Urban Change Complete PPT

Urban Change
Higher Paper 2
Environmental Interaction
NAB: Monday 9th Nov 2009

Resources
Summary Notes
Environmental Interaction Textbook page 113~
http://misstomitaka.blogspot.com/
http://delicious.com/MissTomitaka/urban-change

Unit Outline

Global Urbanisation Trend
London was the first city to have several million inhabitants, reaching this size in the second half of the 19th century, reflecting its status as the economic and political centre of the British Empire. By 2005, there were 50 cities with more than 5 million people, including 20 'mega-cities' with more than 10 million people.
The world's population is at a historic turning point. In 2008, half the world's population lived in urban areas. The urban population of 3.3 billion people in 2008 will be larger than the entire global population in 1967, 40 years earlier.
In 2007, developing countries had some 2.4 billion urban dwellers compared with 900 million in industrialized countries. Half of all urban growth in developing countries was attributed to in-migration and other half on high birth-rate.

Prior to 1950 the majority of urbanisation occurred in MEDCs (more economically developed countries). Rapid urbanisation took place during the period of industrialisation that took place in Europe and North America in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities. Since 1950 urbanisation has slowed in most MEDCs, and now some of the biggest cities are losing population as people move away from the city to rural environments. This is known as counter-urbanisation. You can read more about this process on the next slide.
Since 1950 the most rapid growth in urbanisation has occurred in LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries) in South America, Africa and Asia. Between 1950 and 1990 the urban population living in LEDCs doubled. In developed countries the increase was less than half.
The three main causes of urbanisation in LEDCs since 1950 are:
1. Rural to urban migration is happening on a massive scale due to population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas. This are 'push' factors.
2. People living in rural areas are 'pulled' to the city. Often they believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better than in rural areas. They are usually wrong. People also hope for well paid jobs, the greater opportunities to find casual or 'informal' work, better health care and education.
3. Natural increase caused by a decrease in death rates while birth rates remain high.
The UN predicts that by 2030 60% of the world's population will live in urban environments.

Counter urbanisation
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people out of cities, to the surrounding areas. Since 1950 this process has been occurring in MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries). There are four main reasons for counter-urbanisation:
1. The increase in car ownership over the last 40 years means people are more mobile. This has led to an increase in commuting. Also, the growth in information technology (E-mail, faxes and video conferencing) means more people can work from home.
2. Urban areas are becoming increasing unpleasant place to live. This is the result of pollution, crime and traffic congestion.
3. More people tend to move when they retire.
4. New business parks on the edge of cities (on Greenfield sites) mean people no longer have to travel to the city centre. People now prefer to live on the outskirts of the city to be near where they work.

Graphs and data related to Urbanisation and population change be found on the following website: http://tr.im/E9KT

SQA 2008
Describe the changes shown in the graph and suggest reasons for the differences between EMDCs and ELDCs rate of urbanisation.
(14)

Model Answer
Also see slide 9 &10

SQA similar question
2007
Describe and suggest reasons for the changing distribution of the world’s largest urban areas over the last 50 years. (12)
2005
With reference to cities you have studies, suggest why the population of cities in the ELDCs are forecast to grow much more rapidly than those of cities in the EMDCs. (12)
2003
(i)Describe the trends in the urban population shown in the diagram
(ii)Referring to cities you have studies, explain the differing growth rates between cities in the Developed and Developing World. (14)

Urban Growth in the UK
Growth and distribution of Urban areas

Urban Growth in the UK

First towns emerged in the “middle ages” (1154 – 1485)
Slow and steady rate of urbanisation until 1800
Rapid urbanisation during the Industrial Revolution
Rapid growth was between 1800 and 1960
1960  90% of UK lived in urban areas
Some areas merged together to form conurbations (e.g. Greater-Manchester has ‘enveloped’ surrounding towns and cities)
This trend has been reversed slightly in recent years (counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation)
95% of land in Scotland is rural. 95% of Scotland’s population live in the other 5%.

Reasons for rapid urbanisation in the 19th century
Industrial revolution
People moved to towns and cities in search for work in the heavy industry (iron works, ship building)  labour intensive.
Raw material and industrial products were imported and exported  ports grew rapidly  labour intensive.

Rapid urbanisation up to 1960
Because…
Industries were still growing and still employing large number of people.
But also because….
Tourist resorts  Blackpool
Retirement centres  Bournemouth, Largs,
Planned new towns  East Kilbride.

Since 1960...
Basically no major increase in rate of urbanisation.
In recent years people have started to move out from urbanised areas  “Counter-urbanisation”

SQA 2009
Describe and account for the distribution of major cities in Spain or any other EMDC that you have studied. (10)
Similar question came up in: 2006, 2003, 2000, 1999,

Distribution of Towns and Cities
Summary Note Page 6
DESCRIBE:
Where are there a lot/ very few cities
How big are the cities?
Any other features/ patterns e.g. near the coast, by rivers, above 1000m etc.
EXPLAIN:
The points you made in description – i.e. WHY they are like that?
By the coast because their primary function is as a port… difficult to build on steep land, too remote for roads etc.

Blast from the past!... Remember your population distribution and density???

Density and Distribution???
So, what’s the link between SQA 2009 question:
“Describe and account for the distribution of major cities in Spain or any other EMDC that you have studied.” (10)
AND
What you learn in your population unit???

Physical Map of UK to show the relief of the country.

Make sure you know where the hilly and mountainous areas are:
Mountainous area = no large urban settlement.
Also, make sure you know where else we have fewer or no large urban settlement due to its location and the relief of the land.

Distribution of Urban areas

Many of the UK’s largest cities are situated near or next to the coast, for example: Glasgow, Edinburgh, London, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Manchester and Newcastle. These settlements are on the coast because of trade (port), mild climate in the south coast, sheltered bays and estuaries which was well suited to be used as sea-side resorts and retirement centres (Bournemouth and Brighton).
Inland cities such as Birmingham (route centre) are found in the north of the attractiveness of their site (flat land, water, soil natural resources, etc..) and their accessible location.
Fewer large settlements are found in the north of Scotland, north Wales and parts of north-west England because of the mountainous nature of the land. The north of Scotland, including the Western Isles, Orkney and Shetland, are also quite isolated with long and expensive transport links to the cities.

Large cities are also absent from parts of south-west England because of the remoteness of the region and its poor accessibility.
Summary notes page 7

Similar SQA questions.
2006
Describe and account for the distribution of major cities in either Germany or any other EMDC that you have studied. (8)
2000
Describe and suggest reasons for the distribution of major cities in France or in another Developed Country you have studied.
(10)

Urban Growth in the Pakistan
Growth and distribution of Urban areas

Things you need to know this unit…
The growth of towns in Pakistan
Reasons for urbanisation in Pakistan
Distribution of towns in Pakistan (and reasons why)

Urban Growth in Pakistan
First town recorded in history of “Pakistan” area was 4000 years ago.
Very slow urbanisation until 1840. (4%)
Slow but steady rate of urbanisation between 1840-1947 (10% increase)
Rapid urbanisation since 1947

Map skill Instruction

Colour the major rivers in blue
Name the main river in Pakistan
Name the neighbouring countries
Name sea/ocean
Mark in Karachi
Give the map a title

Know the Physical Geography of Pakistan:

Make sure you know where the mountainous areas are (e.g Kashmir region)
Make sure you know where we have desert. (Thar desert)
Make sure you know why most urban settlement concentrates near river Indus

Distribution of Cities in Pakistan
Pakistan region started to urbanise over 2000 years ago  fertile farming land of Indus Valley. River good for transport and communication.
North-west (Punjab region)  fertile land market town.
South coast  Karachi  port town / fishing and trading.
Few towns in the north-east  very mountainous and remote.
Very few in the east too arid/desert condition no reliable water supply.

Urban Change in EMDC– Glasgow(Paper 2 Topic)
Summary Note
Page 9-22 for the
Glasgow Case Study

Report
In the second half of the 20th century, cities in the developed world undergone major changes in: housing, industry, shopping and transport.
For Glasgow (with specific named areas), explain why the redevelopment was considered necessary, and describe the changes that have taken place and comment on their effectiveness.
1000 words
Word Document
Pictures (your own field trip pictures?), maps, diagrams- make sure they are labelled – e.g. Fig 1 shows…
Bibliography or a footnote (internet sources are welcome)
Due in on Thursday 22nd October 2009

Things you should know…
Characteristics, cause, effect and solutions to:
Housing changes
Population changes
Industrial changes
Employment changes
Shopping changes
Transport changes
Environmental changes
Effectiveness of the solutions???
Page 16-20
Summary Note

Things you should know…
The main problems and solutions in different land use zones:
CBD (traffic congestion and Decentralisation of shop and entertainment)
Urban decay in inner-city (field trip stuff)
Urban Sprawl

Urban change in inner city Glasgow Gorbals and Clyde Waterfront

Background Info
During the mid to late 19th century Glasgow grew into a major industrial city and trading port. Mass shipbuilding along the Clyde began an industrial boom based around coal, iron and steel.
The population outstripped that of Edinburgh, large public and commercial buildings were constructed based on classical and Italianate models and the locals often referred to Glasgow as 'the second city of Empire'.
During the 1860s and 70s, the building of tenements increased by around 600%, with more than 20,000 tenement flats built between 1872 and 1876 to accommodate the city's growing workforce.
By the mid 1940s, Glasgow was famed for having some of the worst housing conditions in the British Isles. To address this and other problems, two reports were published in 1945 (written by Robert Bruce) outlining plans to redevelop Glasgow into a healthier, more modern city.

Background
Glasgow's rapid growth as an industrial city in the 19th and 20th centuries created a legacy of poor, cramped housing, with frequent bouts of high unemployment.
The social problems were probably at their worst in the Gorbals area, just south of the river Clyde. The Gorbals has long had a reputation as a gritty and rough area.
After the Second World War, attempts were made to re-house those in sub-standard tenement blocks by moving them to new estates on the edge of the city. In the Gorbals, the old buildings were demolished and new high-rise flats arose in their place .The old community spirit of the area was thus largely destroyed.
In recent years, some of the high-rise blocks have been demolished and rows of modern low-rise flats are being built. Hopefully, this second attempt at regenerating the Gorbals will be more successful.

Housing changes
During the industrial revolution- low cost housing were built in a grid-iron pattern, often with small narrow streets. By the 1950s these old tenements were suffering from decay.
Over crowding,
Bad hygiene from lack of basic amenities
Pollution from factories
Old and run-down, structurally unsound buildings

1960s
Glasgow Corporation's redevelopment program targeting its massive housing problems was ambitious. It earmarked 29 inner city areas across the city as Comprehensive Development Areas (CDAs). Hutchesontown, with part of the Gorbals, was to be the first.
At the same time some people were moved out of Gorbals to out of city estates like Castlemilk and some to new towns like East Kilbride and Cumbernauld.

1960s
Old tenements were demolished and (first generation) of high-rise flats were built.
During the 60s there was a huge rise in the standard of living. Around 20% of Scots moved into a new house and for many it was the first time they had a toilet inside!

first generation of
high-rise flats were built.
Old tenements were demolished
Positives/
effectiveness
Cheap and
quick to build
More open space
New amenities
Large housing capacity.. Solving over- crowding

More open space…

Cheap and quick to build

Not great for…
Young mother, small children,
Old people and people with mobility problems.
Many social problems due to high unemployment rate
Negative/
effects
Despite the “open areas” there were few safe places to play
Gorbals lost the sense of community
The building suffered from dump

Hangover from 1960s…
Comprehensive redevelopment (New high-rise flats) created more problems for Glasgow..
Social problems crime and deprivation
1960s decline of heavy industry  higher unemployment rate
High-rise  cheaply and poorly built, lots of communal space but little personal space  lack of ownership poor state of care.
New towns (East Kilbride) very expensive to build.
Outer-city estates (Castlemilk)  poor public transport links, far from jobs and services.

1980s ~Urban Regeneration(second attempt)
Your Gorbals and Clyde water front field-trip
knowledge will be useful in this section

Housing.
Housing renovation of tenements.
Consultation with the residents  housing association. (GHA 2003)
Building more expensive (quality) houses/flats for private ownership e.g. New houses in Gorbals

Jobs
Brown field sites  modern industrial estates  grants and other incentives from the government (Industry Unit)
For example: Dixon’s Blazes (Ironworks)
Job training for local people
The “new deal” on benefits  job seekers allowance.

Dixon’s Blazes

Services
More health centres e.g.
More community centres e.g.
Shopping Centres e.g.

Environment
Landscaping
Reclamation of old industrial sites (brown field sites)
Fewer heavy industry to pollute the air and the River Clyde.

Effective?

Clyde Water Front
The Old Docks
Field trip booklet
&
Page 16 Summary Notes
&
“Industry” summary notes

Problems before 1970s
Docks (e.g. Princess Docks), shipyards, warehouses began to close because:
River Clyde was too narrow for the modern ships
Competition from overseas
Clyde water front was derelict wasteland.
Tenements were polluted and lacked amenities.

Solution
Derelict dockland was reclaimed (brown-field sites)
leisure and tourist facilities built  Science Centre, SECC, Springfield Quay entertainment complex etc..
New offices built  BBC, STV, Daily Mail, BT…
New expensive waterfront flats built  Lancefield Quay and Glasgow Harbour Development.
New bridges build to improve transport connection to the city. The Millennium bridge, Squinty and Squiggly bridge.

Effectivness

If you wan to know more about the latest development and projects on Clyde Waterfront and Gorbals regeneration click on the interactive map below or go to the following website:
http://tr.im/Ea0K

Urban Problems in Glasgow

Traffic congestion
Decentralisation of shop and entertainments
Lack of open space  Urban Sprawl

CBD Traffic Congestion

What causes an increase in traffic congestion?
Increase in car ownership
Increase in commuter traffic from rural-urban fringe areas. (rush hour)
High day-time population  work, shopping, entertainment and other services.
Poor quality of road within inner city area.
Old narrow road and lanes in the CBD difficult to widen them due to high building density (not enough space) and listed buildings.
Grid iron pattern too many road intersection  more traffic lights
CBD is central point where many routes meet.
Inadequate public transport system.
Not enough investment in transport infrastructure.
Buses, lorries, pedestrians and street parking all taking up valuable space and slowing down traffic.

Effects
Shops and services (offices) move out from CBD empty premises and less jobs.
Air and noise pollution
Accidents and fatalities
More money on road maintenance road work slows down traffic!
Waste of time (money) and fuel

Decentralisation of shop and entertainment

Decentralisation of shop and entertainment
Cause?
Declining population in city and inner city. (Urban-rural migration/depopulation/urban-sprawl)
Increase ownership of cars  people are mobile people will travel longer distance to obtain cheaper products and services.
CBD land price is very expensive.

Out of town shopping centre
For example: Braehead , Silverburn and Glasgow Fort,
Causes:
Cheaper land  more space for car parking (free)
Good transport system (motorway)
Out of town usually has less traffic
More open space
Indoor shopping space
Attractive environment

Effects
Less traffic congestion in CBD
In theory should lead to lower land price in CBD due to less demand
Increased congestion near the new shopping centre
Less variety of shops in CBD less attractive place to shop?
Out of town shopping centre isn’t accessible to everyone  people who can’t drive.

Urban Sprawl

With reference to a named city in the EMDC:
What land uses are found at the fringe of the city?
What are the causes of Urban Sprawl?
What problems and conflicts are likely to occur?
What strategies can we use to tackle the conflicts and urban sprawl issues?
How effective has this been?
15~20 marks

Land-use

Causes (reasons why…)
Increased urban population  pressure for outward residential expansion
Land price is much higher in inner-city and in CDB compared to the suburbs (remember your bid-rent theory from “Urban” unit)
Growth of villages in the commuter belt these areas are very popular area to live.
Suburbs and beyond are popular place to live because was lower crime rate, better air quality, space for garden, parking space.
Good road links and other transport infrastructure
Need for other development airport expansion
Demand for services  more land
Recreational demands for land. (golf)
Location is also popular with new (modern and light) industry, office and science complex.
Pressure for retail and commercial expansion out of town shopping centre
Movement of jobs from inner-city/CBD  suburbs. (e.g. Modern Office parks, science parks, modern light industrial complex)
Changes in the CBD need for out of town facilities.
Pressure to find more space for urban waste (landfill sites, sewage works…)

Problems and conflicts (effects)
Loss of farmland (often fertile), loss of existing woodlands and school playing fields. Also loss of wildlife habitats.
Conflicting demand from infill sites and refuge dumps.
Conflicting demands for other uses such as recreation, transport, retail, industry, airports… usually any such development is unwanted by existing users of the land (not in my back yard!)
Loss of community feeling in existing villages
Loss of ‘quality of rural life’
As the city grows at the edges, then the city centre loses little of it’s character, shops, services and other facilities…
Pollution increase at the Rural-Urban fringe.

Strategies (Solutions)
Planning control/restrictions/zoning  creation of green belts. Creation of overall plan for the city.
Encouraging development in other areas through the use of grants and loans. (enterprise zones, new-towns, brown-field sites).
Encouraging improvements within the CBD and the ‘inner-city’ (Gorbals)
Counter-urbanisation strategies to encourage developments within existing city boundaries.

Effectiveness
The main problems is that there is a demand for new developments (especially housing) and this is difficult to stop.
People generally want to improve their ‘quality of life’ and the strategies mentioned can really only work with the support of local and national government and with the support from the local people.
The creation of restrictive zones (green belt) has reduced the rate of urban sprawl but not completely stopped it.
Often plans are too ambitious or expensive.
Often the plan ignores the social and human needs of the people. Experience shows that the plans are too rigid, under-resourced and based on incomplete analyses of need.

Urban Change in ELDC
Case-Study of
Karachi, Pakistan.

Things you need to know…
site of Karachi
growth of Karachi
functions of Karachi
reasons for rural-urban migration in Pakistan
characteristics and location of:
CBD
industrial areas
housing areas
shanty towns
Also look over your ICT picture activity so you have a mental picture of how these places look like.

Things you need to know…
causes, effects and solutions to:
shanty towns
employment problems
provision of basic amenities
traffic congestion
poor environmental quality
effectiveness of these solutions.

Site of Karachi

Site of Karachi
Original site of Karachi was in River Lyariestuary where it is sheltered and very close to the Arabian sea.
Easy to defend (island and sand spits)
Fresh water from the River Lyari.
Woodland near by  building and fuel.
Flat farmland  near river valley fertile land.

Situation, Growth and Function of Karachi
Early history- until 1840 (slow rate of urbanisation)
Sheltered original site perfect spot for harbour  fishing port
The original site had a protective wall built for extra protection.

1840-1947 (colonial period) quite rapid urbanisation

The British empire made Karachi their regional capital  which created many jobs.
British built the transport infrastructure  railways, bridges, roads  became a route centre.
British improved small and old fishing port commercial port (export/import British goods)

1947 onwards Very rapid growth
1947  year of independence from the British.
Pakistan as a country was born  Karachi was the new capital more jobs.
Became a major industrial centre  due to?
Became a major immigration centre  due to?

Reasons for rapid growth
Pull Factor
Push factor
Factory and office jobs in towns
Nearly all port jobs are in towns
Secondary schools, hospitals etc.
Shopping malls, entertainment etc. ‘Bright Lights’
Better housing – electricity and piped water
New capital city - Islamabad
Small, uneconomic farms
Unreliable rainfall
Farmland degrading
Lack of high schools and hospitals

SQA 2009 (b)
With reference to a named city you have studied in ELDC, (Karachi)
Describe the social, economic and environmental problems often found in these shanty towns areas. (12)
(Katchi-abadis)
Page 147-151

Land Use in Karachi

Land-use zones (Characteristics and locations)
Low cost residential areas
Unplanned (slums)
High cost residential areas
CBD
Industrial areas

ICT activity
Use google images/flickr:
Find at least 3 pictures, diagrams, for each land use zones in Karachi.
Save it on PowerPoint slides.
Each pictures must have a titles or a caption and
web address (URL) copied on to the slide.

Shanty-town (unplanned settlement)
Katchi-abadis

Reasons for growth of shanty town (causes)
Remember all your “push” and “pull” factors.
Summary note page 27

Illegal sub-division???
Environmental Interaction Textbook
Page 149

How do katchiabadis grow ?
Illegal subdivisions

Dallal(middleman) acquires land
Sub lets to slum dwellers
Arranges water supplies
Protects residents from eviction
Once the settlement is big and well established  less threat of eviction

Unauthorised invasions???
Page 150

How do katchiabadis grow ?
Older KatchiAbadis -Lyari 600000

Migrants from countryside
Getting more densely packed
No planning at all
Filling up empty spaces
Building on roof
Services are “acquired”

Organised invasions????
Page 150

How do katchi abadis grow ?
Organised Invasions

Poorer people cant pay rent
Pick out a site
Occupy it in the evening
Build houses on it at night
Try to prevent demolition

Location of shanty towns
Along main roads in outskirts.
Swamp areas near the centre.
Near factories and ports  jobs
Page 150

What are the houses like ?
Very temporary
Made of reeds
And wooden poles
Temporary
More wood
Prolonged
Concrete bricks
Semi permanent
Plastered walls
Permanent
Can add extra storey

Shanty-town houses (problems)
Can you name at least 10?

Services in a Katchi-abadis
Water – no piped water. Instead large water tankers are brought in to the settlement and people buy water from entrepreneurs.
Electricity – only by diesel generator for people who can afford it.
Transport – no official bus/transport service. Mini-bus are run by entrepreneurs. (not licenced)
Sewage – people have tried to installed some form of make-shift sewage system  but they are not good enough.

Solutions to housing problems
Clear the shanty-towns
Upgrade shanty towns
Site & service schemes
Self-help schemes (Orangi case-study)
Build new towns

Solutions Success or Failure ?
IRP
Improvement and Regularisation Programme
Survey of all unauthorised katchi abadis to
see if they could be improved.
Secure land tenure
Improvement of public utilities
Development of a financial plan

OPD
Open Plot Development
Residents build own houses
Public
utilities
Community facilities

UWD
Utility Wall Development

The Orangi Pilot Project (Self-help scheme)
Text book
page 152
You can find a electronic copy of the WaterAid article on the following link:
http://tr.im/DVb2

Questions…
What is a self-help scheme?
Who is involved in the Orangi project?
Describe how the assisted self-help scheme has improved services in Orangi.
Describe how the Orangi scheme operates and how it offers a cheaper and more effective method than other urban improvement projects.

Before the project in 1980

Early stage construction

During construction

http://www.oppinstitutions.org/
If you want to see more picture related to the Orangi Pilot Project go to:
http://www.oppinstitutions.org/athespprogram.htm

If you want to know more…
This is excellent document for your Karachi case-study. The article investigates the cause, effect, solutions to shanty-town settlement.
The article is written by an expert group so it is very academic and it has many facts and figures which you should use to enhance your answer.
Follow the link to get the full document:
http://tr.im/DVaQ

Some useful facts from the article…
Population
Karachi city  14 million and growing rapidly.
Greater Karachi and New Karachi  18 million.
½ of Karachi’s population live in “shanty-towns”.
Earliest KatchiAbadis (unplanned non-permanent/slum/shanty-town) was established with the migration of 1947.
 536 listed Katchi-abadis in Karachi
Happy reading 

Now for some REVISION!

Use these revision sheets to test your memory on key ideas.
Make sure you can name examples, facts and figures to enhance your answer.
Key:
>>means “so” or “therefore”
egmeans- give example