Adaptations
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Adaptations - Presentation Transcript
- Chapter 9 Adaptations for Survival
- Joe’s family is packing to go on a cruise in Alaska. My Pals are Here! Science 6B © 2004 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd You are reminded that under the Copyright Act, it is an offence to reproduce or copy any part of this presentation without permission from Marshall Cavendish Int’l (S) Pte Ltd.
- I wonder how the animals there survive the cold. Well, I know most of them are born with natural warm clothing! My Pals are Here! Science 6B © 2004 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd You are reminded that under the Copyright Act, it is an offence to reproduce or copy any part of this presentation without permission from Marshall Cavendish Int’l (S) Pte Ltd. Have you ever wondered how animals and plants survive in these different habitats?
- Adaptations for Survival
- Special characteristics that help organisms survive in their natural habitats are called adaptations .
- Organisms that can survive in their natural habitat are said to be adapted to the environment.
- Adaptations for Survival
- Organisms that are adapted to their environment are able to:
- get air, water and food
- cope with physical conditions such as temperature and light
- protect themselves from their enemies
- reproduce
- Adaptations can be structural or behavioural.
- Adaptations for Survival
- Structural adaptations are special body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat, for example, its colour, shape and body covering.
- Adaptations for Survival
- Behavioural adaptations are special ways an organism behaves to survive in its natural habitat.
- Adaptations for Survival What will happen to organisms that are not adapted to their environment? They will either have to move out of the habitat or die out. My Pals are Here! Science 6B © 2004 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd You are reminded that under the Copyright Act, it is an offence to reproduce or copy any part of this presentation without permission from Marshall Cavendish Int’l (S) Pte Ltd.
- Adaptations for Movement
- Animals need to move efficiently in order to hunt for food and escape from danger.
- We will take a look at how animals adapt to moving in water and in air.
- Moving in water
- When aquatic animals move through water, they experience a force called water resistance that acts against the direction of their movement.
- Aquatic animals need to overcome water resistance so that they can move easily through the water.
- They usually have these structural adaptations:
- Streamlined body shape
- Modified limbs
- Swim bladder
- Streamlined body shape
- The bodies of most aquatic animals are streamlined .
- A streamlined body shape is a smooth even shape that is narrow at both ends, and broad in the middle.
- This shape enables animals to move quickly through water.
- Modified limbs
- Many aquatic animals have modified limbs to help them move forward in water.
- Modified limbs
- Many aquatic animals have modified limbs to help them move forward in water.
- Modified limbs
- Many aquatic animals have modified limbs to help them move forward in water.
- Swim bladder
- Besides being able to swim, aquatic animals need to stay afloat or buoyant in water.
- Most fishes have a swim bladder , which is like a little balloon of air inside the body of the fish.
- The fish can control the depth it wants to float at by varying the amount of air held in its swim bladder.
- All flying animals have wings .
- Insects and bats are quite small, so they require less effort to fly.
- Birds can be quite large, so they have special adaptations for flight (besides wings) that are not found in bats and insects:
- Flight muscles
- Feathers
- Streamlined body shape
- Hollow bones
- Wings
- Birds have wings that are very well developed for flying.
- Most birds can fly but some are much better at it than others.
- Wings
- Birds that have heavy bodies and do not have well-developed wings cannot fly.
- They include the ostrich, emu, goose, chicken and turkey.
- Flight muscles
- Birds also have strong flight muscles for flapping their wings.
- Feathers
- Birds are the only animals that have feathers , which make light but strong wings, and keep birds warm.
- The warmth provided by the feathers ensures that the flight muscles can work properly.
- Streamlined body shape
- Just like there is water resistance, there is a force called air resistance that opposes motion in air.
- When a bird is flying, its streamlined body shape helps to reduce air resistance.
- Hollow bones
- Most importantly, birds have bones that are hollow yet strong.
- This reduces the bird’s body weight and makes flight easier.
- Adaptations for Breathing in Water
- Aquatic animals also need oxygen to live.
- They have to breathe in oxygen that is dissolved in the water or from the air above the water, using these structural adaptations:
- Gills
- Gill chambers
- Skin
- Air tube
- Air bubble
- Special nostrils
- Blowhole
- Gills
- Animals that breathe in oxygen that is dissolved in the water usually have gills .
- When oxygen-rich water passes over the gills, the dissolved oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is given out.
- Gill chambers
- Some animals breathe with gills but they can also stay out of water for short periods of time.
- This is because they have gill chambers to store water for breathing when the animals are on land.
- Skin
- Some aquatic animals use their skin to take in oxygen that is dissolved in water.
- Such skins are usually thin and soft and must be kept wet all the time.
- These animals include many microorganisms, some aquatic worms, and amphibians such as frogs and toads.
- Air tube
- Many aquatic insects cannot take in oxygen from the water directly. They have to take in oxygen from the air.
- They have air tubes or breathing tubes that extend from their bodies and stick out above the water surface for them to get oxygen in the air.
- Examples of insects that breathe with air tubes include mosquito larva and pupae, water stick insects, and water scorpions.
- Air bubble
- Other aquatic insects have adapted wings, legs, or hairy bodies to trap air bubbles .
- In this way they carry their own supply of air and can dive into the water to hunt for food.
- Some insects that breathe using air bubbles include the water spider
- Special nostrils
- Mammals cannot breathe in oxygen that is dissolved in water. They can only breathe in oxygen from the air through their lungs.
- Mammals that spend a lot of time in water have nostrils at the tip of their snouts.
- Special nostrils
- When the animals want to breathe, they push their nostrils above the water surface.
- When the animals are underwater, they shut their nostrils to keep water out.
- Blowhole
- Other aquatic mammals have special nostrils called blowholes on top of their heads.
- This adaptation enables them to breathe even when most of the body is underwater – with only the blowhole above the water surface.
- Adaptations for Obtaining Sunlight
- Plants need to obtain enough sunlight in order to carry out photosynthesis.
- How land plants get sunlight
- Most land plants and trees have strong, woody stems to hold up their branches and leaves to get sufficient sunlight.
- How land plants get sunlight
- Some plants have soft, non-woody stems and cannot grow upright.
- So they need to have special adaptations to get their leaves in the best position to obtain sunlight.
- Such plants can be grouped as creepers or climbers.
- Creepers
- Creepers grow horizontally on the ground.
- They send out shoots that spread out on all sides of the main stem.
- Climbers
- Climbers climb onto other plants that have strong stems, or onto walls and fences for support.
- They can climb by twining or by using clasping roots or tendrils.
- How aquatic plants get sunlight
- Sunlight cannot reach deep into the water. The deeper the water is, the less sunlight is available.
- To obtain enough sunlight, many aquatic plants adapt by floating or sticking their leaves out of the water surface.
- How aquatic plants get sunlight
- The water lily and lotus have large waxy leaves .
- This prevents water from collecting on the leaves. When leaves collect water, they will sink beneath the water surface.
- How aquatic plants get sunlight
- Aquatic plants also have air spaces in their leaves and stems. These air spaces keep the plant upright in the water to get more sunlight.
- The leaves of the water spangle and water moss fern have hairs that trap air.
- Adaptations for Protection
- Body coverings are adaptations to help animals survive in their environment.
- Some body coverings are used to protect the animals against the temperatures of their environment.
- Other body coverings are used to protect the animals from their predators.
- Feathers
- Feathers keep birds warm and help birds to fly.
- For birds that dive or swim in water to find food, their feathers are covered with a layer of oil.
- This makes the feathers waterproof and helps the bird to float.
- Fur
- Some animals have a coat of thick, soft hair called fur .
- In a very cold environment, the thick fur traps air close to the animal’s body.
- The layer of air is warmed and acts as an insulator of heat to protect the animal against the cold. This keeps the animal’s body at a constant temperature.
- Scales, shells and spines
- Reptiles and most fish have scales .
- Scales can be smooth, rough, or pointed.
- Scales, shells and spines
- Some animals like turtles, snails and crabs have shells to cover their bodies.
- Scales, shells and spines
- Hedgehogs, spiny anteaters and porcupinefish have spines .
- Scales, shells and spines
- Scales, shells and spines are hard and not easily broken. So they act like armours to protect the animals from their enemies.
- This adaptation is especially useful for animals that move too slowly to escape from danger.
- Camouflage
- Some animals cannot be easily spotted because they blend in with their natural surroundings. This is an adaptation called camouflage .
- Camouflage gives animals a better chance of survival as they are less likely to be eaten by their predators and more likely to catch their prey.
- Camouflage
- For instance, the fur and feathers of some animals can change colour at different times of the year.
- This adaptation enables the animal to blend in with its different surroundings during different seasons.
- Camouflage
- Other animals such as the leaf insect and stonefish have body shapes and colours that blend into their surroundings.
- Camouflage
- Some animals have patterns called ‘eyespots’ that look like big eyes on their bodies.
- Eyespots cause predators to mistake the animals for some larger creatures, and to move away in fear.
- Adaptations for Reproduction
- Animals and plants reproduce so that their own kind continues to exist.
- Before animals can mate to reproduce, they have to find a mate or sexual partner.
- Adaptations for Reproduction
- Similarly in flowering plants, flowers need to be pollinated before they can reproduce.
- Reproduction in animals — finding mates
- During the mating season, many animals have specialised ways of attracting their mates.
- Animals find their mate by using adaptations for reproduction such as:
- Body covering
- Behaviour
- Lighting up
- Body covering
- The males of most kinds of animals usually have more colourful body coverings than the females.
- This makes the males more attractive to the females who are looking out for mates.
- Behaviour
- The male frigate bird has an inflatable red throat sac.
- It puffs the throat sac out like a huge balloon for hours at a time.
- It also vibrates the throat sac, claps its bill noisily and waves its wings until it manages to attract a female.
- Lighting up
- Some animals live in very dark places. They glow in the dark in order to attract their mates.
- The female glow-worm lights up a spot near the tip of her abdomen. This attracts males to come and mate with her.
- In the deep sea, some fishes also have parts of their bodies that light up to attract mates in the dark.
- Reproduction in plants — getting the flowers pollinated
- Plants have adaptations to help them in pollination.
- Flowers that are pollinated by animals are usually large and colourful.
- They also have nectar and a fragrance so that the animals are attracted to them.
- Reproduction in plants — getting the flowers pollinated
- Plants have adaptations to help them in pollination.
- Flowers that are pollinated by wind are usually small, plain and without fragrance because they do not need to attract animals.
- Reproduction in plants — getting the seeds dispersed
- Flowering plants have different adaptations to enable their seeds to be dispersed as far away as possible.
- The different methods of seed dispersal are…
- by wind
- by animals
- by water
- by splitting open forcefully
- Reproduction in plants — getting the seeds dispersed What are the adaptations that help these fruits/seeds to be dispersed? angsana shorea
- Dispersal by wind
- small
- light
- dry
- wing-like
- Reproduction in plants — getting the seeds dispersed tomato
- Dispersal by animals (eaten)
- bright colours
- sweet
- juicy
- Dispersal by animals (carried)
- small
- hooks stiff hairs
- Reproduction in plants ― getting the seeds dispersed coconut saga
- Dispersal by water
- buoyant
- waterproof
- air spaces
- Dispersal by splitting open
- dry and hard fruit wall
- Adaptations to Cope With Extreme Temperatures
- In habitats near the North and South Poles, it is cold all year round.
- The winters are long and very dark. The summers are short and it is still very cold though the Sun shines.
- What adaptations do animals and plants need to survive in those places?
- Living in a cold environment polar bear white coat soles covered with thick fur thick fur and an extra layer of fat
- Living in a cold environment walrus My Pals are Here! Science 6B © 2004 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd You are reminded that under the Copyright Act, it is an offence to reproduce or copy any part of this presentation without permission from Marshall Cavendish Int’l (S) Pte Ltd. a thick layer of oily fat called blubber
- Living in a cold environment a group of penguins My Pals are Here! Science 6B © 2004 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd You are reminded that under the Copyright Act, it is an offence to reproduce or copy any part of this presentation without permission from Marshall Cavendish Int’l (S) Pte Ltd. closely-packed feathers
- Living in a cold environment
- Some plants in cold places grow in clumps close to the ground , which protects them from the freezing winds.
- Plants in cold habitats also produce flowers and form seeds quickly because the warm period is very short.
- Living in a cold environment
- Some animals hibernate, that is go into a deep, long sleep during winter.
- During hibernation, an animal’s breathing and heart rate slow down, and its body temperature drops.
- In this way, the animal conserves body heat and energy to survive through winter without eating.
- Adaptations to Cope With Extreme Temperatures
- Deserts are scorching hot in the day, but very cold at night.
- On top of that, deserts are also very dry, making it difficult for organisms to find water.
- How do living things survive in a desert?
- Living in a hot environment
- A camel can drink more than 100 litres of water at one time before going for a long distance without water.
- It also sweats and urinates very little to retain as much water as possible.
- A camel’s hump contains a store of fat that releases enough energy to keep the camel going.
- Living in a hot environment
- Some animals avoid the Sun’s heat by staying underground or in the shade during the day.
- At night, when it is cooler, they come out to hunt for food.
- Living in a hot environment How do these adaptations help the organisms to survive in a desert? desert foxes cactus My Pals are Here! Science 6B © 2004 Marshall Cavendish International (Singapore) Pte Ltd You are reminded that under the Copyright Act, it is an offence to reproduce or copy any part of this presentation without permission from Marshall Cavendish Int’l (S) Pte Ltd. thick fleshy stem large ears needle-like leaves or spines
- At a glance…
- Organisms that can survive in their natural habitats are said to be adapted to their environment.
- Organisms that are adapted to their environment are able to:
- get air, water and food
- cope with physical conditions such as temperature and light
- protect themselves from their enemies
- reproduce
- At a glance…
- An adaptation is a characteristic that helps an organism to survive in its natural habitat.
- Structural adaptations are special body parts of an organism that help it to survive in its natural habitat.
- Behavioural adaptations are special ways an organism behaves to survive in its natural habitat.
- At a glance… Adaptations for movement
- wings
- flight muscles
- feathers
- streamlined body shape
- hollow bones
- flippers
- fins
- webbed feet
- At a glance… Adaptations for breathing in water
- gills
- gill chambers
- skin
- air tube
- air bubble
- special nostrils
- blowhole
- waxy leaves
- hairs on leaves
- stems and leaves that contain air spaces
- At a glance… Adaptations for protection
- feathers
- fur
- scales
- shell
- spines
- At a glance… Adaptations for reproduction
- Flowers
- small
- plain
- not fragrant
- Flowers
- large
- colourful
- fragrant
- nectar
- body covering
- behaviour
- lighting up
- At a glance… Adaptations for reproduction plants
- Fruits/seeds
- dry and hard fruit wall
- Fruits/seeds
- brightly coloured
- sweet
- juicy
- Fruits/seeds
- small
- light
- dry
- wing-like
- Fruits/seeds
- buoyant
- waterproof
- air spaces
- Fruits/seeds
- small
- hooks
- stiff hairs
- have thick fur or feathers
- have a thick layer of fat under the skin
- hibernate
- grow close to the ground
- At a glance… Adaptations to cope with extreme temperatures
- have thick, fleshy stems
- have needle-like leaves
- sweat and urinate very little
- store fat in body
- hide in the shade
- have large ears
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