Conceptually, it has been designed to be the most energy-efficient fusion reactor. Effectively, a clean, safe, dense and environmentally friendly power source to supply the world's energy needs, with no greenhouse gases, no neutron emission, no radioactive waste, no thermal waste, no large land areas, no environmental impact, no interruptions by the weather or time of day, no nuclear meltdowns and no proliferation. It is to be the ultimate energy source, an affordable answer to the world’s energy problems; the right path to a more sustainable, peaceful and prosperous future for our planet. Potentially, the CrossFire Fusion Reactor can produce directly and efficiently an enormous quantity of electricity with less cooling water than conventional thermal power stations, releasing only the non-radioactive, non-corrosive, inert, and safe helium-4 gas.
http://www.crossfirefusion.com/reactor
Nuclear Fusion Reactor - Eco-friendly Atomic Energy
1. Cross Fire Fusion Reactor
Clean, Safe, Environmentally Friendly Atomic Energy
pat. pend.:
PCT/IB2013/050658
Moacir L. Ferreira Jr.
February 19, 2013
2. Earth: our planet, our home.
• Aneutronic fusion is the only that can effectively be
at the same time a clean, safe, dense and
environmentally friendly power source to supply the
world's energy needs, with no greenhouse gases, no
neutron emission, no radioactive waste, no thermal
waste, no large land areas, no interruptions by the
weather or time of day, easy shutdown, no
meltdowns and no proliferation, bringing a peaceful
and prosperous future to Earth.
• Most of the energy produced by aneutronic fusion is
in the form of charged particles instead of neutrons.
3. • Pretty simple in its essence,
the Cross Fire Fusion Reactor, in an energy-efficient
way, uses steady-state magnetic field to confine radially,
and electrostatic field more helicoidal moving magnetic
forces to both accelerate and trap axially the plasma, for
inducing fusion reactions but allowing the charged
byproducts to escape longitudinally to be forced to work
against electric/magnetic fields for converting directly
their kinetic energy into electricity.
• The magnetic fields can withstand
very high-temperature
ion plasma (r=mv/qB)
7. • With few power consumption (few kilowatts), the
Electrostatic Acceleration can reach great kinetic
energy(600keV ≈7billion °C) enough to fuse hydrogen-
boron, lithium-6/7, beryllium-9, helium-3, that can be
easily proven by simple and consistent calculations.
• The charge-to-mass ratio is calculated to be as low as
possible for keeping the plasma in a quasi-neutral state.
Before startup, or in case of ionic saturation, the electrostatic generator can be
turned off so that the vacuum pump can clean up the reactor core to get rid of
the excess of ions. Alternatively, a short overboost on the multiphase
accelerators can be used instead.
8.
9. • The multiphase accelerator consists of six concentric
helix-coils, axially rotated 60° from each other and feed
by six phases [0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300°], for
producing moving magnetic fields in both radial and
axial directions resulting in helicoidal moving forces for
both accelerating and confining radially and
unidirectionally plasma of charged particles.
• It is to be shorter with much more torque than
Linacs, and the speed of the resulting moving
force can be calculated and adjusted for
maximum power transfer.
• The multiphase coils can be enclosed with
Periodic Permanent Magnet(PPM) (NS SN NS SN NS SN)
in order to strengthen the radial containment.
10.
11.
12. • The Plasma Pellets are accelerated by the helicoidal
moving forces and attracted by the electrostatic field
toward the chamber interior reaching enough kinetic
energy for fusions to take place. In few micrograms of
fusion fuel there are trillions and trillions of atomic nuclei,
and also free electrons that can decrease the Coulomb
repulsion, then fusion reactions are far more likely to take
place.
• The resulting charged fusion byproducts are confined
radially by the steady-state magnetic field, but run away
longitudinally, transferring energy to the Energy Converters
for landing smoothly on the multistage collectors to be
neutralized. After collected, the byproducts and unburned
fuels can be separated to improve the fuel utilization.
13.
14. • Aneutronic Fusion is clean and safe, only a minimum of
radiation shielding is required.
• Unlike nuclear fission, most of the energy produced by
aneutronic fusion is in the form of charged particles
instead of neutrons, which can be converted directly
into electricity by making them work against
electric/magnetic fields that can potentially exceed 90%
efficiency.
1
H + 2 6 Li → 3 4He + 1H + 20.9 MeV (153 TJ/kg ≈ 42 GWh/kg)
1
H + 7 Li → 2 4He + 17.2 MeV (204 TJ/kg ≈ 56 GWh/kg)
1
H + 9 Be → 4He + 6Li + 2.1 MeV ( 22 TJ/kg ≈ 6 GWh/kg)
3
He + 3 He → 4He + 21H + 12.9 MeV (205 TJ/kg ≈ 57 GWh/kg)
1
H + 11 B → 3 4He + 8.7 MeV ( 66 TJ/kg ≈ 18 GWh/kg)
note: high-Z atoms can facilitate p-e-p formations -» virtual neutrons -» catalyzed fusion.
15. Hydrogen Boron Fusion (p-B11):
• p + 11B → 3α + 8.68MeV = 4He (3.76 MeV) + 4He (2.46 MeV) + 4He (2.46 MeV)
1 eV(electron-volt) = 1.60218E-19 Joules
p-B11 mass: 6protons + 6neutrons = 6* 1.67262E-27 + 6* 1.67493E-27 = 20.0853E-27 kg
specific energy: (8.68MeV * 1.60218E-19)/( 20.0853E-27) = 69.2393E+12 J/kg
charge-to-mass ratio: (6* 1.60218E-19)/ 20.0853E-27 = 47.86127E+6 C/kg
• E=½mv² → v=((E/m)*2)0.5 → v= (69.2393E+12 * 2)0.5 → v=11.7677E+6 m/s
superconducting electromagnet 30cm bore (15cm of internal radius):
r=mv/qB → B= (v/r)/(q/m) →
B=(11.7677E+6/0.15)/ 47.86127E+6 → B=1.64 T → ideal ≈ 4 Teslas
• Fuel consumption to produce 200 megawatts (mass flow controller and ammeter):
200MW = 200E+6 J/s → 200E+6/((8.68MeV*1.60218E-19)/( 20.0853E-27)) =
2.88853E-6 kg/s ≈ 2.89 milligram/second (2.88853E-6 /2 = 1.44426E-6)
• Multiphase accelerator: frequency and reactive power for 150 keV:
E=½mv² → (150keV * 1.60218E-19)=½( 20.0853E-27)v² → v=1.54695E+6 m/s
1 m Length: vL=Lf → 1.54695E+6=1*f → f = 1.54695E+6 Hz ≈ 1.55 MHz
((150keV * 1.60218E-19)/( 20.0853E-27))*(2.88853E-6 /2) = 1.72811E+6 J/s
electrical current for 900VAC : 1.72811E+6/900 =1.9201E+3 A → IAC ≈ 2 kA
• Having a Van de Graaff (or Pelletron) generator 20MV(20E+6) to accelerate ions at 150keV.
E = qV → (E/m)= (q/m)V → (q/m)=(E/m)/V →
(q/m)=( (150keV * 1.60218E-19)/( 20.0853E-27))/20E+6=
59.8266E+3 C/kg ≈ 59.8 µC/µg microcoulomb/microgram (charge-to-mass ratio)
• Ion source current: 2.88853E-6 kg/s * 59.8266E+3 C/kg = 0.1728 C/s ≈ 0.2 Amperes
2.88853E-6 / (20.0853E-27) = 144E+18 reactants/second (144 quintillions) which is a very high
probability of having fusion reactions as well unburned fuels to be further recycled.
• The multiphase accelerators are to induce 150keV each one, the electrostatic acceleration is to
induce 150keV at each side, totalizing 600keV.
16.
17.
18. • The Energy Converter also uses Multiphase Coils but
with purpose of decelerating for converting kinetic
energy into electric power. The speed of moving forces
must be very slow and toward the multistage collectors.
Wherein the fast fusion byproducts boost the slow
moving magnetic fields produced by the multiphase coils,
thereby electrodynamically transferring energy to be
effectively harvested by diode bridge rectifiers of the
system.
• The multiphase coils are more reactive
than just resistive, because moving magnetic
fields exert forces on moving charges F=q(v × B)
and vice-versa. Just like an AC motor that can behave
as AC generator and vice-versa. F=i(L × B) ε=(Bℓv sinθ)
19.
20.
21.
22. • Any waste heat produced by the fusion reactor, and its
peripherals, is recycled into electric power by the
Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter in order to keep
the overall efficiency above 90% for reducing drastically
the thermal waste to the environment.
• The waste heat comes mainly from the electromagnetic
radiation in the reactor's core, mostly in X-ray range
(bremsstrahlung) that is shielded by the tungsten layers.
• The Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter operates by
radially forcing the hot coolant to push
axially the electrical charges against
electric/magnetic fields.
23.
24.
25.
26. • The Cross Fire Fusion Reactor can replace more than 10
billion tons/year of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by only 10000
tons/year of non-radioactive, inert, and safe helium-4 gas.
• Boron-11 is relatively plentiful on Earth's crust,
(66 TJ/kg ≈18GWh/kg) no more than 0.1% of neutrons.
Helium-3 (205 TJ/kg ≈57GWh/kg), found in the lunar
regolith, is virtually neutron-free.
• Electric power can be used for electrolysis of water:
H₂O + (286kJ/mole) → H₂ + ½O₂
Hydrogen can be combined with atmospheric CO₂ to
produce methanol(CH₃OH):
CO₂ + 3H₂ → CH₃OH + H₂
• This process can reduce CO₂ concentration and increase
oxygen in the atmosphere, producing hydrogen for fuel
cells and methanol for vehicles; methanol is relatively
clean compared to gasoline or diesel which can
substantially reduce the worldwide pollution.
29. Aneutronic Star on Earth ☀
• Following the calculations, the multiphase accelerator alone is
energetic enough to achieve fusion ignition. Thus without the
electrostatic acceleration, the charge-to-mass ratio can be zero,
neutral plasma, no ionic saturation, higher energy production.
• A reaction chamber, with 14 multiphase accelerators attached at
the openings, can be based on a truncated octahedron having
eight magnets with bore placed at the hexagonal faces [NSNS]
[SNSN] to form quadrupole fields in the square faces.
• The plasma is prevented from touching on the inner walls of the
reaction chamber by the magnetic mirror effect, and the plasma
is also accelerated and confined isotropically by the helicoidal
moving fields produced by the multiphase accelerators.
• The fourteen multiphase accelerators can make plasma collisions
isotropically much denser, much higher fusion rate.
• Paradigm Shift from electrostatic to multiphase acceleration.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36. • Clean, safe, secure, compact, affordable and virtually
inexhaustible fusion electric power to the grid.
• Technologically feasible and economically
attainable space travels will open vast
horizons for humanity.
• Phase-shift Plasma Turbine powered by
the aneutronic fusion reactor, fueled with
p-B11, can provide a powerful and safe
propulsion means for commercial space
travels in our solar system.
• Furthermore, fusion-powered
relativistic space drive can be developed
for interstellar journeys.
39. • It is possible to produce a FTL
moving magnetic force using
spaced-apart phase-shifted
EM oscillations (f ≥ c/L):
(f ≥ c/L) → (c/λ ≥ c/L)
(L ≥ λ)
e.g., Length of 5m:
f ≥ (c/L) → f ≥ (3×10⁸/5) →
f ≥ 60 MHz
42. Relativistic Space Drive
Vacuum of space in the universe is filled with electric/magnetic
fields/waves, thus with proper interaction (phased EM waves) it is
possible to produce net thrust force in a more energy-efficient way
than what is achievable by expelling-mass propulsion.
43. Conclusion:
• The fuels for aneutronic fusion reactions are readily
and virtually inexhaustible, also energetically dense,
neutron-free and radiation-free.
• As described, and according to the calculations, the
Aneutronic Fusion Reactor has low power
consumption and is able to contain fusion reactions
long enough for a net energy gain.
• The Cross Fire Fusion Reactor can produce safe,
clean, dense, cost-effective and virtually unlimited
electric power in a stable, reliable, predictable and
controllable manner for large-scale energy
production with no pollution and no radioactive
waste, contributing for a pollution-free Earth.
44. Thank You
www.crossfirefusion.com/reactor
Milk Way (Photo credit: ESO/S. Brunier)