Information Wants to be Free: An Introduction to Open Access Selector Forum June 9, 2008

Outline Defining Open Access A brief history of the Open Access movement Recent Open Access news Open Access and Libraries

Defining Open Access

A brief history of the Open Access movement

Recent Open Access news

Open Access and Libraries

Defining Open Access

Budapest/Berlin/Bethesda Definition Free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be attributed properly.

Free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be attributed properly.

Wikipedia Definition Free, immediate, permanent, full-text, online access, for any user, to digital scientific and scholarly material, primarily research articles published in peer-reviewed journals. OA means that any user, anywhere, who has access to the Internet, may link, read, download, store, print, use, and data-mine the digital content of that article.

Free, immediate, permanent, full-text, online access, for any user, to digital scientific and scholarly material, primarily research articles published in peer-reviewed journals.

OA means that any user, anywhere, who has access to the Internet, may link, read, download, store, print, use, and data-mine the digital content of that article.

Two main issues Who can access and read the work? Who can use the work, and in what ways? Nobody disputes that the first question is addressed by Open Access. The second question is still up for debate.

Who can access and read the work?

Who can use the work, and in what ways?

Nobody disputes that the first question is addressed by Open Access. The second question is still up for debate.

Two (and a half) Roads to OA Publish in Open Access journals Deposit in institutional and subject repositories (author self-archiving) 2.5) Publish in hybrid journals that charge an additional fee to make articles OA.

Publish in Open Access journals

Deposit in institutional and subject repositories (author self-archiving)

2.5) Publish in hybrid journals that charge an additional fee to make articles OA.

Color-coded roads Gold OA : The publisher makes the material available free online, either as a result of an author fee or because the entire journal is OA. Green OA : The author deposits the article in an institutional or subject-based online archive.

Gold OA : The publisher makes the material available free online, either as a result of an author fee or because the entire journal is OA.

Green OA : The author deposits the article in an institutional or subject-based online archive.

Defining versions Pre-print vs. post-print Final peer-reviewed manuscript vs. final publisher version

Pre-print vs. post-print

Final peer-reviewed manuscript vs. final publisher version

The Open Access Movement A brief history

Why Open Access? Convergence of two major factors The internet made it cheap and easy to share scholarly articles The prices of journals were skyrocketing, and as a result very few people had access to most scholarly work

Convergence of two major factors

The internet made it cheap and easy to share scholarly articles

The prices of journals were skyrocketing, and as a result very few people had access to most scholarly work

Early history of the OA movement Late 1980’s: The first online OA journals appeared 1991: arXiv, the first subject based online archive, was launched 1994: Highwire Press is launched at Stanford 1997: PubMed launched 1998: SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition) launched by ARL

Late 1980’s: The first online OA journals appeared

1991: arXiv, the first subject based online archive, was launched

1994: Highwire Press is launched at Stanford

1997: PubMed launched

1998: SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition) launched by ARL

More recent history of the OA movement 2000: BioMed Central, a for-profit OA publisher of science journals, is founded 2002: Open Society Institute launched the Budapest Open Access Initiative 2007: Congress passes NIH Public Access mandate 2008: Harvard faculty pass OA mandate

2000: BioMed Central, a for-profit OA publisher of science journals, is founded

2002: Open Society Institute launched the Budapest Open Access Initiative

2007: Congress passes NIH Public Access mandate

2008: Harvard faculty pass OA mandate

Related Movements Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) Open Data Open Educational Resources (open.michigan) Creative Commons

Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS)

Open Data

Open Educational Resources (open.michigan)

Creative Commons

Common arguments against Open Access It will destroy the peer review/credentialing process (it won’t) There is no quality assurance (there is) It undermines copyright law (it doesn’t) Reduces perceived value of society memberships (it might) It will put scholarly publishers out of business and destroy the traditional publishing model (well, it might actually, but not in a bad way).

It will destroy the peer review/credentialing process (it won’t)

There is no quality assurance (there is)

It undermines copyright law (it doesn’t)

Reduces perceived value of society memberships (it might)

It will put scholarly publishers out of business and destroy the traditional publishing model (well, it might actually, but not in a bad way).

Publisher reaction to OA mandates Last year, the Association of American Publishers (AAP) launched the Partnership for Research Integrity in Science and Medicine (PRISM) to fight OA mandates.

Last year, the Association of American Publishers (AAP) launched the Partnership for Research Integrity in Science and Medicine (PRISM) to fight OA mandates.

Recent Open Access News

Big headlines NIH Public Access Policy Harvard Arts and Sciences faculty mandate Harvard Law School mandate Open Humanities Press launched

NIH Public Access Policy

Harvard Arts and Sciences faculty mandate

Harvard Law School mandate

Open Humanities Press launched

NIH Policy: Background Congress requested an NIH OA mandate in 2004; The NIH enacted a voluntary policy in 2005. Last year, U.S. House and Senate passed a bill that included mandatory OA deposit for NIH funded research, and Bush signed it into law. The NIH held multiple comment periods inviting input from the public about implementation of the new law. The policy remains controversial.

Congress requested an NIH OA mandate in 2004; The NIH enacted a voluntary policy in 2005.

Last year, U.S. House and Senate passed a bill that included mandatory OA deposit for NIH funded research, and Bush signed it into law.

The NIH held multiple comment periods inviting input from the public about implementation of the new law. The policy remains controversial.

The NIH Public Access Policy The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law.

The Director of the National Institutes of Health shall require that all investigators funded by the NIH submit or have submitted for them to the National Library of Medicine's PubMed Central an electronic version of their final, peer-reviewed manuscripts upon acceptance for publication, to be made publicly available no later than 12 months after the official date of publication: Provided, That the NIH shall implement the public access policy in a manner consistent with copyright law.

Complying with the mandate Many publishers are handling deposit Some societies offer free deposit for members The Library offers simple deposit using Deep Blue

Many publishers are handling deposit

Some societies offer free deposit for members

The Library offers simple deposit using Deep Blue

Open Access and Libraries

Experiments with funding models Author pays Grant and foundation funding Institutional memberships Advertising supported Society-supported through conferences and individual membership dues Library supported

Author pays

Grant and foundation funding

Institutional memberships

Advertising supported

Society-supported through conferences and individual membership dues

Library supported

What is UM doing about OA? Collection dollars Publishing services Repository service Education and advocacy Adoption of the Michigan clauses

Collection dollars

Publishing services

Repository service

Education and advocacy

Adoption of the Michigan clauses

The Michigan Clauses The author may re-use the work for… Teaching Future research and publication Deposit in OA repositories Posting on personal website Institutional needs To comply with external requirements

The author may re-use the work for…

Teaching

Future research and publication

Deposit in OA repositories

Posting on personal website

Institutional needs

To comply with external requirements

What can subject specialists do? Talk to your faculty about publishing Be aware of OA journals in your subject area Find out about publisher policies in your field Encourage faculty to be aware of their rights and cautious about giving them away

Talk to your faculty about publishing

Be aware of OA journals in your subject area

Find out about publisher policies in your field

Encourage faculty to be aware of their rights and cautious about giving them away

How can faculty support OA? There’s more than just publishing in OA journals Review for open access journals Edit open access journals Encourage societies to consider open access Talk to colleagues about open access Deposit in Deep Blue and subject repositories.

There’s more than just publishing in OA journals

Review for open access journals

Edit open access journals

Encourage societies to consider open access

Talk to colleagues about open access

Deposit in Deep Blue and subject repositories.

How to keep track of developments in OA Read a few key blogs Keep an eye on established OA publishers Follow the professional society in your field; some of them are contemplating a switch to OA for their publications Directory of Open Access Journals, SHERPA/RoMEO

Read a few key blogs

Keep an eye on established OA publishers

Follow the professional society in your field; some of them are contemplating a switch to OA for their publications

Directory of Open Access Journals, SHERPA/RoMEO