2. A. The Big Bang
1. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that
describes the early development of the Universe
2. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe was once in an
extremely hot, dense, and less than the size of an atom
3. It expanded rapidly causing the Universe to cool and expand
4. The Big Bang occurred approximately 13.7 billion years ago……this is
the age of the universe
5. After its initial expansion from a singularity, the Universe cooled
sufficiently to allow energy to be converted into protons, neutrons,
and electrons
6. The first element produced was hydrogen, along with traces of helium
and lithium
7. Giant clouds of these primordial elements would, in time, coalesce
through gravity to form galaxies
3. B. Milky Way Galaxy
1. Our galaxy, called the Milky Way, Galaxy is one of 100 billion
galaxies in the universe, each with about 200 billion stars
2. Our solar system is located on one of the spiral arms near the edge
----- solar
system
4. C. Formation of the Solar System
1. Condensation Theory
1. Solar System consists of the sun, planets and the astronomical
objects gravitationally bound in orbit around
2. It formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago
5. E. The Formation of the Earth
1. The young Earth was very hot, was showered with the sun’s UV radiation
and had a poisonous atmosphere
2. Debris left over from the solar system constantly bombarded the
premordial Earth
3. As time passed an “organic soup” developed that was teaming with
carbon based compounds
6. F. Life Begins
1. As more and more life’s building blocks were formed, these materials
reacted with each other to form new compounds
2. Eventually, a chance combinations gave rise to proteins, carbohydrates,
lipids, and DNA
3. Life is believed to have come about 3.8 billion years ago
7. II. Chemical Evolution Hypothesis
A. Alexander Oparin 1924
1. Was a Russian biochemist who proposed a theory for the
origin of life on Earth
2. Oparin suggested that organic compounds could have
undergone a series of reactions leading to more and more
complex molecules
3. He proposed that the molecules formed colloid aggregates
in an aqueous environment that were able to absorb and
assimilate organic compounds
4. They would have taken part in evolutionary processes, eventually
leading to the first life forms
8. B. Stanley Miller and the Spark-Discharge Apparatus 1950’s
1. Proposed that the Earth’s early atmosphere could have given rise to the
molecules of life
2. He proposed that the organic soup was composed
of methane, water vapor, ammonia, and hydrogen- all gases
3. He built a Spark-Discharge Apparatus to simulate the Earth’s
early atmosphere
4. After a few days Stanley noticed the liquid had turned reddish in color
5. Upon analysis, the reddish liquid was teaming with amino acids…..the
building blocks of all life
6. His conclusion: “given enough time, anything could happen”
10. III. How Life is Classified
A. Binomial Nomenclature System
1. Carolus Linnaeus devised the binomial nomenclature
system of classification
2. Based on a two name system- genus and species
3. Format: capitalize first letter in the genus name;
italicize both words
Homo sapiens; Homo = man; sapiens = wise
Escherichia coli; Escherichia = Theodor Escherich; coli = colon
11. B. The Five Kingdom System of Robert Whittaker
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
12.
13. IV. Characteristics of Living Things
A. All Living Things are:
1. Composed of cells
2. Obtain and use energy
3. Grow and develop
4. Reproduce
5. Respond to their environment
6. Adapt to their environment
14. V. The Discovery of Cells- The Cell Theory
A. Robert Hooke 1665
1. Observed microorganisms for the first time with a microscope
2. Coined the term “cell”
B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1670’s
1. Microscope lens grinder who accidentally discovers microorganisms in a
drop of water
2. Using his own microscopes, he observed sperm cells, bacteria, and red
blood cells
16. D. Theodor Schwann 1839
1. Zoologist
2. All animals are composed of cells
E. Matthias Schleiden 1839
1. Botanist
2. All plants are composed of cells
17. F. Rudolf Virchow 1858
1. Proposed an important extension of the cell theory that “all living cells
arise from pre-existing cells"
18. VI. Life comes From Life- The Spontaneous Generation Controversy
A. Jean Baptiste van Helmont
1. Recipe for “making mice”
B. Francesco Redi-1688
1. Used the scientific method to prove that flies give rise to flie
19. C. John Needham (1748)
1. Stated that microorganisms arise spontaneously
E. Louis Pasteur (1860’s)
1. Performed the “swan-neck” experiment to disproved spontaneous
generation of microorganisms
21. VII. Prokaryotic Verses the Eukaryotic Cell Types
A. Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics
1. Found in bacteria and archaea
2. Evolved about 3.8 billion years ago
3. Very primitive cell- no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
33. F. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
1. Smooth ER
The smooth endoplasmic has functions in several metabolic processes including
synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates, regulation of calcium
concentration, drug detoxification, attachment of receptors on cell membrane
proteins, and steroid metabolism
2. Rough ER
Rough ER has numerous ribosomes attached to its surface membrane
Serves as a roadway for proteins
34. G. Golgi Structure
1. Fate of transport vesicles after they leave the Golgi structure
36. H. Lysosomes
1. Contains hydrolytic enzymes
2. Merge with phagosome to form a phagolysosome
3. Lysosomes play a major role in phagocytosis and autophagy
40. K. Plastids
1. Chloroplasts
a. site of photosynthesis
b. pigments
-chlorophylls
-xanthophylls
-carotenoids
c. structural features
-outer membrane
-inner membrane
-internal membrane
granum
thylakoid
stroma
43. 1. It’s a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that
surrounds the plant cell
2. Provides these cells with structural support and protection, in
addition to
acting as a filtering mechanism
3. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel,
preventing
over-expansion when water enters the cell
4. Most plant cell walls are composed of three layers: middle lamella,
primary
cell wall, and the secondary cell wall
5. The middle lamella contains a layer rich in pectins which forms the
interface
between adjacent plant cells and glues them together
6. The primary cell wall, generally a thin, flexible and extensible layer
is formed
while the cell is growing
7. The primary plant cell wall is composed of cellulose, hemicellulose,
and
pectin
8. The secondary cell wall, a thick layer formed inside the primary cell
47. A. Microtubules
1. Are hollow cylinders about 23 nm in diameter
2. Are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin
3. They play key roles in:
-intracellular transport (associated with dyneins and kinesins, they
transport organelles like mitochondria or vesicles
-compose the mitotic spindle
-help in the synthesis of the cell wall in plants
-compose flagella and cilia
