Why OER: an international perspective
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Rory McGreal speaking at OEPS seminar in Edinburgh on 27 September 2016
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Why OER: an international perspective
- 1. Why OER? An international perspective Rory McGreal UNESCO/COL/ICDE Chair in OER Edinburgh September 2016 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (some images fair dealing)
- 2. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Some images fair dealing or fair use
- 3. 3
- 4. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (some images fair dealing) Col.org 4
- 5. 2025 + 98 million new students 4 universities per week (30k students) British Council & IDP Australia How to educate ALL these learners? The Challenge for the 21st Century
- 6. OER? 6
- 7. “… technology- enabled, open provision of educational resources for consultation, use and adaptation by a community of users for non- commercial Open Educational Resources (OER)
- 8. OER 8
- 10. Changing OER• Mixing – a new resource • Adaption – multiple contexts • Extraction – remove assets • Localisation – change to suit • Translation - other language • Reuse/Repurpose 10
- 11. OER’s are Open (Mostly) • OERs can be: – Augmented – Edited – Customized – Aggregated – Reformatted – Mashups! See Scott Leslie’s 10 minute video at http://www.edtechpost.ca/gems/opened.htm ASSEMBLE COURSES 11
- 13. OER: Deboning 13
- 14. Research publications Learning materials 14
- 15. Are OER free? 15
- 16. Cost considerations of OER • OER are FREE • No unnecessary duplication • Sharing reduces costs of development • Removes costs of copyright clearance • Engages open communities 16
- 17. Cost considerations of using commercial content• Developing and improving curricula. • Ongoing programme and course design • Planning of contact sessions with students • Development of learning materials • Design of effective assessment BUT OER ARE FREE & ADAPTABLE 17
- 18. • student owns nothing, can share nothing, save nothing, sell nothing • subscription ends – ALL ends • publishers own student data, notes, highlights • students can’t transfer data Commercial Learning Service or Rent-a-book 18
- 19. US Version per month +20 000 movies $ 7.99 +45 000 TV shows $ 7.99 +15 000 000 songs $ 9.99 TOTAL $25.97 ONE Biology text $20.25 -David Wiley 19
- 20. How open is an open licence? 20
- 21. 21
- 22. 22
- 23. • Avoids automatic copyright restrictions. • For different countries, languages • Licence generator (human, legal, machine) • Others can copy or change without permission • Authors rights; some freedoms restricted • Attribution, Reuse, Commercial, Changes23
- 25. Some rights reserved Attribution ShareAlike Non-commercial No derivatives 25
- 26. Intellectual Property Intellectual Property Privileged Monopoly 26
- 27. • imposing duties • restricting freedom • inflicting burden on users Waldron Intellectual Property ? OR a manifestation of government intervention in social relations May 27
- 28. Palm Pre defective by design
- 30. Who’s really losing? Any obstacle that makes a record harder to listen to is bad news for the artist that made it Sony Rootkit
- 31. DRM (Digital Rights Management) You CANNOT • Copy & paste, annotate, highlight • Text to speech • Format change • Move material • Print out • Move geographically • Use after expiry date • Resell
- 32. DRM software needs deep permissions into the operating system DRM can stop normal operating system functions.
- 34. • DRM restricts our freedom • Can we not own & control our own property? But our device is our PROPERTY Nielsen.com
- 40. Digital Licenses • Copy & paste, annotate, highlight • Text to speech or hyperlink • Format change • Move material to another computer • Print out • Move geographically • Use after expiry date • Resell • Prohibited to show your content to others • Must accept that you have NO rights • Owners have NO liability even if product doesn’t work • Owners can “invade” your computer without permission • Collect & use personal data • User has a “privilege” to use the product not own it
- 42. Open ETextbooks • Copy & paste, annotate, highlight √ • Text to speech or hyperlink √ • Format change √ • Move material to other computer √ • Print out √ • Move geographically √ • No expiry date √ • Reuse/Remix/Mash √ • Retain privacy and digital rights √√Essential for E-learning implementations
- 43. Microchip's authorized representatives will have the right to reasonably inspect,announced or unannounced and in its sole and absolute discretion, Licensee's premises and to audit Licensee's records and inventory of Licensee's use of the Software, whether located on Licensees premises or elsewhere, at any time
- 44. Do you own what you pay for?
- 45. Access Rights? Vendors can control how, when, where, and with what specific brands of technological assistance audiences are able to access content You buy but you don’t get
- 46. US Version per month +20 000 movies $ 7.99 +45 000 TV shows $ 7.99 +15 000 000 songs $ 9.99 TOTAL $25.97 -David Wiley
- 47. • student owns nothing, can share nothing, save nothing, sell nothing • subscription ends – ALL ends • publishers own student data, notes, highlights • students can’t transfer data Commercial Learning Service or Rent-a-book
- 48. The Post-Ownership Society We all just “share” and “rent” on the powerful platforms of Silicon Valley billionaires; this is far from a satisfactory alternative
- 49. Openness is the skeleton key that unlocks every attempt at vendor control and lock in
- 50. When you subscribe to content through a digital service, the publisher achieves complete and perfect control over you and your use of their content -- David Wiley Attack on Personal Property
- 53. Rory McGreal Canada Fred Mulder Netherlands UNESCO Chairholders in OER Partners Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (some images fair use) Wayne Mackintosh New Zealand Tel Amiel Brazil Maria S. Ramirez Mexico Mitja Jermol Slovenia Martin Weller UK
- 54. Fred Mulder PhD in the study of OER Global OER Graduate Network
- 57. Creating using & sharing OER Col.org
- 59. 2008: CCK08 Stephen Downes, George Siemens The First Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) http://ltc.umanitoba.ca/wiki/Connectivism_2008 G. Siemens 62
- 62. • Learners who access OER and acquire knowledge/skills cannot have their learning assessed and accredited • OER Pathways • +30 institutions/orgs on 5 continents
- 63. Traditional modelTraditional model OERu model learners Friesen & Murray learners
- 64. Challenge for Credit • Assessment – computerized testing – Multiple-choice & essays – peer assessment? – portfolios – projects
- 65. Prior Learning Assessment • Experience available • Comprehensive • Labour intensive
- 66. Opportunity If public institutions do not adapt then the gap can and will be filled by private, for profit entrepreneurs
- 68. • “Affordability in the future may be the first requirement not an afterthought.” Whitesides (2011) The race may not be to the swift, but to the cheap
- 69. If you're not confused, you don't understand
- 70. 75 “Every day, computers are making people easier to use” < innovation always produces hostility among those who prosper in old paradigms> changing Cristóbal.Cobo 你知道一切都在变化
- 71. The restriction of the commons by patents, copyright, and databases [right] is not in the interests of society and unduly hampers scientific endeavour.
- 72. Papal Encyclical “On the part of rich countries there is excessive zeal for protecting knowledge through an unduly rigid assertion of the right to intellectual property . . .” - Pope Benedict XVI
- 73. Papal Encyclical “On the part of rich countries there is excessive zeal for protecting knowledge through an unduly rigid assertion of the right to intellectual property . . .” - Pope Benedict XVI God is on our side
Editor's Notes
- http://www.col.org/resources/publications/Pages/detail.aspx?PID=357
- educational resources (including curriculum maps, course materials, textbooks, streaming videos, multimedia applications, podcasts, and any other materials that have been designed for use in teaching and learning) that are openly available for use by educators and students, without an accompanying need to pay royalties or licence fees. http://www.dawnmwilliams.com/curriculummapping02.jpg http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSe55NASKLs9sxsKSzFw5cfTF6-i2ZbjXPLReBTxdxGsIq1j3dQrg http://blog.kaltura.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Kaltura-Education-Video-Solutions-Source2.jpg http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTTSLVz7NYDJHBw9djQptGtgh_gXyJ-8Rp2OsrOBXOqGwKxYwg http://tux4kids.alioth.debian.org/
- http://edtechfrontier.com/category/open-educational-resources-oer/
- http://www.hsw.com.ph/images/easy-build/easy-build_assembly.jpg
- http://bp0.blogger.com/_RtZaUSyvqso/Rqm22uMDh1I/AAAAAAAABVA/0t4E4Flqyto/s400/deboning.jpg
- http://maaw.info/CostBehaveMain.htm
- http://opencontent.org/blog/page/5
- http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/leadership-in-the-context-of-openness
- there is only one key differentiator between an OER and any other educational resource: its licence. Thus, an OER is simply an educational resource that incorporates a licence that facilitates reuse, and potentially adaptation, without first requesting permission from the copyright holder.
- http://chinesedrum.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/lumaxart_gold_guys_with_creative_commons_symbol.jpg
- http://www.offthemarkcartoons.com/cartoons/2007-12-01.gif http://www.berfrois.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/mrmoneybags.jpg
- Waldron, J. (1993). From authors to copiers: Individual rights and social values in intellectual property. Chicago-Kent Law Review, 68, 841 -847. May, C. (2010). The global political economy of itellectual property rights: The new enclosures (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.
- http://image.slidesharecdn.com/drmslidedeck-140411122738-phpapp01/95/digital-rights-management-for-ebooks-4-638.jpg?cb=1397224150
- Is that why they are losing money – everyone’s already rebought their old songs and movies? Or have they made poor decisions
- https://static.fsf.org/nosvn/dbd/2012/day-against-drm/image2.png
- http://vidyard.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/16.png
- http://www.instant.ly/blog/2012/12/hot-trends-for-mobile-in-2013/
- http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3276/3008950250_270b214478_o.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Lock_PD.png http://fc00.deviantart.net/fs70/f/2012/295/d/1/tablet_png_by_mario_editions-d5ikhga.png
- http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-dGQzAh5mojE/TfUpQPXo2-I/AAAAAAAAAI8/586KSofMt84/s1600/Untitled-1+copy.jpg
- WoW shut down Nostralius for copyright infrfringement.
- https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/17mb3oj23rnfhpng.png
- http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRO7rhsaIV5op0Y4ll1rvnKDtY4TZQlbOpdgnPEeiGUoV4hFQWNlg
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-ridiculous-eula-clauses-agreed http://www.socialsignal.com/system/files/images/2008-10-11-eula.gif/
- http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/10-ridiculous-eula-clauses-agreed/
- http://geekandpoke.typepad.com/geekandpoke/images/2008/01/05/20model.jpg ‘magic words’ fine print in contractual ‘license agreements,’” so you don’t buy software, you only license it. This restricts resale Sherwin Siy, Public Knowledge : “What’s at stake in this case is the ability of consumers actually to own the things they pay for.” Vendors have complete control over every aspect of a work’s use everything is copyright infringement. (buying and selling used books or CDs, or even software, There is the threat of massive fines or possible criminal charges.
- Canadian copyright to not only including &quot;moral rights&quot; and &quot;mass-copying rights&quot; (commercial uses of copyrighted works), but now to &quot;access rights&quot; where copyright holders are presumed to be able to control how, when, and with what specific brands of technological assistance audiences are able to access copyrighted material. I strongly believe we should be going the opposite direction, mandating that copyright not be allowed to be abused to dictate to audiences any aspect of their own personal technology choices. I believe that any &apos;hardware assist&apos; for communications, whether it be eye-glasses, VCR&apos;s, or personal computers, must be under the control of the citizen and not a third party.
- http://www.slideshare.net/opencontent/leadership-in-the-context-of-openness
- http://opencontent.org/blog/page/5
- http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SkeletonKey
- http://opencontent.org/blog/page/5
- http://wikieducator.org/images/thumb/e/e9/OER-Theory-of-action.jpg/750px-OER-Theory-of-action.jpg http://images.pictureshunt.com/pics/y/yellow_stars-2185.jpg
- http://wikieducator.org/images/thumb/e/e9/OER-Theory-of-action.jpg/750px-OER-Theory-of-action.jpg
- http://wikieducator.org/images/thumb/e/e9/OER-Theory-of-action.jpg/750px-OER-Theory-of-action.jpg
- http://mikecaulfield.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/a-course.png
- http://allthingslearning.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/assessment-engine-cowan.jpg
- http://www.ergo.fellowes.com/1/images/general/workstation-assessment-img-7.png
- http://www.ergo.fellowes.com/1/images/general/workstation-assessment-img-7.png
- http://openuniversitycourses.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Open-University-Courses.png We think there is opportunity (and accompanying challenge) for educational institutions to be early adopters of low cost and no-frills model to avoid the ongoing spiral of increased costs coupled with decreased government funding and increasing student resistance and incapacity to pay high tuition fees. To make such a transition challenges many of the traditional ideals and systems of higher education institutions based on pre-net ideals and technologies. Many will fail to adapt and go out of business; some may continue serving an elite that can afford the high costs. The open universities have a particular challenge and opportunity to embrace these disruptive technologies and pedagogies as these initiatives speak directly to their mandate of increasing access. If both public campuses and online systems do not adapt and move to exploit these network affordances, then it leaves a tremendous opportunity that can be filled by private, for profit entrepreneurs. Whitesides (2011) tells that the race may not be to the swift, but to the cheap, noting that &quot;affordability in the future may be the first requirement not an afterthought.&quot;
- http://technologytwist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Cost-Effective-Software-Solutions.jpeg
- The race may not be to the swift, but to the cheap http://pubs.acs.org/cen/_img/85/i13/8513cov2_friedmancxd.jpg We think there is opportunity (and accompanying challenge) for educational institutions to be early adopters of low cost and no-frills model to avoid the ongoing spiral of increased costs coupled with decreased government funding and increasing student resistance and incapacity to pay high tuition fees. To make such a transition challenges many of the traditional ideals and systems of higher education institutions based on pre-net ideals and technologies. Many will fail to adapt and go out of business; some may continue serving an elite that can afford the high costs. The open universities have a particular challenge and opportunity to embrace these disruptive technologies and pedagogies as these initiatives speak directly to their mandate of increasing access. If both public campuses and online systems do not adapt and move to exploit these network affordances, then it leaves a tremendous opportunity that can be filled by private, for profit entrepreneurs. Whitesides (2011) tells that the race may not be to the swift, but to the cheap, noting that &quot;affordability in the future may be the first requirement not an afterthought.&quot;
- The changes are happening very rapidly and are very worrisome. But do not be alarmed. If you are not confused, you do not understand what is happening. When the world is confusing, confusion is an understandable feeling. In the present situation,people who know exactly what they are doing are very dangerous. They are either charlatans or fools.
- http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3496/3189269833_912f65db4e.jpg
- http://www.keionline.org/blogs/2009/07/07/pope-ipr/ “Encyclical Letter Caritas In Veritate Of The Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI To The Bishops Priests And Deacons Men And Women Religious The Lay Faithful And All People Of Good Will On Integral Human Development In Charity And Truth,” June 29, 2009. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_en.html
- http://www.keionline.org/blogs/2009/07/07/pope-ipr/ “Encyclical Letter Caritas In Veritate Of The Supreme Pontiff Benedict XVI To The Bishops Priests And Deacons Men And Women Religious The Lay Faithful And All People Of Good Will On Integral Human Development In Charity And Truth,” June 29, 2009. http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/encyclicals/documents/hf_ben-xvi_enc_20090629_caritas-in-veritate_en.html
- To conclude, there is a story that if you put a frog in cold water and slowly heat it up, he won’t jump out even when the water is boiling. By this time, his legs are cooked and he cannot jump. The new technology is like that bubbling all around us. At some point, we have to jump or we are cooked!