic Compact Yarn Spinning Systems 
In this part of the study, we compared the properties 
of yarns produced with conventional ring, mechanical 
compact and pneumatic compact spinning systems. 
Table IX shows the multiple comparison of 
conventional ring, mechanical compact and 
pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. 
According to statistical analysis results, pneumatic 
compact spun yarn has the least evenness, the number 
of thin place, the number of thick place, hairiness, 
diameter and the highest tenacity and elongation 
values. 
Conventional spun yarn has the highest neps value 
compared to mechanical and pneumatic compact 
spun yarns. There isn’t any statistically significant 
difference between the neps values of pneumatic and 
mechanical compact spun yarns. 
Conventional ring yarn has the highest thin place, 
neps, hairiness, diameter and the lowest tenacity and 
elongation values. Pneumatic compact spun yarn has 
lowest number of thick place value compared to 
conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarn. 
There isn’t any statistical significant between the 
number of thick places between conventional ring 
and mechanical compact spun yarns. 
While the pneumatic compacting system uses 
vacuum effect in the compacting zone, mechanical 
compacting system uses the magnetic force. The 
force applied to fibers in pneumatic compact spinning 
system is stronger than mechanical compact spinning 
system. As a result of this pneumatic compact spun 
yarn has less evenness, fewer imperfections, lower 
hairiness and has higher tenacity and elongation 
values compared to mechanical compact spun yarn. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 97 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
TABLE IX. The multiple comparisons (LSD) of conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. 
Yarn property Compared pairs Mean Difference Significance 
CV (%) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact .1760 .192 
Pneumatic Compact 1.5353 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -.1760 .192 
Pneumatic Compact 1.3593 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -1.5353 .000* 
Mechanical Compact -1.3593 .000* 
Thin place (-%50) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 54.000 .001* 
Pneumatic Compact 136.833 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -54.000 .001* 
Pneumatic Compact 82.833 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -136.833 .000* 
Mechanical Compact -82.833 .000* 
Thick place (+%50) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 10.666 .372 
Pneumatic Compact 101.333 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -10.666 .372 
Pneumatic Compact 90.666 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -101.333 .000* 
Mechanical Compact -90.666 .000* 
Neps (+%200) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 65.166 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact 86.333 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -65.166 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact 21.166 .072 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -86.333 .000* 
Mechanical Compact -21.166 .072 
Hairiness (Uster) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 1.770 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact 1.949 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -1.770 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact .1787 .008* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -1.949 .000* 
Mechanical Compact -.1787 .008* 
Hairiness (Keisokki) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 12.740 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact 14.066 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -12.740 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact 1.326 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -14.066 .000* 
Mechanical Compact -1.326 .000* 
Diameter (mm) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact .0235 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact .0299 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -.0235 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact .0064 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -.0299 .000* 
Mechanical Compact -.0064 .000* 
Tenacity (cN/tex) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact -4.033 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact -6.320 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring 4.033 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact -2.286 .000* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring 6.320 .000* 
Mechanical Compact 2.286 .000* 
Elongation (%) 
Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact -.2733 .004* 
Pneumatic Compact -.6067 .000* 
Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring .2733 .004* 
Pneumatic Compact -.3333 .001* 
Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring .6067 .000* 
Mechanical Compact .3333 .001* 
* Statistically significant. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 98 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
CONCLUSION 
In the first part of the study, we compared the 
properties of yarns produced with conventional ring 
and mechanical compact yarn spinning systems. 
Compact yarns were found to have lower hairiness 
than conventional ring yarns. The reason behind the 
lower hairiness in compact spun yarn is the 
elimination of spinning triangle in spinning system. 
Compact yarns were found to have smaller 
diameter and better tensile properties than 
conventional ring yarns. As the yarn diameter 
decreases the fiber to fiber interaction increases and 
this leads to higher yarn tenacity and elongation 
ratio. 
The mechanical compact spinning system slightly 
increases the evenness and imperfection values of 
yarns. However, as the yarn becomes finer these 
effects gradually disappear. 
The superior properties of compact yarns are seen 
clearly on the fabric quality. Fabrics knitted with 
compact yarns were found to have better pilling 
properties and higher bursting strength than fabrics 
knitted with conventional ring yarns. 
Compact spun carded yarn was to found to have 
lower hairiness and similar tensile properties 
compared to conventional combed yarn; however it 
has significantly higher evenness, number of thin 
places, number of thick places and neps values. If 
the evenness property of carded compact yarn can 
be improved, it will have a potential for improving 
quality and profitability of cotton yarn 
manufacturing. 
Fabrics knitted with compact carded yarns were 
found to have better pilling properties than fabrics 
knitted with conventional combed yarns. Although 
carded compact and conventional combed yarns 
were found to have similar tenacity values, fabrics 
knitted with compact carded yarns had lower 
bursting strength than fabrics produced with 
conventional combed yarns. This can be explained 
by non-uniform fiber arrangement in carded cotton 
raw material. 
In the second part of the study we compared the 
properties of yarns produced with conventional 
ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact 
yarn spinning systems. 
Pneumatic compact spun yarns were found to have 
better yarn properties than mechanical compact 
spun yarn. They had less evenness, less 
imperfections, lower hairiness, higher tenacity and 
higher elongation values. The reason behind 
unsatisfactory test results could be the weak 
compacting power of mechanical compacting 
system. 
There are different compact spinning systems on 
the market from different manufacturers. In this 
study we compared only the most commonly used 
pneumatic compact spinning system. A further 
study about the comparison of mechanical compact 
spinning with other pneumatic compacting systems 
should be a valuable contribution to the decision-makers 
in the short-staple spinning industry. 
REFERENCES 
[1] S. Ömeroğlu, and S. Ülkü, An Investigation 
about Tensile Strength, Pilling and 
Abrasion Properties of Woven Fabrics 
Made from Conventional and Compact 
Ring-Spun Yarns, Fibers & Textiles in 
Eastern Europe, 2007, 15(1), p. 39-42. 
[2] Kampen, W., The Advantages of Condensed 
Spinning, Melliand English, 2000, No.4, p. 
58-59. 
[3] Cheng, K.P.S. Yu, C., A Study of Compact 
Spun Yarns, Textile Research Journal, 
2003, No 4, p. 345-349. 
[4] Jayavarthanavelu, D., Compact Spinning 
System-Lakshmi RoCoS 1.14, Technical 
Newsletter Textile Machinery Division, 
2006, p. 12, 2-4. 
[5] Stahlecker, H., RoCoS Rotorcraft Compact 
Spinning, Rotorcraft Technical Brochure, 
2005, p. 1-8. 
[6] Joseph, K., Easily Mountable RoCoS 
Compact from Rotorcraft for Ring Yarn 
Spinning System, XI. International Izmir 
Textile & Apparel Symposium, Çeşme, 
2007, p. 1-14. 
[7] Beceren, Y., Nergis, B., U., Comparison of 
the Effects of Cotton Yarns Produced by 
New, Modified and Conventional Spinning 
Systems on Yarn and Knitted Fabric 
Performance, Textile Research Journal, 
2008, 78(4), p. 297 - 303. 
[8] S. Ganesan, A. Venkatachalam, V. 
Subramaniam, Fiber Migration in Compact 
Spun Yarns: Part II – Mechanical Compact 
Yarn, Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile 
Research, 2007, 32, p. 169 - 172. 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 99 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
[9] Dash, J.,R., Ishtiaque, S.,M., and 
Alagirusamy, R., Properties and 
Processibility of Compact Yarns, Indian 
Journal of Fiber & Textile Research, 2002, 
Vol. 27 (4), pp. 362-368. 
[10] Jackowski, T., Cyniak, D, and Czekalski, J., 
Compact Cotton Yarn, Fibers & Textiles in 
Eastern Europe, 2004, Vol. 12(4), pp. 22- 
26. 
[11] Nikolic, M., and et al., Compact Spinning for 
Improved Quality Of Ring-Spun Yarns, 
Fibers & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2003, 
Vol. 11(4), pp. 30-35. 
[12] Mavruz, S. ve Oğulata, R. T., Statistical 
Investigation of Properties of Ring and 
ompact Yarns and Knitted Fabrics Made of 
These Kinds of Yarns, Tekstil ve 
Konfeksiyon, 2008, Vol. 3, pp. 197-205. 
[13] Başal, G., and Oxenham, W., Comparison of 
Properties and Structures of Compact and 
Conventional Spun Yarns, Textile Research 
Journal, 2006, 76(7), p.567- 575. 
AUTHORS’ ADDRESSES 
Sevda Altas 
Ege University 
Emel Akın Vocational School 
İzmir, Bornova 35500 
TURKEY 
Hüseyin Kadoğlu 
Ege University 
Textile Engineering Department 
İzmir, Bornova 35500 
TURKEY 
Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 100 http://www.jeffjournal.org 
Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012

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Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics

  • 1. Comparison of Conventional Ring, Mechanical Compact and Pneumatic Compact Yarn Spinning Systems Sevda Altas1, Hüseyin Kadoğlu2 1Ege University Emel Akın Vocational School, İzmir TURKEY 2Ege University Textile Engineering Department, İzmir TURKEY Correspondence to: Sevda Altas email: sevda.altas@ege.edu.tr ABSTRACT This research is a comparative study of the physical properties of mechanical compact and conventional spun yarns and fabrics knitted from these yarns. To experiment the relational behavior, mechanical compact and conventional spun cotton yarns were produced in three different yarn linear densities having three twist levels. In order to examine the effect of spinning systems on fabric properties single jersey fabrics were knitted from these yarns. Results showed that, compact spun yarns have less hairiness, higher strength and higher elongation ratio than conventional spun yarns. Also, fabrics produced with compact yarns were found to have less pilling tendency. In the second part of the study, we compared the yarn properties produced with conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact spinning systems. Analysis showed that, yarns produced with the pneumatic compact spinning system had the highest strength and the lowest hairiness. Keywords: Mechanical compact spinning, conventional ring spinning, carded cotton, combed cotton, yarn physical properties, fabric physical properties. INTRODUCTION In conventional ring spinning, the zone between the nip line of the delivery rollers and the twisted end of the yarn is called the “spinning triangle”. This is the most critical part of the ring spinning system. In this zone, the fiber assembly doesn’t have any twist. The edge fibers play out from this zone, and make little or no contribution to the yarn tenacity. Furthermore, they lead to yarn hairiness [1]. In compact spinning, the “spinning triangle” is eliminated and almost all fibers are incorporated into the yarn structure under the same tension. This leads to significant advantages such as increasing yarn tenacity, yarn abrasion resistance and reducing yarn hairiness [2 and 3]. There are different compact spinning systems on the market from different manufacturers. The main difference of these systems is the condensing unit. Most of the pneumatic compacting systems are composed of perforated drums or lattice aprons over the openings of the suction slots. With the air flow, the fibers move sideways and they are consequently condensed. Today, pneumatic compact spinning system is widely used in compact yarn production. However the adaptation of this system to conventional ring spinning machine is very complex and expensive; also this method cause high additional energy consumption during spinning process. Mechanical compact spinning is an important alternative for compact yarn production. The system is cheaper and less complicated than pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. Furthermore, there is not any additional energy consumption during the spinning process [4]. In this study Rotorcraft mechanical compact spinning system (RoCoS) was used in the production of compact yarns. In RoCoS compact spinning system, the compact yarn is produced by adding positive nip at the end of the drafting unit. The condenser is held against the bottom front drafting roller by means of a magnet. By the help of the “groove” in the ceramic compactor, fibers are brought closer and spinning triangle is eliminated [5 and 6]. The view of the RoCoS mechanical compact spinning and the back view of magnetic compactor are given in Figure 1. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 87 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 2. FIGURE1. The view of RoCoS mechanical compact spinning and the back view of the magnetic compactor. The compacting zone of the compactor is the distance between the two nipping points (A and B). The front top roller and delivery rollers have the same are peripheral speed; therefore fibers are not drafted in this area. A roving guide is attached to the top roller mill shaft. By the help of it, roving is fed into the center of the ceramic compactor. Roving guide movement is critical, during compacting process for the best compact yarn production roving guide should be stopped. However in bulk production to increase the life time of the roller, traversing distance must be reduced. According to previous research, mechanical compact spinning significantly improves yarn tensile properties and reduces its hairiness [7 and 8]. Until now there are many studies about the comparison of the conventional ring and compact yarns properties [9-12]. In the first part of the study, in order to understand how the effect of spinning system varies on yarn linear density and twist coefficient, we produced various compact and conventional spun yarns. In the second part of the study, we compared conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. EXPERIMENTAL Yarn Samples Production In the experimental part of the study 100 % carded cotton and 100 % combed cotton rovings having Ne 1.04 and 45 T/m were collected from one spinning mill. Carded and combed rovings used in the study were produced from (ait olmak) one type of cotton (Ege St.1) raw material. By this way we could compare the physical properties of mechanical compact spun carded and conventional spun combed yarns. The fiber properties measured with High Volume Instrument (HVI) test machine were given in Table I. The first part of the study was carried out in Ege University’s Textile & Apparel Research and Application Centre while the second part of the study was carried out at one of the textile mill in Turkey. For this reason the spinning particulars of two set of experimental yarns could not be the same as can be seen in Table II for the first part of the study and Table III for the second part of the study. In the first part of the study, during mechanical compact and conventional yarn spinning, the same rovings and the same spindles were used in order to eliminate any possible effect of roving and spindle on yarn quality properties. Yarn linear densities were chosen as; 29.5/1 tex (Ne 20/1), 19.6/1 tex (Ne 30/1) and 14.7/1 tex (Ne 40/1). For each yarn count, three twist coefficients were chosen as; α tex = 103 (αe = 3.4), α tex = 115 (αe = 3.8) α tex = 127 (αe = 4.2). In the second part of the study, we compared conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. Rieter K44 pneumatic compact spinning system was used in the production of pneumatic compact yarns. We used 100 % combed rovings which were used in the first part of the study. Yarn linear densities were chosen as; 13.1/1 tex (Ne 45/1), 9.5/1 tex (Ne 62/1) and 7.8/1 tex (Ne 75/1) having the same twist coefficients as; α =120 (αe = 4.0). tex Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 88 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 3. TABLE I. Raw Material Physical Properties. Measured fiber properties Carded cotton Combed cotton Fiber fineness, micronaire 4.30 4.35 Fiber strength, gr/tex 37.00 39.02 2.5 % span length, mm 28.43 29.57 Uniformity, % 85.40 86.62 Short fiber percentage, % 6.83 5.75 Elongation at break, % 4.40 4.82 TABLE II. Spinning particulars for conventional ring and mechanical compact yarn spinning systems. Technological/machine set parameters Yarn linear density 29.5/1 tex 19.6/1 tex 14.76/1 tex Ring yarn type Conventional / Mechanical Compact Conventional / Mechanical Compact Conventional / Mechanical Compact Theoretical twist coefficient (α tex ) 103 115 127 103 115 127 103 115 127 Theoretical twists (turns/m) 602 667 735 735 818 902 838 947 1044 Spindle speed (rpm) 10.000 10.000 10.000 Ring diameter (mm) 42 42 42 Traveller type (ISO No) 80 45 35.5 Traveller design and finishing treatment SFB 2.8 pm dr Saphir SFB 2.8 pm dr Saphir SFB 2.8 rl dr Saphir Cradle spacer thickness (mm) 3.75 3.25 2.75 TABLE III. Spinning particulars for conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. Technological/machine set parameters Yarn linear density 13.1/1 tex 9.5/1 tex 7.8/1 tex Compacting system Ring / RoCoS / Rieter K44 Ring / RoCoS / Rieter K44 Ring / RoCoS / Rieter K44 Theoretical twist coefficient (α tex ) 121 121 121 Theoretical twists (turns/m) 1056 1239 1363 Spindle speed (rpm) 18.500 17.000 16.000 Ring diameter (mm) 42 42 42 Traveller type (ISO No) 25 25 23.6 Traveller design and finishing treatment c1 el udr Safir c1 el udr Safir c1 el udr Safir Cradle spacer thickness (mm) 2.75 2.75 2.75 Yarn evenness, faults, hairiness and diameter properties were tested using an Uster® Tester 5 (UT5). We tested each type of yarn 10 times with 400 m/min test speed. Yarn tenacity and elongation properties were tested with a Tensojet. We tested each type of yarn 25 times with 200 m/min test speed. For a comprehensive examination of yarn hairiness, the average hairiness of yarns was also measured with a Keisokki Laserspot Hairiness Diameter Tester. This instrument measures hairiness and yarn diameter at the same time using a laser beam. The instrument counts the number of hairs in different length classes including 1 mm, 2 mm, 3, mm and calculates the hairiness index. In this study, we tested each type of yarn 5 times with a 50 m/min test speed and evaluated the hairiness index results. All tests were performed after the yarns were kept in standard atmospheric conditions for 24 hours (65±5 % relative humidity, 20±2ºC). In the analysis of test results, Factorial ANOVA and Multiple ANOVA (LSD) methods were used with SPPS statistical pocket program at 0.05 significance level. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 89 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 4. Fabric Samples Production Ring and compact yarns were knitted with 48- gauge, 12-inch diameter Mesdan 294 E laboratory knitting machine with 225 turn/min production speed. The pilling properties were measured with a Martindale Abrasion and Pilling Tester by 2000 revolutions. The pilling tendencies due to friction of 6 different fabric surfaces were determined according to the ISO 12947-1 standard. Later we used an SDL Atlas Automated 3D Pilling and Fuzz Grading test machine to assess pilling grade values. The bursting strength measurements of 5 different type of fabric were determined according to ISO 13938-2 (7.3 cm2 area; 30.5 mm diameter) with James Heal Truburst® test device. All tests were performed after the fabrics were kept in standard atmospheric conditions for 24 hours (65±5 % relative humidity, 20±2ºC). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Evaluating the Yarn Properties According to experimental results of yarn linear densities, compact yarns were found to be coarser than conventional yarns due to elimination of fiber fly in compact yarn spinning system. We analyzed the main effects which are yarn linear density, twist coefficient and spinning system on yarn properties. We also analyzed the interaction effects of spinning system versus yarn linear density and spinning system versus twist coefficient. Figures 2-7 shows the main effect plots on both carded and combed yarns. The effect of spinning system is shown as X1 and X4. The effect of yarn linear density is shown as X2 and X5. The effect of twist coefficient is shown as X3 and X6. M represents the mean value for each observed yarn property. In the graphics R represents the ring spinning system and C represents the compact yarn spinning system. According to the statistical analysis the effect of yarn linear density is significant on all observed yarn properties. As the yarn linear density increase evenness, the number of thin place, the number of thick place and neps values increase, hairiness, diameter, tenacity and elongation values decrease. In carded yarns, increase of twist coefficient increases the evenness, tenacity and elongation values and decreases hairiness (Uster and Keisokki) and diameter values significantly. On the other hand, we couldn’t observe any significant relation between twist coefficient and the number of thin place, the number of thick place and neps values. In the combed yarns, the increase of twist coefficient increase tenacity and elongation and decreases the number of thick place, neps, Uster hairiness and diameter values significantly. On the other hand, we couldn’t observe any significant relation between twist coefficient and Keisokki hairiness, evenness and the number of thin place values. Due to having different measuring principles, the effect of twist coefficient on Uster and Keisokki hairiness results are not similar in all type of yarns observed in this study. Table IV represents the Factorial ANOVA statistical results of the yarn properties. F value represents whether a significant difference among treatment means or interactions exists. Significance (Sig.) value represents the homogeneity of variances, if it is less than 0.05 than we can say that the effect is statistically significant. FIGURE 2. The main effect plots for yarn evenness. FIGURE 3. The main effect plots for yarn hairiness (uster). Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 90 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 5. FIGURE 4. The main effect plots for yarn hairiness (keisokki). FIGURE 5. The main effect plots for yarn diameter. FIGURE 6. The main effect plots for yarn tenacity. FIGURE 7. The main effect plots for yarn elongation. TABLE IV. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis for conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarns. Compared pairs Spinning system Spinning system* Yarn linear density Spinning system* Twist coefficient Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded cotton Combed cotton F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. CV (%) 260.40 .000* 44.54 .000* 22.39 .000* 28.78 .000* 0.57 .562 0.915 .403 Thin place (-%50) 16.54 .000* 2.70 .102 3.19 .043* 5.13 .007* 0.006 .994 0.736 .481 Thick place(+%50) 94.34 .000* 4.44 .036* 5.78 .004* 18.94 .000* 0.20 .811 1.01 .364 Neps (+%200) 40.35 .000* 36.87 .000* 53.67 .000* 58.12 .000* 2.74 .067 6.18 .003* Hairiness (Uster) 1428.3 .000* 4055.2 .000* 7.11 .001* 25.66 .000* 1.01 .366 15.19 .000* Hairiness (Keisokki) 629.0 .000* 259.58 .000* 4.70 .045* 8.62 .010* 1.47 .284 0.39 .689 Diameter (mm) 1392.7 .000* 2255.9 .000* 31.86 .000* 63.55 .000* 2.61 .076 13.63 .000* Tenacity (cN/tex) 329.35 000* 219.92 .000* 12.02 .000* 7.44 .001* 0.79 .454 1.16 .317 Elongation (%) 133.94 .000* 137.32 .000* 6.14 .000* 10.82 .000* 0.36 .693 1.55 .217 * Statistically significant. Based on the analysis results following conclusions can be drawn: Yarn Evenness Results The experimental results of conventional and compact spun yarns evenness are given in Figure 8. According to statistical analysis, the effect of spinning system is statistically significant on both carded and combed yarn evenness as shown in Table IV. Carded compact yarns have higher evenness values than carded conventional ring yarns. The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 91 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 6. statistically significant. The difference between the evenness values of conventional and compact spun carded yarns increases as the yarn becomes coarser. Combed compact yarns have higher evenness values than combed conventional ring yarns. The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is statistically significant. While at 29.5 tex and 19.6 tex combed compact yarns have higher evenness than conventional ring yarns, at 14.7 tex conventional ring yarns have higher evenness values than combed compact yarns. The reason behind the higher irregularity of the compact yarns can be explained by the use of front bottom roller in mechanical compact spinning system (Figure 1). Rollers cause irregularities in the drafted strand since there is an incomplete control of the motion of each individual fiber or fiber group especially for coarser yarns. Similar result is obtained with previous study about mechanical compact spinning [8]. In both carded and combed yarns the interaction effect of spinning system and twist coefficient on yarn evenness isn’t statistically significant. Yarn Imperfection Results In carded yarns, the effect of spinning system is statistically significant on the number of thin places, the number thick places and neps values (Table IV). Carded compact yarns have higher thin place, thick place and neps values than carded conventional ring yarns. The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is statistically significant. The difference between the number of thin places, the number of thick places and neps value of compact and conventional spun carded yarns increases as the yarn becomes coarser. FIGURE 8. The evenness of compact and conventional spun yarns. In combed yarns the effect of spinning system is statistically significant on the number of thick places and neps values (Table IV). Combed compact yarns have higher thick place and neps values than combed conventional ring yarns. The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is statistically significant. While at 29.5 tex and 19.6 tex combed compact yarns have higher number of thick places and neps, at 14.7 tex conventional combed ring yarns have higher number of thick places than compact yarns. This result can be explained with the weak control of fibers in coarse yarn due to the increased number of fibers in the yarn cross section. The interaction effect of spinning system and twist coefficient is only statistically significant on neps values of combed yarn. However the effect is irregular and the trend is unclear to accept the presence of any meaningful relation. Yarn Hairiness Results The Uster and Keisokki hairiness test results of conventional and compact spun yarns are given in Figure 9 and Figure 10 respectively. According to statistical analysis, the effect of spinning system is statistically significant on both carded and combed yarn hairiness as shown in Table IV. Carded and combed compact yarns have lower hairiness (Uster and Keisokki) than carded and combed conventional ring yarns. This could be explained by the elimination of spinning triangle in compact yarn spinning system. With both Uster and Keisokki hairiness test result, the interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is statistically significant on carded and combed yarn hairiness (Table IV). However the effect is irregular varying yarn linear density and the trend is unclear to accept the presence of any meaningful relation. The interaction effect of spinning system and twist coefficient is only statistically significant on Uster hairiness values of combed yarn. The differences between compact combed and conventional combed yarn hairiness values increases as the yarn twist coefficient decreases. This shows that the advantage of the compact spinning system on combed yarn hairiness property is more noticeable at lower twist levels. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 92 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 7. FIGURE 9. The hairiness (uster) results of compact and conventional spun yarns. FIGURE 10. The hairiness (Keisokki) results of compact and conventional spun yarns. Yarn Diameter Results The diameter measurement results of conventional and compact spun yarns are given in Figure 11. According to statistical analysis, the effect of spinning system is statistically significant on both carded and combed yarn diameter as shown in Table IV. The diameter values of carded and combed compact yarns are lower than the carded and combed conventional ring yarns. Due to elimination of spinning triangle in compact spinning, the migration of fibers in compact yarns is deeper and as a result of this compact yarns diameter is smaller than conventional spun yarns [8 and 13]. The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is statistically significant on both carded and combed yarns diameter. The difference between the diameter values of conventional ring and compact yarn increases as the yarn becomes coarser. FIGURE 11. The diameter results of compact and conventional spun yarns. The interaction effect of spinning system and twist coefficient is statistically significant on combed yarn diameter. The difference between the diameter values of conventional and compact spun combed yarns decreases as the twist coefficient increases. Yarn Tenacity and Elongation Ratio Results The tenacity measurement results of conventional and compact spun yarns are given in Figure 12. According to statistical analysis, the effect of spinning system is statistically significant on both carded and combed yarn tenacity and elongation properties as shown in Table IV. The tenacity and elongation values of carded and combed compact yarns are significantly higher than carded and combed conventional ring yarns. The diameter values of compact yarns were smaller than those of conventional ring yarns. In other words the density of these yarns was higher. The higher density would also infer higher fiber to fiber interaction and thus higher strength [8 and 13]. The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density is statistically significant on both carded and combed yarn tenacity and elongation ratio. The difference between the tenacity and elongation values of conventional and compact spun yarns decreases as the yarn becomes coarser. For both carded and combed yarns, the interaction effect of spinning system and twist coefficient isn’t statistically significant on yarn tenacity and elongation ratio. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 93 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 8. Evaluating the Knitted Fabric Properties Table V shows the thickness and the weight per unit area of fabrics knitted with conventional and compact yarns. The weight per unit area of fabrics knitted with compact yarns is higher than the fabrics knitted with conventional ring yarns. The difference in the weight per unit area of the fabrics is due to the difference between the yarn liner densities of conventional ring and compact spun yarns. However we couldn’t observe any significant difference between the thicknesses of the knitted fabrics. FIGURE 12. The tenacity results of compact and conventional spun yarns. TABLE V. The thickness and weight per unit area of fabrics knitted with conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarns. Fabric property Yarn linear density (tex) 3.4 3.8 4.2 Weight per unit area (gr/m²) %CV Thickness (mm) %CV Fabrics knitted with carded ring yarn 29.5/1 140 4.38 0.73 0.01 149 4.91 0.75 0.02 146 7.93 0.77 0.02 19.6/1 94 5.85 0.69 0.03 95 0.38 0.72 0.02 102 2.09 0.75 0.02 14.7/1 62 1.13 0.57 0.02 66 1.30 0.68 0.01 69 2.98 0.73 0.03 Fabrics knitted with carded compact yarn 29.5/1 151 1.90 0.72 0.01 157 2.00 0.73 0.02 164 2.58 0.78 0.02 19.6/1 100 3.07 0.69 0.02 103 1.72 0.74 0.02 111 1.72 0.79 0.02 14.7/1 66 0.99 0.62 0.03 72 0.99 0.69 0.04 81 0.50 0.73 0.03 Fabrics knitted with combed ring yarn 29.5/1 148 1.30 0.70 0.05 153 2.83 0.76 0.02 153 2.64 0.77 0.02 19.6/1 98 7.64 0.69 0.03 96 1.96 0.67 0.02 103 3.05 0.73 0.02 14.7/1 70 4.42 0.62 0.04 69 0.38 0.67 0.02 70 2.28 0.70 0.02 Fabrics knitted with combed compact yarn 29.5/1 152 1.40 0.70 0.03 163 1.26 0.74 0.03 163 1.61 0.77 0.03 19.6/1 92 2.07 0.66 0.02 99 5.55 0.73 0.03 110 1.30 0.78 0.02 14.7/1 68 1.35 0.65 0.01 76 3.34 0.75 0.02 81 6.54 0.75 0.01 FIGURE 13. The main effect plots for fabric bursting strength. Twist coefficient (αe) %CV Thickness (mm) %CV Weight per unit area (gr/m²) %CV Thickness (mm) %CV FIGURE 14. The main effect plots for fabric pilling grade. Weight per unit area (gr/m²) Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 94 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 9. Figure 13 and Figure 14 show the main effect plots of fabric bursting strength and pilling grade respectively. The effect of spinning system is shown as X1 and X4. The effect of yarn linear density is shown as X2 and X5. The effect of twist coefficient is shown as X3 and X6. M represents the mean value for each observed fabric property. In the graphics R represents the ring spinning system and C represents the compact yarn spinning system. For the fabrics knitted with carded yarns, the effect of yarn linear density is statistically significant on the pilling grade and bursting strength properties according to the statistical analysis. The pilling grade and bursting strength values of the fabrics increase as the yarn becomes coarser. For the fabrics knitted with combed yarns, the effect of yarn linear density is statistically significant on the bursting strength property. The bursting strength values of the fabrics increase as the yarn becomes coarser. On the other hand, we couldn’t observe any significant relation between combed yarn linear density and pilling grade of the fabrics. In both carded and combed yarns, the effect of twist coefficient on pilling grade and bursting strength properties of fabrics isn’t statistically significant. As it can be seen in Table VI, fabric produced from compact yarn has significantly higher bursting strength than fabric produced from conventional ring yarn. The bursting strength results of fabrics produced with compact and conventional spun yarns are shown in Figure 15. The yarn tenacity contributes the bursting strength of the fabrics. The increase of yarn tenacity increases the bursting strength property of fabrics. The difference between the bursting strength values of fabrics knitted with conventional ring and compact yarns are less noticeable than the difference between the tenacity values of these yarns. The difference between bursting strength results of the fabrics produced with compact and conventional spun yarns doesn’t change according to yarn linear density and twist coefficient used in the knitting. The pilling results of the fabrics knitted conventional and compact spun yarns are shown in Figure 16. Fabrics produced from compact yarns significantly have higher pilling grade than the fabrics produced from conventional ring yarns. Pilling tendency of fabrics is affected by the yarn hairiness. The fabrics knitted with compact yarns have better pilling performance compared to the fabric knitted from conventional ring yarns. The interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density effect is significant on fabric pilling grade. However we couldn’t find linear correlation of the interaction effect of spinning system and yarn linear density. TABLE VI. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis for knitted fabrics with conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarns. Compared pairs Spinning system Spinning system*Yarn linear density Spinning system*Twist coefficient Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded cotton Combed cotton Carded cotton Combed cotton F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. Bursting strength (kPa) 24.92 .001* 13.94 .006* 0.92 .434 1.52 .275 0.04 .956 0.51 .617 Pilling grade 104.04 .000* 12.36 .008* 11.08 .005* 2.39 .153 2.52 .142 1.09 .380 * Statistically significant. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 95 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 10. FIGURE 15. The fabric bursting strength of compact and conventional spun yarns. FIGURE 16. The fabric pilling grade results of compact and conventional spun yarns. The Comparison of Conventional Combed and Compact Carded Yarns and Fabrics Produced with Them Table VII shows the statistical analysis for conventional combed and compact carded yarns. Compact spun carded yarn has significantly higher evenness, the number of thin places, the number of thick places and neps values than conventional spun combed yarn. Carded cotton has higher short fiber ratio than combed cotton. Due to the incomplete control of the short fibers in compact yarn spinning system carded compact yarn has higher evenness and imperfection values than conventional combed yarn. However, due to elimination of spinning triangle, compact spun carded yarn has lower hairiness, diameter and similar tenacity and elongation values with conventional combed yarn. TABLE VII. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis for conventional combed and compact carded yarns. Compared pairs Spinning system Spinning system* Yarn linear density Spinning system* Twist coefficient F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. CV (%) 6327.6 .000* 15.60 .000* 1.10 .334 Thin place (-%50) 248.06 .000* 106.02 .000* 0.55 .578 Thick place(+%50) 1528.5 .000* 231.36 .000* 0.77 .465 Neps (+%200) 1026.7 .000* 110.97 .000* 8.20 .000* Hairiness (Uster) 759.2 .000* 6.97 .001* 2.96 .054 Diameter (mm) 148.3 .000* 7.85 .001* 2.36 .097 Tenacity (cN/tex) 0.70 .404 9.57 .000* 6.36 .003* Elongation (%) 0.11 .732 3.54 .033* 0.69 .501 * Statistically significant. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 96 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 11. TABLE VIII. The F and significance values of factorial ANOVA analysis fabrics produced with conventional combed and compact carded yarns. Compared pairs Spinning system Spinning system*Yarn linear density Spinning system*Twist coefficient F Sig. F Sig. F Sig. Bursting strength (kPa) 23.00 .001* 6.59 .020* 0.34 .719 23.00 .001* 6.59 .020* 0.34 .719 Pilling grade 7.82 .023* 1.08 .384 0.43 .659 7.82 .023* 1.08 .384 0.43 .659 * Statistically significant. Table VIII shows the statistical analysis for fabrics knitted with conventional combed and compact carded yarns. Although carded compact and conventional combed yarn has similar tenacity values, fabric produced with compact carded yarns has lower bursting strength than fabric produced with conventional combed yarns. This can be explained by non-uniform fiber arrangement in carded cotton raw material. Fabric produced with compact carded yarn has better pilling properties because carded compact yarn has less hairiness than conventional combed yarns. The Comparison of Yarn Properties Produced with Conventional Ring, Mechanical Compact and Pneumatic Compact Yarn Spinning Systems In this part of the study, we compared the properties of yarns produced with conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact spinning systems. Table IX shows the multiple comparison of conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. According to statistical analysis results, pneumatic compact spun yarn has the least evenness, the number of thin place, the number of thick place, hairiness, diameter and the highest tenacity and elongation values. Conventional spun yarn has the highest neps value compared to mechanical and pneumatic compact spun yarns. There isn’t any statistically significant difference between the neps values of pneumatic and mechanical compact spun yarns. Conventional ring yarn has the highest thin place, neps, hairiness, diameter and the lowest tenacity and elongation values. Pneumatic compact spun yarn has lowest number of thick place value compared to conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarn. There isn’t any statistical significant between the number of thick places between conventional ring and mechanical compact spun yarns. While the pneumatic compacting system uses vacuum effect in the compacting zone, mechanical compacting system uses the magnetic force. The force applied to fibers in pneumatic compact spinning system is stronger than mechanical compact spinning system. As a result of this pneumatic compact spun yarn has less evenness, fewer imperfections, lower hairiness and has higher tenacity and elongation values compared to mechanical compact spun yarn. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 97 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 12. TABLE IX. The multiple comparisons (LSD) of conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. Yarn property Compared pairs Mean Difference Significance CV (%) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact .1760 .192 Pneumatic Compact 1.5353 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -.1760 .192 Pneumatic Compact 1.3593 .000* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -1.5353 .000* Mechanical Compact -1.3593 .000* Thin place (-%50) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 54.000 .001* Pneumatic Compact 136.833 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -54.000 .001* Pneumatic Compact 82.833 .000* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -136.833 .000* Mechanical Compact -82.833 .000* Thick place (+%50) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 10.666 .372 Pneumatic Compact 101.333 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -10.666 .372 Pneumatic Compact 90.666 .000* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -101.333 .000* Mechanical Compact -90.666 .000* Neps (+%200) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 65.166 .000* Pneumatic Compact 86.333 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -65.166 .000* Pneumatic Compact 21.166 .072 Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -86.333 .000* Mechanical Compact -21.166 .072 Hairiness (Uster) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 1.770 .000* Pneumatic Compact 1.949 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -1.770 .000* Pneumatic Compact .1787 .008* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -1.949 .000* Mechanical Compact -.1787 .008* Hairiness (Keisokki) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact 12.740 .000* Pneumatic Compact 14.066 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -12.740 .000* Pneumatic Compact 1.326 .000* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -14.066 .000* Mechanical Compact -1.326 .000* Diameter (mm) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact .0235 .000* Pneumatic Compact .0299 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring -.0235 .000* Pneumatic Compact .0064 .000* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring -.0299 .000* Mechanical Compact -.0064 .000* Tenacity (cN/tex) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact -4.033 .000* Pneumatic Compact -6.320 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring 4.033 .000* Pneumatic Compact -2.286 .000* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring 6.320 .000* Mechanical Compact 2.286 .000* Elongation (%) Conventional Ring Mechanical Compact -.2733 .004* Pneumatic Compact -.6067 .000* Mechanical Compact Conventional Ring .2733 .004* Pneumatic Compact -.3333 .001* Pneumatic Compact Conventional Ring .6067 .000* Mechanical Compact .3333 .001* * Statistically significant. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 98 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 13. CONCLUSION In the first part of the study, we compared the properties of yarns produced with conventional ring and mechanical compact yarn spinning systems. Compact yarns were found to have lower hairiness than conventional ring yarns. The reason behind the lower hairiness in compact spun yarn is the elimination of spinning triangle in spinning system. Compact yarns were found to have smaller diameter and better tensile properties than conventional ring yarns. As the yarn diameter decreases the fiber to fiber interaction increases and this leads to higher yarn tenacity and elongation ratio. The mechanical compact spinning system slightly increases the evenness and imperfection values of yarns. However, as the yarn becomes finer these effects gradually disappear. The superior properties of compact yarns are seen clearly on the fabric quality. Fabrics knitted with compact yarns were found to have better pilling properties and higher bursting strength than fabrics knitted with conventional ring yarns. Compact spun carded yarn was to found to have lower hairiness and similar tensile properties compared to conventional combed yarn; however it has significantly higher evenness, number of thin places, number of thick places and neps values. If the evenness property of carded compact yarn can be improved, it will have a potential for improving quality and profitability of cotton yarn manufacturing. Fabrics knitted with compact carded yarns were found to have better pilling properties than fabrics knitted with conventional combed yarns. Although carded compact and conventional combed yarns were found to have similar tenacity values, fabrics knitted with compact carded yarns had lower bursting strength than fabrics produced with conventional combed yarns. This can be explained by non-uniform fiber arrangement in carded cotton raw material. In the second part of the study we compared the properties of yarns produced with conventional ring, mechanical compact and pneumatic compact yarn spinning systems. Pneumatic compact spun yarns were found to have better yarn properties than mechanical compact spun yarn. They had less evenness, less imperfections, lower hairiness, higher tenacity and higher elongation values. The reason behind unsatisfactory test results could be the weak compacting power of mechanical compacting system. There are different compact spinning systems on the market from different manufacturers. In this study we compared only the most commonly used pneumatic compact spinning system. A further study about the comparison of mechanical compact spinning with other pneumatic compacting systems should be a valuable contribution to the decision-makers in the short-staple spinning industry. REFERENCES [1] S. Ömeroğlu, and S. Ülkü, An Investigation about Tensile Strength, Pilling and Abrasion Properties of Woven Fabrics Made from Conventional and Compact Ring-Spun Yarns, Fibers & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2007, 15(1), p. 39-42. [2] Kampen, W., The Advantages of Condensed Spinning, Melliand English, 2000, No.4, p. 58-59. [3] Cheng, K.P.S. Yu, C., A Study of Compact Spun Yarns, Textile Research Journal, 2003, No 4, p. 345-349. [4] Jayavarthanavelu, D., Compact Spinning System-Lakshmi RoCoS 1.14, Technical Newsletter Textile Machinery Division, 2006, p. 12, 2-4. [5] Stahlecker, H., RoCoS Rotorcraft Compact Spinning, Rotorcraft Technical Brochure, 2005, p. 1-8. [6] Joseph, K., Easily Mountable RoCoS Compact from Rotorcraft for Ring Yarn Spinning System, XI. International Izmir Textile & Apparel Symposium, Çeşme, 2007, p. 1-14. [7] Beceren, Y., Nergis, B., U., Comparison of the Effects of Cotton Yarns Produced by New, Modified and Conventional Spinning Systems on Yarn and Knitted Fabric Performance, Textile Research Journal, 2008, 78(4), p. 297 - 303. [8] S. Ganesan, A. Venkatachalam, V. Subramaniam, Fiber Migration in Compact Spun Yarns: Part II – Mechanical Compact Yarn, Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile Research, 2007, 32, p. 169 - 172. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 99 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012
  • 14. [9] Dash, J.,R., Ishtiaque, S.,M., and Alagirusamy, R., Properties and Processibility of Compact Yarns, Indian Journal of Fiber & Textile Research, 2002, Vol. 27 (4), pp. 362-368. [10] Jackowski, T., Cyniak, D, and Czekalski, J., Compact Cotton Yarn, Fibers & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2004, Vol. 12(4), pp. 22- 26. [11] Nikolic, M., and et al., Compact Spinning for Improved Quality Of Ring-Spun Yarns, Fibers & Textiles in Eastern Europe, 2003, Vol. 11(4), pp. 30-35. [12] Mavruz, S. ve Oğulata, R. T., Statistical Investigation of Properties of Ring and ompact Yarns and Knitted Fabrics Made of These Kinds of Yarns, Tekstil ve Konfeksiyon, 2008, Vol. 3, pp. 197-205. [13] Başal, G., and Oxenham, W., Comparison of Properties and Structures of Compact and Conventional Spun Yarns, Textile Research Journal, 2006, 76(7), p.567- 575. AUTHORS’ ADDRESSES Sevda Altas Ege University Emel Akın Vocational School İzmir, Bornova 35500 TURKEY Hüseyin Kadoğlu Ege University Textile Engineering Department İzmir, Bornova 35500 TURKEY Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 100 http://www.jeffjournal.org Volume 7, Issue 1 – 2012