Key findings from the 2012 edition of Education at a Glance - United Kingdom

1 1 Education at a Glance 2012 Key findings from the 2012 edition of Education at a Glance United Kingdom Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Embargo until 11 September 11:00 Paris Andreas Schleicher Advisor of the OECD Secretary-General on Education Policy Deputy Director for Education

2 2 Highlights - UK • Educational opportunities for people from poorly educated Education at a Glance 2012 families are limited in most countries, but the UK does better than other countries in moving people up the social ladder – Some 41% of 25-34 year-olds in the UK have attained a higher level of education than their parents, compared with an OECD average of 37% • The socio-economic composition of UK schools poses significant challenges for disadvantaged and immigrant students – 80% of students with an immigrant background attend schools with a high percentage of immigrant students (OECD average 67%) – No country has a higher share of immigrant students with highly-educated mothers attending disadvantaged schools than the UK Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 • Enrolment rates among four-year-olds in early childhood and primary education is high, but annual expenditure per pre-primary student is below the OECD average • The demand for tertiary graduates in the UK‟s labour market continued to be strong, even during the global recession – The average employment rate of tertiary-educated individuals in the UK increased even during the crisis (by 0.1 percentage points) while the employment rate among individuals with lower levels of education decreased by 3.3 percentage points between 2008 and 2010 .

3 3 Highlights - UK • Large advantages continue to accrue to both individuals and the Education at a Glance 2012 public from higher levels of education… – The earnings premium from tertiary education is large and has grown further over recent years. Tertiary graduates also generate an extra GBP 55 000 by paying higher income tax and social contributions – far outweighing the public cost of their education … and rising penalties for those without baseline qualifications – Individuals without an upper secondary qualification saw a marked drop in the employment rate by 3.3 percentage points, from 59.3% in 2008 to 56% in 2010 – greater than the OECD average decrease of 2.5 percentage points – The impact of educational disparities on life outcomes has grown. • Rising spending levels Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 – Expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP increased from 3.6% in 1995 to 4.5% in 2009 in the UK, from below the OECD average to a level that is now clearly above the OECD average of 4.0% – No country saw a steeper increase in spending on tertiary education than the UK, but most of that was funded from private sources – The costs for lower secondary education are driven by more hours of instruction, small classes and attractive teacher compensation • A notably young teaching force • High but declining levels of school autonomy .

4 4 Education at a Glance 2012 Across the world more people obtain better qualifications but the pace of change varies hugely across countries Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012

Australia 5 5 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 1995 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel Italy Japan Korea Cost per student 15,000 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand 10,000 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland 0 Graduate supply Turkey United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Australia 6 6 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 1995 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel Italy United States Japan Korea Cost per student 15,000 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand 10,000 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland 0 Graduate supply Turkey United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)

Australia 7 7 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 2000 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel Italy Japan Korea 15,000 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand United Kingdom 10,000 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 0 United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Australia 8 8 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 2001 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel Italy Japan Korea 15,000 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand 10,000 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 0 United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Australia 9 9 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 2002 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel Italy Japan Korea 15,000 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand 10,000 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 0 United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Australia1010 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 2003 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel Italy Japan Korea 15,000 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand 10,000 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 0 United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Australia1717 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 2009 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel Italy Denmark Japan United Kingdom Korea 15,000 Australia Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand New Zealand Finland 10,000 Iceland Norway Poland Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Australia Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 0 United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

Australia1818 Austria Belgium Canada A world of change – higher education Education at a Glance 2012 Chile Czech Republic Denmark 30,000 Estonia Finland France 2009 Germany 25,000 Expenditure per student at tertiary level (USD) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland 20,000 Israel US Italy Japan UK Korea 15,000 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands UK New Zealand 10,000 Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Slovenia 5,000 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 0 United Kingdom 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 United States Tertiary-type A graduation rate

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 19 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 0 Korea % Japan Canada IrelandChart A1.1 Norway New Zealand United Kingdom Australia Luxembourg Israel Belgium France United States Sweden Netherlands Switzerland Finland 25-34 year-olds Spain Chile Estonia OECD average Denmark Poland Iceland Slovenia attained tertiary-type A education 55-64 year-olds Greece Germany Hungary Portugal Slovak Republic Czech Republic Mexico Austria Italy Growth in university-level qualifications (2010) Turkey Brazil Estimates of the percentage of the 25-34 year-old and 55-64 year-old population that has

2222Education at a Glance 2012 Some progress towards reducing the share of workers without baseline qualifications A quarter of working-age individuals in the UK still do not have an upper secondary qualification; but the UK has been more successful than many other countries in reducing this share. Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 23 23 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 100 % Korea Czech Republic Slovak RepublicChart A1.2 Poland Slovenia Canada Sweden Finland Switzerland United States Israel Austria Ireland Chile Germany 25-34 year-olds Estonia Hungary Australia Luxembourg France Norway United Kingdom Percentage, by age group (2010) Netherlands Belgium OECD average 55-64 year-olds Denmark New Zealand Greece Iceland Italy Spain Brazil Portugal Mexico Population that has attained at least upper secondary education Turkey

3030Education at a Glance 2012 Because of its strong links to earnings, employment, wealth and the well-being of individuals and nations, education is a powerful lever to combat inequalities but the educational opportunities for people from poorly educated families are limited in most countries The playing field is far from level in the UK, but compared with Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 other OECD countries students in the UK enjoy relatively fluid intergenerational upward mobility

Participation in higher education among students whose3131Education at a Glance 2012 parents have low levels of education (2009) Percentage of 20-34 year-old students in higher education whose parents have low levels of education Percentage of parents with low levels of education in the total parent population Odds of being a student in higher education if parents have low levels of education (right axis) Odds ratio 100% 1.0 90% 0.9 80% 0.8 70% 0.7 60% 0.6 50% 0.5 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 40% 0.4 30% 0.3 20% 0.2 10% 0.1 0% 0.0 Hungary Denmark Austria Sweden Germany Turkey Portugal Netherlands Greece Poland Luxembourg Belgium Finland Australia Switzerland New Zealand Spain Iceland Ireland OECD average Norway Slovenia United States Canada Italy France Czech Republic United Kingdom Chart A6.1

Intergenerational mobility in education (2009)3333 Percentage of 25-34 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than their parents‟ (upward mobility), lower (downward mobility) or the same (status quo) and status quo by parents educational level (low, medium, high) Education at a Glance 2012 High Medium Low Downward mobility Upward mobility „Status quo by parents educational level 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Turkey Germany Norway Luxembourg Sweden Austria Greece Australia Portugal France OECD average Spain Hungary Switzerland Ireland Slovenia Italy Estonia Belgium Netherlands Canada Denmark Czech Republic Poland New Zealand Iceland United Kingdom Finland Slovak Republic United States Chart A6.5

3535Education at a Glance 2012 Investing in high-quality schooling for all appears to be the best way to enhance educational mobility later in life Inequalities in early schooling attributable to different socio- economic backgrounds are strongly linked to inequalities at the tertiary level of education. There is no cross-country relationship between the level of tuition fees for higher education and the Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 participation of disadvantaged youth in this level of education.

No relationship between share of private financing and3636Education at a Glance 2012 educational mobility in higher education Percentage of private sources in higher education finance 80 United Kingdom 70 Higher share of private financing in higher education United States 60 Australia 50 40 Canada New Zealand Italy Poland Portugal Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 30 Netherlands Czech Republic Spain 20 France Germany Ireland Slovenia Austria Belgium Sweden 10 Iceland Finland Norway Denmark Hungary Higher degree of educational mobility 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percentage of students in higher education whose parents have low education

A close relationship between equity at school3737Education at a Glance 2012 and equity in higher education 0.80 The odds of a 20-34 year-old attending higher education if parents have low levels of Iceland 0.70 …the more likely it is that people with disadvantaged Portugal Ireland 0.60 Denmark backgrounds make it into higher education Sweden 0.50 Spain Australia 1 education (2009) Italy Finland Poland Germany 0.40 Austria Greece Norway Switzerland Belgium Hungary Czech Republic Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 0.30 United States 2 0.20 Canada 2 New Zealand 1 R² = 0.37 0.10 The weaker the influence of social background on learning outcomes at school (PISA) 0.00 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Impact of PISA index of economic, social, and cultural status (ESCS) on student reading performance (2000) Note: The number of students attending higher education are under-reported for Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States compared to the other countries as they only include students who attained ISCED 5A, while the other countries include students who attained ISCED 5A and/or 5B. Therefore, the omission of data on 5B qualifications may understate intergenerational mobility in these countries. 1. Data source from Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (ALL) of 2006.

3838Education at a Glance 2012 The socio-economic composition of UK schools poses significant challenges for disadvantaged students and students with an immigrant background Immigrant children‟s performance on PISA is more strongly, and negatively, associated with a concentration of disadvantage in schools than with the size of the population of immigrant students in a school or the concentration of students who speak a different Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 language at home than the language of instruction at school

Immigrant students and school profile (2009)4040 Percentage of immigrant students who are in the quartile of schools with the highest concentration of students from a particular background Education at a Glance 2012 Concentration of immigrant students in schools Concentration of immigrant students speaking another language at home Concentration of students with low-educated mothers 100 90 Percentage of immigrant students who are in the top quartile 80 70 60 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 50 40 30 20 10 Even immigrant students with highly-educated mothers are more 0 than twice as likely to be in disadvantaged schools than non- S… U… L… S… S… S… U… P… B… R… F… F… M… B… I… N… I… I… A… N… I… A… A… N… E… C… C… O… G… G… D… H… immigrant students, in no other country is their share higher

Reading performance of immigrant students and school profile4141 Correlation between their performance and the percentage of students from a particular background in the school (2009) Education at a Glance 2012 Concentration of immigrant students Concentration of immigrant students with a foreign language Correlation coefficent Concentration of students with low-educated mothers 0.3 0.1 -0.1 -0.3 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 -0.5 -0.7 United Kingdom Switzerland Germany Portugal Hungary Netherlands Sweden Luxembourg Israel Belgium Denmark Finland Estonia Austria Mexico Slovenia Argentina Greece Australia Norway OECD average United States Spain Brazil Iceland Italy Ireland France Russian Federation New Zealand Czech Republic Canada Chart A5.1

4242Education at a Glance 2012 In 2010, the UK had one of the highest enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education among four-year-olds… …even if annual expenditure per pre-primary student Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 is less than the OECD average.

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 43 43 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 100 % France Netherlands SpainChart C2.1 Mexico Belgium Denmark Japan Norway United Kingdom Italy Luxembourg Iceland Germany New Zealand Sweden Hungary Estonia Austria 2010 Slovenia Israel Portugal 2005 Czech Republic OECD average Korea Chile ArgentinaRussian Federation Slovak Republic United States Ireland Poland Finland among four-year-olds (2005 and 2010) Brazil Greece Australia Canada Switzerland Indonesia Enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education Turkey

4444Education at a Glance 2012 A growing divide between the better- and less-educated The earnings premium from tertiary education is large and has grown further over recent years. Tertiary graduates also generate an extra GBP 55 000 by paying higher income tax and social contributions – far outweighing the public cost of their education. In turn, individuals without an upper secondary qualification, equivalent to five good GCSEs or an equivalent vocational qualification, saw a marked drop Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 in the employment rate by 3.3 percentage points, from 59.3% in 2008 to 56% in 2010 – greater than the OECD average decrease of 2.5 pct points

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 45 45 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 0 100 % Norway Iceland Switzerland SwedenChart A7.1 Netherlands Slovenia Germany Tertiary education Denmark Austria Brazil PortugalUnited Kingdom Luxembourg Poland Finland Australia Belgium New Zealand FranceCzech Republic OECD average IsraelSlovak Republic Canada Ireland Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary Mexico United States Estonia Greece Spain Japan Percentage of 25-64 year-olds in employment, by level of education (2010) Chile Hungary Italy Below upper secondary Korea Positive relationship between education and employment Turkey

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 51 51 USD 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 10,000 0 LuxembourgChart A10.4 United States Austria Ireland Netherlands Australia United Kingdom Canada Korea Norway Germany Net income 3-year-average exchange rate Italy Sweden OECD Average Czech Republic New Zealand Denmark Finland Iceland France (2009 or latest year available) Belgium Spain Israel Slovenia Portugal Greece Comparing net income of highly educated adults Slovak Republic Net income (Purchasing Power Parity-adjusted) Hungary Net income, in USD, for 25-64 year-olds with a tertiary education Poland Estonia

5252 The value of higher education for a man Components of the private net present value of higher education for a man (2008 or latest available year) Education at a Glance 2012 Direct cost Foregone earnings Income tax effect Social contribution effect Transfers effect Gross earnings benefits Unemployment effect Grants effect Portugal $373,851 United States Czech Republic $249,679 $329,552 Poland $230,630 Slovenia $225,663 Austria $225,048 Ireland $223,821 Slovak Republic $208,883 Hungary $208,386 Korea $189,766 OECD average $161,625 France $159,950 Italy Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 $155,346 Canada $153,520 Netherlands $145,886 Finland $145,608 Germany $144,682 Israel $143,582 United Kingdom $143,394 Japan $143,018 Belgium $116,225 Australia $115,287 Net Spain present $102,975 Norway $82,076 Estonia $74,213 value in Turkey Sweden $64,177 $61,454 USD Denmark $56,369 equivalent New Zealand $52,471 -400,000 -200,000 0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 USD equivalent Chart A9.3

Public cost and benefits of higher education5555Education at a Glance 2012 For a man obtaining tertiary education (2008 or latest available year) Public benefits Public costs In equivalent USD Hungary $254,984 United States $232,779 Ireland $172,602 Italy $168,693 Belgium $166,477 Germany $156,125 Slovenia $155,664 Netherlands $133,560 Austria $132,103 Poland $118,266 Czech Republic $115,790 Israel $107,436 OECD average $101,116 Finland $95,947 Australia $93,236 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Portugal $89,464 United Kingdom $86,550 France $81,545 Japan $67,411 Canada $66,845 Net present Slovak Republic $58,159 value Korea $55,367 Norway $55,318 Sweden 43,419 Denmark $38,421 New Zealand $33,912 Spain $25,591 Turkey $21,724 Estonia $4,587 0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 Chart A9.5

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 57 57 Education has been a key driver for economic progress

Average GDP growth (real percentage change from the previous5858 year) and labour income growth in GDP, by educational categories Countries with at least five years of growth estimates by educational categories; GDP growth Education at a Glance 2012 estimates are matched with years of education growth estimates (2000-2010) GDP Growth ISCED 5B/5A/6 ISCED 3/4 ISCED 0/1/2 5% 4% 3% 2% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 1% 0% -1% Czech Republic United States Germany Switzerland Austria Norway Israel Ireland France New Zealand Sweden Hungary Denmark Korea Canada Finland Country average United Kingdom Chart A10.1

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 59 59 -6% -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% 0% 2% 3% 1%Chart A10.2 Norway, -1.7% Slovak Republic, -4.8% Switzerland, -1.9% Canada, -2.8% Korea, 0.3% United Kingdom, -4.9% ISCED 5B/5A/6 France, -2.7% Czech Republic, -4.1% Austria, -3.9% OECD average, -3.8% Denmark, -5.2% ISCED 3/4 Germany, -4.7% New Zealand, 0.8% Spain, -3.7% Finland, -8.2% 2009 GDP growth shown next to country names Sweden, -5.3% Estonia, -13.9% ISCED 0/1/2 educational categories during the crisis Hungary, -6.7% Israel, 0.8% Change in annual labour-income growth in GDP, by United States, -3.5% Ireland, -7.6%

6060Education at a Glance 2012 Expenditure on education grew significantly, even during the economic crisis Expenditure on primary, secondary and post-secondary non tertiary educational institutions as a percentage of GDP increased from 3.6% in 1995 to 4.5% in 2009 in the UK, from below the OECD average to Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 a level that is now clearly above the OECD average of 4.0%

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 61 61 1 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Iceland Korea % of GDP DenmarkChart B2.1 New Zealand United States Israel Argentina Chile Sweden Belgium Finland Ireland 2009 France Estonia Mexico OECD average 2000 Netherlands Norway Canada United Kingdom 1995 Australia Slovenia Switzerland Portugal Austria Poland All levels of education (1995, 2000, 2009) as a percentage of GDP Spain OECD Total Brazil Russian… Germany Japan Italy Expenditure on educational institutions Hungary Czech Republic South Africa Slovak Republic Indonesia India

6464Education at a Glance 2012 This is mirrored in rising spending per student The steep rise in spending on tertiary education in the UK was largely the result of a significant increase in the share of private sources of funding for tertiary education – from 32.3% to 70.4% between 2000 and 2009. Nevertheless, the increase in private financing has not lead to a decline in public expenditure on tertiary education, which increased by 17% over the same period. Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012

Changes in student numbers and expenditure6565Education at a Glance 2012 Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education Index of change between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices) Change in expenditure Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents) Index of change (2000 = 100) Change in expenditure per student 240 220 200 180 160 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 140 120 100 80 60 Australia Switzerland Japan Brazil Iceland Finland Spain Ireland Norway Portugal Austria Germany Korea Sweden France Italy Hungary Netherlands Belgium Denmark Slovak Republic Czech Republic United Kingdom Canada Estonia Poland Israel OECD average United States Mexico

Changes in student numbers and expenditure6666 Tertiary education Index of change between 2000 and 2009 (2000=100, 2009 constant prices) Education at a Glance 2012 Change in expenditure Index of change Change in the number of students (in full-time equivalents) (2000 = 100) Change in expenditure per student 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 Switzerland Japan United Kingdom Austria Norway Spain Hungary Portugal Brazil Iceland Ireland Germany France Italy Poland Belgium Sweden Netherlands Denmark Israel Korea Czech Republic Estonia Finland Mexico OECD average United States Slovak Republic

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 68 68 % 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 Chile Korea United KingdomChart B3.3 Japan United States Australia Israel CanadaRussian Federation New Zealand Italy 2009 Mexico Poland OECD average Slovak Republic Portugal 2005 Netherlands Spain Czech Republic Estonia Argentina France 2000 Ireland Germany Share of private expenditure Slovenia Austria Belgium Sweden Iceland Denmark Finland on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2005, 2009) Norway

Average tuition fees and proportion of students who7070 benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008-09, national full-time students Education at a Glance 2012 Bubble size 7 000 shows Group 2: graduation rates Group 3: Potentially high financial United States Average tuition fees charged by public institutions in USD 6 000 Extensive and barriers for entry to broadly uniform cost tertiary-type A education, sharing across but also strong student United Kingdom 5 000 students, student support. support systems Japan somewhat less Australia 4 000 developed. 3 000 Group 4: New Zealand Group 1: Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Relatively low financial barriers No (or low) financial barriers to entry to tertiary education and Netherlands 2 000 relatively low support for tertiary studies due to tuition fees and a high level of student aid. Switzerland Italy Spain 1 000 Austria Belgium (Fl.) Norway Belgium (Fr.) Denmark 0 France Mexico Finland Iceland Sweden -1 000 0 25 50 75 100 Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants

Average tuition fees and proportion of students who7171 benefit from public loans and/or scholarships/grants Tertiary-type A, public institutions, academic year 2008-09, national full-time students Education at a Glance 2012 7 000 United States Average tuition fees charged by public institutions in USD 6 000 5 000 United Kingdom Japan Australia 4 000 3 000 New Zealand Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Netherlands 2 000 Switzerland Italy Spain 1 000 Austria Belgium (Fl.) Norway Belgium (Fr.) Denmark 0 France Mexico Finland Iceland Sweden -1 000 0 25 50 75 100 Chart B5.1 % of students who benefit from public loans AND/OR scholarships/grants

7575Education at a Glance 2012 Costs for lower secondary education are driven by more hours of instruction, small classes and attractive teacher compensation Students in England receive an average of 7 258 hours of instruction time between the ages of 7 and 14, 396 hours more than the OECD average. Classes are comparatively large at the primary level but comparatively small in secondary education. English primary school teachers teach fewer hours while upper secondary Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 teachers have a comparatively heavy teaching load. Teachers are well-paid in comparison to teachers in other OECD countries, and their salaries are similar to those of full-time, full-year workers with tertiary education in other professions.

Hours of instruction in public schools7676Education at a Glance 2012 for students aged 7 to 14 (2010) Ages 7 to 8 Ages 9 to 11 Ages 12 to 14 Estonia Finland Russian Federation Slovenia Czech Republic Korea Sweden Indonesia Hungary Poland Norway Greece Germany Slovak Republic Japan Denmark Austria OECD average Turkey Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Belgium (Fl.) Iceland England Portugal Luxembourg Ireland Canada France Mexico Spain Italy Netherlands Belgium (Fr.) Israel Australia Chile 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 Total number of intended instruction time in hours Chart D1.1

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 80 80 20 30 50 60 40 10 0 China Indonesia Korea per classroomChart D2.2 Japan Chile Number of students Israel Brazil Argentina Mexico Germany France Spain Australia OECD average United States Primary education Poland Portugal Greece Austria Czech Republic Hungary Italy Slovak Republic Finland Denmark Lower secondary education Iceland Slovenia Luxembourg United Kingdom Estonia Switzerland Average class size, by level of education (2009)Russian Federation Turkey Ireland Belgium (Fr.)

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 82 82 1 0 2 Spain Korea Luxembourg PortugalChart D3.1 England Canada New Zealand Finland Germany Scotland Belgium (Fl.) Australia Belgium (Fr.) Denmark Israel OECD average Netherlands Ireland Sweden educated workers educated workers Slovenia (2010 or latest available year) France Poland United States Teachers fare worse than tertiary- Teachers fare better than tertiary- Norway Austria Italy Hungary workers with tertiary education aged 25-64 Estonia Czech Republic Ratio of salary to earnings for full-time, full-year Iceland Slovak Republic

Contribution of various factors8888 to the change in the salary cost of teachers per student at the lower secondary level (2000, 2010) Education at a Glance 2012 Contribution of teachers salary Contribution of instruction time Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size In equivalent USD using PPPs Change in salary cost between 2000 and 2010 3000 2500 2000 1500 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 1000 500 0 -500 -1000 Portugal Denmark Hungary Korea Finland Japan Australia Iceland Austria Spain United States Italy Ireland Mexico France Czech Republic Chart B7.5

9090Education at a Glance 2012 The UK has a notably young teaching force The UK has the highest proportion of teachers below the age of 30 among OECD countries and a large proportion of teachers between the ages of 30 and 39. Some 61.4% of primary school teachers are younger than 40 – a significantly larger proportion than the OECD average of 41.1% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012

Age distribution of teachers in secondary education9191Education at a Glance 2012 (2010) Aged less than 30 Aged 30-39 Aged 40-49 Aged 50 or older Indonesia Brazil Poland United Kingdom Luxembourg Canada Portugal Chile Korea United States Ireland Belgium Slovak Republic France Israel Switzerland Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Slovenia Hungary OECD average Spain Japan New Zealand Iceland Sweden Finland Norway Netherlands Czech Republic Estonia Germany Austria Italy % Chart D5.1 0 20 40 60 80 100

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 % 92 92 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 80 100 0 Chart D5.2 Estonia Slovenia Israel Hungary Slovak Republic Italy Chile Poland Norway Czech Republic Finland Portugal Lower secondary education Upper secondary education Brazil Austria Denmark OECD average Sweden Korea United States New Zealand France Germany Belgium Tertiary education United Kingdom Pre-primary education Spain South Africa Luxembourg Switzerland Mexico Saudi Arabia China Indonesia India Gender distribution of teachers (2010) Japan Turkey Iceland Primary educationRussian Federation Canada Ireland Percentage of women among teaching staff in public and private institutions, by level of education Netherlands

9393Education at a Glance 2012 High but declining levels of school autonomy England‟s schools have the greatest decision-making authority among OECD countries (35 percentage points higher than the OECD average) after the Netherlands in 2011, but the share of decisions taken at school levels has declined between 2003 and 2007. Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 94 94 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0% 100% Netherlands England Chart D6.1 Estonia Belgium (Fl.)Czech Republic Hungary IcelandSlovak Republic School Indonesia Slovenia Ireland Local Australia Scotland Poland Sweden Chile Denmark OECD average Korea Italy Israel Regional or sub-regional France Austria Belgium (Fr.) Switzerland Spain Germany Portugal Central or state United States Japan Canada Turkey Mexico Percentage of decisions taken at each level of government Norway Luxembourg Taking decisions about lower secondary education (2011) Greece

Taking decisions about teaching personnel (2011)9595 Level of government at which decisions about lower secondary teachers are taken in OECD countries Education at a Glance 2012 Percentage of OECD countries School Local Regional or sub-regional Central or state 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 30% 20% 10% 0% Use of Duties Conditions of Influence Dismissal Hiring Allocation of Fixing of resources in service over the resources to salary levels the school career the school for teacher for teacher professional Chart D5.3 professional development development

9898Education at a Glance 2012 One of the most attractive destinations for foreign students The UK remains one of the most attractive destinations for foreign students: it holds 13% of the global tertiary education market share, a 2.2 percentage point increase since 2000, and the 2nd largest share after the United States (16.6%). In 2010, 16% of all students enrolled in UK universities were international students; they account for more than 41.7% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 of enrolments in advanced research programmes

Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education,10100 by country of destination (2010) Percentage of foreign tertiary students (reported to the OECD) 0 Education at a Glance 2012 who are enrolled in each country of destination Other non-OECD countries 15.5% Other OECD countries 6.4% United States 16.6% Sweden 1.1% Netherlands 1.2% Belgium 1.3% United Kingdom 13% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Switzerland 1.3% Korea 1.4% South Africa 1.5% Austria 1.7% Australia 6.6% Italy 1.7% New Zealand 1.7% Germany 6.4% China 1.8% Spain 2.4% France 6.3% Chart C4.2 Russian Federation Canada 4.7% Japan 3.4% 3.9%

10101 Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by continent of origin (2010) 1 Education at a Glance 2012 Not specified Total from North Total from 3.2% America 2.7% Oceania 1% Total from Latin America and the Caribbean 6.2% Total from Africa 11.8% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Total from Asia 52.5% Total from Europe 22.7% Chart C4.5

10102 Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of origin (2010) 2 Education at a Glance 2012 China 17% India 5.9% Korea 3.7% Other non-OECD Germany 3% non-G20 countries 46.7% Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 France 1.6% Russian Federation 1.6% United States 1.4% Turkey 1.4% Other non-OECD G20 countries 1.3% Canada 1.3% Other OECD Saudi Arabia 1.3% countries 9.6% Japan 1.2% T C4.3 Poland 0.9% Indonesia 1.1% Italy 1.1%

10103 Trends in international education market shares Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination 3 Education at a Glance 2012 2010 2000 Market share (%) 25 “Other G20 and non-OECD countries” refers to the portion of total foreign students studying in other G20 20 and non-OECD countries and is obtained after subtracting China, South Africa and the Russian Federation from the total in non-OECD destinations, as 15 estimated from UNESCO data. 10 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 5 0 Russian Federation Sweden Germany Korea Austria Canada China Australia France Spain Japan South Africa Italy Switzerland Netherlands ther G20 and non-OECD Belgium United Kingdom New Zealand United States Other OECD

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 4 104 10 Where are the 15-29 year-olds? Transition from school to work

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 5 105 10 0 100 20 40 60 80 % Slovenia DenmarkT C4.2a Finland Iceland Netherlands Luxembourg Sweden Germany Poland Switzerland Estonia Hungary Czech Republic OECD average Not in education, employed Not in education, unemployed Belgium Norway United States Slovak Republic Australia Korea Italy New Zealand Austria Israel In education Canada Greece Distribution of 15-29 year-olds by education and work status France Portugal Not in education, inactive United Kingdom Spain Ireland Brazil Education and employment among young people (2009) Mexico Turkey

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 6 106 10 How many adults participate in learning?

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 7 107 10 0% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 10% SwedenChart C6.2 Switzerland Norway United States FinlandUnited Kingdom Netherlands New Zealand Denmark Estonia Germany Canada Austria 25-34 year-oldsSlovak Republic Korea Australia OECD average Slovenia 55-64 year-oldsCzech Republic Belgium by age group, per year (2007) Spain Ireland Participation in non-formal education, Italy Portugal Poland Greece Turkey Hungary

Ratio of expected cost of working time devoted to10108 employer-sponsored non-formal education to annual 8 labour cost over the working life (2007) Education at a Glance 2012 In equivalent USD converted using purchasing power parities, employed 25-64 year-olds, by gender Ratio Men Women Total 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Portugal Hungary Germany Denmark Belgium Italy Netherlands Sweden Poland Slovak Republic Finland Estonia OECD average Greece Austria Spain Canada Norway New Zealand Czech Republic United Kingdom Chart C6.5

London, 10 September 2012 Andreas Schleicher Education at a Glance 2012 9 109 10 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Norway % Germany Chart C6.1 DenmarkUnited Kingdom Austria Canada New Zealand Sweden Finland Belgium NetherlandsCzech Republic Employed 25-64 year-olds OECD average Portugal Spain EstoniaSlovak Republic education as a percentage of GDP (2007) Poland Italy Greece OECD average Annual labour costs of employer-sponsored non-formal Hungary

11110 0 Education at a Glance 2012 – www.oecd.org/education/eag2012 • Data and publications – Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org Thank you ! … and remember: Andreas SchleicherLondon, 10 September 2012 Without data, you are just another person with an opinion

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Key findings from the 2012 edition of Education at a Glance - United Kingdom

by OECD Education on Sep 10, 2012

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Key findings from the 2012 edition of Education at a Glance - United Kingdom Presentation Transcript