16 th AND 17 TH CENTURY POLITICAL MODELS AN OVERVIEW & Examples

Absolutism “ When a ruler has complete authority over the government and the lives of the people”

Absolute Rulers . . . Appealed to “Divine Right” to rule Nearly all the power was in the position of the monarch – not the nobility, a parliament, nor the Church The Economy’s purpose was to support the central government

Appealed to “Divine Right” to rule

Nearly all the power was in the position of the monarch – not the nobility, a parliament, nor the Church

The Economy’s purpose was to support the central government

Absolutism Large standing army (Professional and supported by the State) Nobility had privilege but little if any real power. Controlled the Land State bureaucracies were run primarily by middle class government officials who were appointed and paid by the state.

Large standing army

(Professional and supported by the State)

Nobility had privilege but little if any real power.

Controlled the Land

State bureaucracies were run primarily by middle class government officials who were appointed and paid by the state.

EXAMPLES OF 17 TH CENTURY ABSOLUTISM FRANCE (MODEL OF AN ABSOLUTE STATE) SPAIN ( HABSBURG RULE) RUSSIA TSARIST RULE FOR NEARLY 1000 YEARS PRUSSIA NORTHERN REGION OF GERMANY AUSTRIA (HUNGARY) HABSBURG RULE PARTS OF EASTERN EUROPE

FRANCE

(MODEL OF AN ABSOLUTE STATE)

SPAIN

( HABSBURG RULE)

RUSSIA

TSARIST RULE FOR NEARLY 1000 YEARS

PRUSSIA

NORTHERN REGION OF GERMANY

AUSTRIA (HUNGARY)

HABSBURG RULE

PARTS OF EASTERN EUROPE

Constitutionalism Constitutionalism is the idea that government can and should be legally limited in its powers, and that its authority depends on its observing these limitations.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS Sovereignty was in the Monarchy AND Parliament General Rejection of the Divine Right to Rule

Sovereignty was in the Monarchy AND Parliament

General Rejection of the Divine Right to Rule

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS Limited Government Monarch was NOT above the law - Magna Carta ( 1215) -English Bill of Rights (1689)

Limited Government

Monarch was NOT above the law

- Magna Carta ( 1215)

-English Bill of Rights (1689)

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS Nobility retained prestige, power, and privilege Professional, state-financed military Expanded Economic Opportunities More inclined toward capitalism

Nobility retained prestige, power, and privilege

Professional, state-financed military

Expanded Economic Opportunities

More inclined toward capitalism

Examples of 17 th Century Constitutionalism England Netherlands

England

Netherlands

LOUIS XIV r. 1643-1715 THE SUN KING “L’etate c’est moi!” The Model of an Absolute Ruler

LOUIS XIV longest reigning monarch in European history LOUIS CAME TO THE THRONE AT THE AGE OF 5 ASSUMED FULL POWER AT THE AGE OF 18 DEVOUT CATHOLIC MARRIED TO MARIE THERESA – DAUGHTER OF THE KING OF SPAIN -PART OF A TREATY AGREEMENT WITH SPAIN OVER ITS BORDER WITH FRANCE

LOUIS CAME TO THE THRONE AT THE AGE OF 5

ASSUMED FULL POWER AT THE AGE OF 18

DEVOUT CATHOLIC

MARRIED TO MARIE THERESA

– DAUGHTER OF THE KING OF SPAIN

-PART OF A TREATY AGREEMENT WITH SPAIN OVER ITS BORDER WITH FRANCE

LOUIS MARRIES MARIA THERESA OF SPAIN

INHERITED UNCHECKED POWER from earlier Kings and their advisors SYSTEMS WERE IN PLACE TO CHECK THE POWER OF THE NOBILITYAND THE MASSES SOUGHT TO CENTRALIZE POWER AND COMPLETELY CONTROL THE NOBILITY AND ANY OPPOSITION TO THE MONARCHY

INHERITED UNCHECKED POWER from earlier Kings and their advisors

SYSTEMS WERE IN PLACE TO CHECK THE POWER OF THE NOBILITYAND THE MASSES

SOUGHT TO CENTRALIZE POWER AND COMPLETELY CONTROL THE NOBILITY AND ANY OPPOSITION TO THE MONARCHY

PALACE OF VERSAILLES ROYAL RESIDENCE OUTSIDE OF PARIS

This can all be yours for only $4,000,000,000

THE NOBILITY WERE REQUIRED TO COME TO VERSAILLES FOR SIX MONTHS OF THE YEAR

HALL OF MIRRORS

LOUIS’ PHILOSOPHY ONE KING ONE FAITH ONE LAW “ L’etate c’est moi” I am the state

ONE KING

ONE FAITH

ONE LAW

“ L’etate c’est moi” I am the state

THE MODEL France became the model for style, court life, architecture, and military. French became the language of diplomacy.

France became the model for style, court life, architecture, and military.

French became the language of diplomacy.

LOUIS’ POLICIES HEAVY TAXATION –TAX EXEMPT NOBILITY BAROQUE STYLE USED TO INSPIRE AND AWE MADE LAWS WHICH UNIFIED FRANCE UNDER CATHOLICISM MILITARY EXPANSION -WARS

HEAVY TAXATION –TAX EXEMPT NOBILITY

BAROQUE STYLE USED TO INSPIRE AND AWE

MADE LAWS WHICH UNIFIED FRANCE UNDER CATHOLICISM

MILITARY EXPANSION -WARS

LOUIS’ WARS LOUIS KEPT FRANCE AT WAR FOR 33 YEARS (OUT OF HIS 54 YEAR REIGN) LARGE PROFESSIONAL ARMY-MAINTAINED BY THE STATE LOUIS OFTEN COMMANDED THE ARMY EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE FOR FRANCE WAR DEBT (and royal expenditures)

LOUIS KEPT FRANCE AT WAR FOR 33 YEARS (OUT OF HIS 54 YEAR REIGN)

LARGE PROFESSIONAL ARMY-MAINTAINED BY THE STATE

LOUIS OFTEN COMMANDED THE ARMY

EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE FOR FRANCE

WAR DEBT (and royal expenditures)

ENGLAND Road to Constitutionalism -show me the money

Queen Elizabeth I Worked with Parliament to defend and expand English power.$ Balanced religious issues to keep unity.+ Defended England from Spanish invasion and French power.

Worked with Parliament to defend and expand English power.$

Balanced religious issues to keep unity.+

Defended England from Spanish invasion and French power.

King James I James inherits war debt Money issues with Parliament $ Did not act against Catholic church + Upset Puritans of Parliament + King James Bible

James inherits war debt

Money issues with Parliament $

Did not act against Catholic church +

Upset Puritans of Parliament +

King James Bible

Charles I Son of James I Needed money $ War with Spain & France Dissolved parliament when they refused to raise the taxes 1628 forced to call Parliament $ Forced to sign Petition of Rights

Son of James I

Needed money $

War with Spain & France

Dissolved parliament when they refused to raise the taxes

1628 forced to call Parliament $

Forced to sign Petition of Rights

Petition of Right Could not jail without due cause No taxes without Parliament’s consent No quartering soldiers No martial law in peace time

Petition of Right

Could not jail without due cause

No taxes without Parliament’s consent

No quartering soldiers

No martial law in peace time

Charles I Charles I ignored laws after he got his money DIVINE RIGHT and ABSOLUTISM? Charles offended Puritans with his Formal prayer book

Charles I ignored laws after he got his money

DIVINE RIGHT and ABSOLUTISM?

Charles offended Puritans with his Formal prayer book

Parliament fought back Enacted laws to limit the king’s power Mob of Londoners attacked the Kings’ palace

Enacted laws to limit the king’s power

Mob of Londoners attacked the Kings’ palace

Charles was captured then tried and convicted of treason

Civil War Broke Out Charles’ supporters were the Royalists or Cavaliers Parliament supporters were called Roundheads Led by Oliver Cromwell

Charles’ supporters were the Royalists or Cavaliers

Parliament supporters were called Roundheads

Led by Oliver Cromwell

Cromwell Rules England Abolished Monarchy and House of Lords as he established a republic or Commonwealth Drafted first written constitution of any European State but Cromwell actually rule as military dictator Enforced Puritan Morality through laws Religious toleration for all Christians but Catholics

Abolished Monarchy and House of Lords as he established a republic or Commonwealth

Drafted first written constitution of any European State but Cromwell actually rule as military dictator

Enforced Puritan Morality through laws

Religious toleration for all Christians but Catholics

Christmas was outlawed?

Restoration of Monarchy After Cromwell died Charles II was asked to return to the throne Restored entertainment lost under Puritan rule Habeas Corpus laws passed Every prisoner had the right to obtain a writ ordering them before a judge Heir for Charles II was a Catholic James II his brother

After Cromwell died Charles II was asked to return to the throne

Restored entertainment lost under Puritan rule

Habeas Corpus laws passed

Every prisoner had the right to obtain a writ ordering them before a judge

Heir for Charles II was a Catholic

James II his brother

James II – Catholic Extraordinaire Parliament opposed James because of his religion James flaunted his Catholicism and appointed Catholics to high positions in government Dissolved Parliament when they protested Fear of Catholic rule of England indefinitely

Parliament opposed James because of his religion

James flaunted his Catholicism and appointed Catholics to high positions in government

Dissolved Parliament when they protested

Fear of Catholic rule of England indefinitely

William & Mary and the Glorious Revolution James II’s older daughter Mary (Protestant) married Prince William of Orange (Netherlands) Members of Parliament asked them to overthrow James to restore Protestant and Parliament power. “Please invade!”

James II’s older daughter Mary (Protestant) married Prince William of Orange (Netherlands)

Members of Parliament asked them to overthrow James to restore Protestant and Parliament power. “Please invade!”

William & Mary and the Glorious Revolution William led an army to London and James fled to France Glorious Revolution because it was bloodless!

William led an army to London and James fled to France

Glorious Revolution because it was bloodless!

Constitutional Monarchy Bill of Rights NO suspending Parliament’s laws NO levying taxes without Parliament's consent NO interfering with freedom of speech of Parliament NO penalty for a citizen who petitions the King with a grievance

Bill of Rights

NO suspending Parliament’s laws

NO levying taxes without Parliament's consent

NO interfering with freedom of speech of Parliament

NO penalty for a citizen who petitions the King with a grievance

Constitutional Monarchy Cabinet system developed when a group of ministers for parliament were a link to King

Cabinet system developed when a group of ministers for parliament were a link to King