Scrum In Five Illustrated Pages

#50 Get More Refcardz! Visit refcardz.com CONTENTS INCLUDE: About Scrum n Scrum Scrum Roles n Scrum Meetings n Scrum Artifacts n Scaling n Related Practices and more... n By Michael James constraints and transform themselves. ABOUT SCRUM Scrum is a framework, not a defined process or methodology. Scrum provides a simple structure of roles, meetings, rules, Scrum is a simple management framework for incremental and artifacts1. Scrum teams are responsible for creating and product development using one or more cross-functional, self- adapting their processes within this framework. Scrum’s organizing teams of about seven people each. management practices are similar to those of eXtreme Scrum teams use fixed length iterations, called Sprints, typically Programming (XP), but, unlike XP, Scrum does not prescribe two weeks or 30 days long. They attempt to build a potentially specific engineering practices. shippable (properly tested) product increment every iteration. SCRUM ROLES An Alternative to Waterfall Scrum’s incremental, iterative approach trades the traditional phases of “waterfall” development for the ability to develop a Product Owner subset of high-business value features first, incorporating user The Product Owner is the single individual responsible for feedback sooner. return on investment (ROI) of the product development Requirements effort. The Product Owner owns the product vision, constantly Analysis re-prioritizes the Product Backlog, and revises release plan Design expectations. The Product Owner is the final arbiter of requirements questions, including which items are considered Code “done” at the Sprint Review Meeting. Integration Scrum Development Team Test www.dzone.com The Team is a self-organizing/-managing group of about seven (give or take two) individuals. While the Team may contain Deploy Figure 1: Traditional “waterfall” development assumes perfect understanding of specialists, collectively it is cross-functional, containing the requirements at outset. range of skills (including testing) which were traditionally found in different departments. The Team is given autonomy regarding how to achieve the commitments they’re held responsible for between the Sprint Planning and Sprint Review Project Project meetings. Start End Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 Iteration 4 A Scrum Development Team is most likely to succeed when Implementation & Developer Testing members are co-located in a team room. Design & QA / Acceptance Analysis Testing Iteration Detail (Deployment) Detailed Requirements Evaluation / Prioritization Figure 2: Scrum blends all development activities into every iteration, adapting to discovered realities at fixed intervals. Scrum has been used for a variety of products, but has initially been most popular for software products using object-oriented technologies. It is particularly suited to high risk endeavors where traditional efficiency concerns are secondary to the ability to deliver the right product, or any product, by the Danube Technologies, Inc. required date. www.danube.com A Disruptive Framework to Transform Organizations +1.503.248.0800 Scrum The reality checks forced by the short feedback loops are intended to expose dysfunction at the individual, team, and organizational level. Rather than modify Scrum to mask these dysfunctions, organizations are encouraged to challenge these www.dzone.com DZone, Inc. |

2 Scrum ScrumMaster Daily Scrum The ScrumMaster facilitates the Scrum process, keeps the Every day, at the same time and place, the Scrum Development Scrum artifacts visible, facilitates Team self-organization Team members spend 15 minutes reporting to each other. (keeping it in the “zone”), helps resolve impediments (at the Each team member reports to the rest of the team what he did team level and organizational level), shields the team from the previous day, what he will do today, and what impediments interference, and advocates improved engineering practices2. he has. The ScrumMaster does these things (and more) without any The team will typically examine the current Sprint Task list, authority on the Team. The ScrumMaster does not make Sprint Burndown Chart, and impediments list. business decisions or technical decisions, does not commit to The Product Owner’s attendance is often not necessary at the work on behalf of the Team, etc. Daily Scrum and may actually impede team self-organization. SCRUM MEETINGS Topics that require additional discussion may be handled as optional sidebars after every team member has reported. It’s a common practice to stand at this meeting to create a sense of All Scrum Meetings are facilitated by the ScrumMaster, though urgency, so it’s sometimes called the “standup meeting.” he has no decision-making authority at these meetings. Reporting to an entire team, rather than to a boss, is one of the new habits Scrum team members learn. Sprint Review Meeting At the end of each Sprint execution, the Team demonstrates the actual working product increment they built to the Product Sprint Planning Owner and other stakeholders. The Product Owner declares Meeting which committed items will be considered “done” according to the previously negotiated agreement. Incomplete items are returned to the Product Backlog as candidates for future Sprints. Feedback from stakeholders is converted to new Product Backlog Items. Backlog Daily Scrum Reﬁnement The Sprint Review Meeting is an opportunity to inspect and Meeting adapt the product as it emerges and iteratively refine the understanding of the requirements. New products, particularly software products, are hard to visualize in a vacuum. Many customers need to be able to react to a piece of functioning software to discover what they actually want. Sprint Review Sprint Retrospective Meeting At the end of every Sprint, the team meets to reflect on its own process. They inspect their own behavior and take action to adapt it for future Sprints. This meeting provides an inspect- and-adapt mechanism for the team’s process. Sprint Techniques ScrumMasters can use to facilitate retrospectives3 Retrospective include silent writing, timelines, satisfaction histograms, and Meeting many others. Common topics include: “What went well?”; “What could be improved?”; “What did we learn?”; “What still puzzles us?”; “What actions will we take?” As with the Daily Scrum, the team may choose to invite the Figure 3: Scrum Meetings Product Owner. Candid communication will help the team Sprint Planning Meeting gain common understanding of multiple perspectives and Part 1: At the beginning of each iteration, the Product Owner come up with actions that will take the team to the next level. and Team negotiate which Product Backlog Items the Team Backlog Refinement Meeting will attempt this Sprint. The Product Owner is responsible for The team estimates the effort of items in the Product Backlog declaring which items are the most important to the business, so the Product Owner can prioritize them before the next and the Team is responsible for committing to the amount of Sprint Planning Meeting. Large, vague items are split and work they feel they can accomplish without accruing technical clarified. New stories might be written by a subset of the team, debt. in conjunction with the Product Owner and other stakeholders, Part 2: The Team decomposes the selected Product Backlog before involving the entire team in estimation. Items into an initial list of Sprint Tasks and makes a final This meeting lacks an official name, thus may also be called commitment to do the work. The Product Owner’s full “Backlog Maintenance,” “Backlog Grooming,” “Backlog attendance is often not necessary during Part 2. The maximum Estimation Meeting,” etc. time for planning a 30-day Sprint is 8 hours. www.dzone.com DZone, Inc. |

3 Scrum SCRUM ARTIFACTS Cut/ paste plain Cut/ text paste rich text High Priority Product Backlog Item Cut/paste rich text and graphics database Product Backlog Item schema Product Increment Product Backlog Item selected during Sprint Planning Meeting Figure 6: Large PBIs (often called “epics”) split into thin vertical feature Product Backlog Item slices (“stories”), not horizontal implementation phases, when they rise toward the top of the Product Backlog. Product Backlog Item Product Backlog Item Product Backlog Item Product Backlog Item Product Backlog Item ----------------------- Release Backlog Product Backlog Item Product Backlog Item Low Priority Product Backlog Item Product Backlog Item Figure 4: Product Backlog Product Backlog • Force-ranked list of desired functionality Figure 7: The Sprint Backlog is often represented on an “information • Visible to all stakeholders radiator” such as a physical task board. • Any stakeholder (including team) can add items Sprint Backlog • Constantly re-prioritized by Product Owner • Committed PBIs negotiated between Team and • Items at top are more granular than items at bottom Product Owner during Sprint Planning Meeting • Maintained during Backlog Refinement Meeting • Scope Commitment is fixed during Sprint Execution Product Backlog Item (PBI) • Initial tasks created by Team during Sprint Planning Meeting, and expected to change during Sprint • Specifies the WHAT, not the HOW, of a customer- Execution centric feature. • Visible to Team (primarily) • Often written in “User Story” form • Referenced during Daily Scrum Meeting • Has acceptance criteria (and/or product-wide definition of “done”) to prevent technical debt PBIs Tasks / Status • Effort is estimated by Team, ideally in relative units Not Started 7 Tasks Impeded 0 Tasks In Progress 9 Tasks Done 57 Tasks (e.g. story points) Add SVN revision numbe... Do It Estimate: 2 Done Hrs: 0 Zoltan Szugyi • Business value is estimated by Product Owner + Task Web Client log in with... Fix It Estimate: 1 Done Hrs: 0 Kevin Hobbs + Task Add customer number, e... Add new SWP fields to ... Done when: Hrs: 0 Eric Barendt - customer number - indicate SW edition Update license generators - form fields which generate the file Estimate: 2 Product Backlog Item Done Hrs: 0 Eric Barendt Nice error messages + Task Hrs: 0 Eric Barendt Inform user when SWBas... Hrs: 0 Eric Barendt Sprint Task Add support quot;linkquot; to ... Do It to hardcoded page with customer Hrs: 0 Victor Szalvay number in the url Estimate: 1 Done Sprint Task Do It + Task Hrs: 0 Eric Barendt Display # of Licensed ... Sprint Task Do It Swing client 'About' page Estimate: 2 Hrs: 0 Kevin Hobbs Done + Task Sprint Task Installer should downg... Downgrade from SW Pro ... Test throughly and re-upgrade from a previous Hrs: 0 Eric Barendt Hrs: 0 Kelly Louie Pro upgrade. Estimate: 6 Sprint Task Done Did we remove columns ... Hrs: 0 Eric Barendt + Task Figure 8: The Sprint Backlog may also be represented electronically in a Figure 5: Each PBI represents a customer-centric feature, usually requiring collaboration tool such as ScrumWorks® Pro. This tool’s electronic task several tasks to achieve definition of done. board mimics the cards of a physical task board. www.dzone.com DZone, Inc. |

4 Scrum Sprint Task • Specifies “how” to achieve the PBIs’ “what” • About one day or less of work • Remainig effort re-estimated daily, typically in hours • Task point person volunteers to see that it gets done, but commitment is owned by entire team and collaboration is expected 250 200 Figure 11: Communicaton pathways increase exponentially with team size 150 problems include messy team interdependencies, late discovery of integration risks (being “90% done 50% of the 100 time”), and poor alignment of effort with business value. 50 0 A more successful approach has been fully cross-functional 24-Jul 26-Jul 28-Jul 30-Jul 1-Aug 3-Aug 5-Aug 7-Aug 9-Aug 11-Aug 13-Aug Figure 9: Sprint Burndown Chart “feature teams,” able to operate at all layers of the architecture, and across components if necessary6. Sprint Burndown Chart • Total remaining team task hours within one Sprint Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 • Re-estimated daily, thus may go up before going down • Intended to facilitate team self-organization, not a User Interface Layer management report • Fancy variations, such as itemizing by point person, Business Logic Layer tend to reduce effectiveness at encouraging collaboration informal working Persistence Layer group Acme Rocket Sled Enhanced Product Burndown Projected completion in 1 - 5 sprints 7/5/06 400 7/21/06 Figure 12: Cross-functional teams organized around related features. 300 8/14/06 8/29/06 9/14/06 200 Effort units: story points 9/29/06 10/17/06 Rather than get all aspects of a component working first, a 100 11/2/06 11/19/06 0 12/4/06 feature team focuses on thin user-centric slices of functionality 12/18/06 -100 1/1/07 that cut through multiple architectural layers or physical -200 -300 components. -400 -500 Since multiple feature teams risk stepping on each other’s 4 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) Sprint -- Average Velocity: 47.36 story points/sprint work, it’s wise to get practices of continuous integration Effort Remaining Backlog w/ unestimated items Velocity Trendline Work Added/Removed Trendline New Baseline (with robust test coverage enforced through a product-wide Figure 10: A Release Burndown Chart variation popularized by Mike Cohn4. definition of “done”) established by one feature team before The red line tracks PBIs completed over time (velocity), while the blue line adding other teams. tracks new PBIs added (new scope discovery). The intersection projects release completion date from empirical data5. Multiple teams coordinate with each other in a variety of ways, including sending delegates to each other’s meetings or to Product/Release Burndown Chart central “Scrum of Scrums” meetings. Individuals working on • Tracks remaining Product Backlog effort from one particular components may form informal working groups with Sprint to the next their counterparts on other feature teams. They are primarily • May use relative units such as “Story Points” for Y axis responsible to their feature teams, however. • Depicts empirical trends, introducing reality check to Product Owner’s release plan Organizations seeking to scale Scrum are advised to pursue training, coaching, and to examine previous case studies. SCALING RELATED PRACTICES Scrum addresses uncertain requirements and technology Scrum is a general management framework coinciding with risks by grouping people from multiple disciplines into one the agile movement in software development, which is partly team, ideally in one team room, to maximize communication inspired by Lean manufacturing approaches such as the Toyota bandwidth, visibility, and trust. Production System. Scrum has been popularized by people When requirements are uncertain and technology risks are like Ken Schwaber, organizations like the Scrum Alliance, and high, adding too many people makes things worse. companies like Danube Technologies, Inc. Traditional practices of grouping people by specialty or Unlike eXtreme Programming (XP), Scrum does not prescribe architectural component can also make things worse. Typical specific engineering practices. www.dzone.com DZone, Inc. |

5 Scrum Scrum focuses on incrementally improving the definition The disruption of introducing Scrum is not always advisable of “done” (particularly around testing) before work is when defined processes could meet the needs. Ken Schwaber demonstrated. This can motivate the team to adopt has said, “If waterfall suits current needs, continue using engineering practices associated with XP and now proven to it.” Consider whether the underlying mechanisms are well reduce technical debt: Continuous Integration (continuous understood. Scrum was not originally intended for repeatable automated testing), Test Driven Development (TDD), constant types of production and services. refactoring, pair programming, frequent checkins, etc. Scrum is intended for the kinds of work defined processes have often failed to manage: uncertain requirements combined Running (and Tested) Features with unpredictable technology implementation risks. These conditions usually exist during new product development. Robust “done” Challenges and Opportunities of Team Self-Organization This author has seen self-organizing teams radically outperform =Technical larger, more experienced, traditionally managed teams. Family- debt sized groups naturally self-organize when they are committed to clear, short-term goals, all members can gauge the group’s progress, and all members can observe each other’s Weak “done” contribution. Psychologist Bruce Tuckman describes stages of group development as “forming, storming, norming, performing.”10 Waterfall Optimal self-organization takes time, introducing a reasonable risk the team will perform worse during early iterations than it Time might have as a traditionally managed working group. Figure 13: The green line represents the general goal of agile methods. Doing Scrum properly entails incrementally improving the definition of Research suggests heterogeneous teams outperform “done” to prevent technical debt. 7 homogeneous teams when doing complex work, and they experience more conflict11. Disagreements are to be expected WHEN IS SCRUM APPROPRIATE? on a motivated team -- team performance will be determined by how well the team handles these conflicts. Defined Processes vs. an Empirical Framework “Bad apple theory” suggests a single negative individual Teams applying Scrum rigorously (as intended by this author) (“withholding effort from the group, expressing negative may find themselves questioning traditional “best practices.” affect, or violating important interpersonal norms”12) can The expectation of a working product demonstrated early and disproportionately reduce performance of an entire group. often, combined with frequent retrospection, leads teams to Such individuals are rare, but their impact is magnified by a challenge assumptions from respected sources such as the team’s reluctance to remove them. This can be partly mitigated Project Management Institute’s Project Management Book of by giving teams greater influence over who joins them. Knowledge (PMBOK®) Guide, existing waterfall habits, and more prescriptive processes for iterative development such as Other individuals who underperform in a boss/worker situation IBM’s Rational Unified Process (RUP). Scrum teams may even (due to being under-challenged or micromanaged) will shine question agile practices such as eXtreme Programming (XP). on a Scrum team. Self-organization is hampered by conditions such as It is typical to adopt the defined (theoretical) geographic distribution, boss/worker dynamics, part-time modeling approach when the underlying mechanisms by which a process operates are team members, and interruptions unrelated to sprint goals. reasonably well understood. Most teams will benefit from a full-time ScrumMaster, whose responsibilities include helping mitigate these kinds of unknown impediments. A n ar ch SCRUM EDUCATION AND CERTIFICATES When the process y is too complicated C Technology h for the defined ao approach, the Scrum is mainly an oral tradition conveyed through Certified P ti empirical re c ScrumMaster (CSM) courses. These are typically two-day approach is the di events led by trainers who have been vetted by the Scrum appropriate c ta choice. Alliance13. The CSM credential does not prove proficiency. bl It is intended as a stepping stone toward Certified Scrum known e Practitioner (CSP), an indication of at least one year of known unknown Requirements experience doing Scrum. The Scrum Alliance also certifies Figure 14: Scrum is intended for the green space labeled as “Chaotic” above. 8 9 Scrum Product Owners, coaches, and trainers. 1 www.dzone.com DZone, Inc. |

6 Scrum 8 • Extensively modified version of a graph in Strategic Management REFERENCES and Organizational Dynamics, Stacey, 1993, referenced in Agile Software Development with Scrum, Schwaber/Beedle, 2001. • 1 Agile Project Management with Scrum, Schwaber, Microsoft Press, 9 • Quote is from Process Dynamics, Modeling, and Control, Ogunnaike, 2004. See Appendix A “Rules.” Oxford University Press, 1992. 2 10 • http://danube.com/blog/michaeljames/a_scrummasters_checklist • “Developmental Sequence in Small Groups.” Psychological Bulletin, 3 63 (6): 384-99 Tuckman, referenced by Schwaber. • Agile Retrospectives: Making Good Teams Great, Derby/Larsen, 11 Pragmatic Bookshelf, 2006 • Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration, Sawyer, Basic 4 Books, 2007. • Agile Estimating and Planning, Cohn, Prentice Hall PTR, 2005. 12 5 • “How, when, and why bad apples spoil the barrel: Negative group • Example generated by ScrumWorks® Basic, a free tool. members and dysfunctional groups.” Research in Organizational 6 • Scaling Lean & Agile Development: Thinking and Organizational Tools Behavior, Volume 27, 181–230, Felps/Mitchell/Byington, 2006. for Large-Scale Scrum, Larman/Vodde, Addison-Wesley Professional, 13 • Scrum training/coaching also available from http://danube.com/ 2008. 7 • Graph inspired by Ron Jeffries lecture at http://www.infoq.com/news/2006/12/jeffries-running-tested-features ABOUT THE AUTHOR RECOMMENDED CLASS Danube’s ScrumMaster Michael James, Danube Technologies, Inc. Certification Course Michael is a software process mentor, team coach, and Scrum trainer with a focus on the engineering The best way to get started practices (TDD, refactoring, continuous integration, with Scrum is through hands- pair programming) that allow agile project on experience in a Danube management practices. He is also a recovering ScrumCORE CSM course. Taught by Michael James and other experts “software architect” who still loves good design. with deep experience working in Scrum environments, Danube’s two- Many other articles from Michael can be found at day course covers the fundamental principles, mechanics, and values http://danube.com/blog/michaeljames of Scrum through a combination of simulated sprint activities and examples of real projects. Danube Technologies, Inc. is a Scrum consulting and tools company. Danube hosts hundreds of Certified ScrumMaster courses yearly around the For more information, visit: world. To find out more about ScrumMaster Certification see http://danube. http://www.danube.com/courses/csm.htm com/courses. Danube produces ScrumWorks Pro, the first commercial tool designed specifically for Scrum. With more than 105,000 active users worldwide, ScrumWorks is used by more than half of the Fortune 100 and boasts the largest market share of any agile management tool. Learn more at http://danube.com/scrumworks Professional Cheat Sheets You Can Trust by... you t to ugh Bro ns tter “Exactly what busy developers need: Pa nald sign cDo simple, short, and to the point.” nM De Jaso By James Ward, Adobe Systems ired to ed have Insp e tinu sn’t by th #8 r doe con ndle GoF ller ity, r ndle e ha E: d th ibil e ha LUD se st an Best ith th ns Upcoming Titles Most Popular IN C que st w spo y re TS bilit le a ue ome. req e EN of R nd le a onsi outc ay ha NT tial hand an sm esp hen CO in oten le to ject of R Cha .W . le p bject le ob be ab tern ethod m tab in ultip ecific o should Cha pat cep this if the m up the and nM an ac z.co s ents sp m n ject ime. d be a e d is Download Now Com reter lem ks to se e passe de to of ob at runt handle imp RichFaces Spring Configuration Use set til co t b ec n ges ld rp ined ch nA being n shou peats un paren ime Inte ngua Whe erm not e la the runt or if it tor det ore s re a rd ... n uest som tion proces e no m Itera tor d req ore g in metho cep nA dm e e ar ndlin Agile Software Development jQuery Selectors e ex ack th dia n a ther d an e n ha rown in ndle th Me rver to th ll st until re f c tho ptio e ca th Exce ion is sm to ha up th tered or nce n Me ral se Ob S Refcardz.com fere avio RN cept echani passed in plate un le ted mp co Beh TTE ex k re n is en BIRT Windows Powershell hen s lis ct- am Tem Exa . quic tion uest to ject has ack. 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Scrum In Five Illustrated Pages

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Scrum In Five Illustrated Pages — Document Transcript

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