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Chapter 3 The Standard Atmosphere 1.Structure Of The Atmosphere ● Atmosphere is the air envelope surrounding  the earth ●  Air is a mixture of several gases, where Oxygen represents (21%) ,Nitrogen (78%), and other gases (1%) of the total volume. ● Up to about 90 km altitude, composition of air is the  same (the homosphere ( ●  Above about 90 km, composition varies with altitude (the heterosphere) as shown in figure.
 
● The atmosphere is divided into several layers  according to temperature variation with altitude   Why do we study the atmosphere? ●  For the design and performance determination of any  flying vehicle (airplane, missile, satellite,….etc),  knowledge of the vertical distribution of pressure,  temperature, and density of air is required. ● The properties of the  real atmosphere  never remain  constant at any particular time or place. ●  Consequently, a  hypothetical model  is employed as an  approximation to what may be expected. This model is  known as  the standard atmosphere .
[object Object],[object Object],Force diagram for the hydrostatic equation Fluid element of air at rest +ve h G
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
h a R h G Surface of earth ( Sea level) Definition of altitude By definition :  dp = -  ρ  g dh G  = -  ρ  g o  dh Then :  dh/dh G  = g / g o
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Temperature distribution in the standard atmosphere
Atmospheric properties variation of SA
[object Object],h 1 h T,p, ρ T 1 ,p 1 , ρ 1 Isothermal Layer Base of Isothermal Layer From the hydrostatic equation:  dp   =   -  ρ  g o  dh Substitute  ρ   from the equation of state :  p  =  ρ  RT   dp/p = - (g o /RT) dh  (1)
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],h T,p, ρ Base of layer h 1 T 1 ,p 1 ,  ρ 1 The temperature variation is  linear, (T-T 1 )/(h-h 1 ) = dT/dh = a  a  is the temperature lapse rate ( +ve or –ve) T = T 1  + a (h – h 1 )  (4) Then,  dh = dT/a  and substitute into Eqn.(1) dp/p = - (g o /aR) dT/T
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

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The standard atmosphere

  • 1. Chapter 3 The Standard Atmosphere 1.Structure Of The Atmosphere ● Atmosphere is the air envelope surrounding the earth ● Air is a mixture of several gases, where Oxygen represents (21%) ,Nitrogen (78%), and other gases (1%) of the total volume. ● Up to about 90 km altitude, composition of air is the same (the homosphere ( ● Above about 90 km, composition varies with altitude (the heterosphere) as shown in figure.
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  • 3. ● The atmosphere is divided into several layers according to temperature variation with altitude Why do we study the atmosphere? ● For the design and performance determination of any flying vehicle (airplane, missile, satellite,….etc), knowledge of the vertical distribution of pressure, temperature, and density of air is required. ● The properties of the real atmosphere never remain constant at any particular time or place. ● Consequently, a hypothetical model is employed as an approximation to what may be expected. This model is known as the standard atmosphere .
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  • 7. h a R h G Surface of earth ( Sea level) Definition of altitude By definition : dp = - ρ g dh G = - ρ g o dh Then : dh/dh G = g / g o
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  • 11. Temperature distribution in the standard atmosphere
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