Hodgkin's & Non-hodgkin's lymphoma

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2. Lymphoma and anatomy of lymphatic
system
Cancer arising in the lymphatic system is
called lymphoma & is the most commonly
occurring blood cancer.
The lymphatic system is composed of a
vast network of tubes (vessels) and
grapelike clusters called lymph nodes. The
vessels transport colorless fluid called
lymph and cells of the immune system
(lymphocytes) throughout the body. The
lymphatic system serves many purposes
including: filtration, transport of fluid and 2

3. Anatomy of lymphatic system
 Lymphocytes are sub-type of white blood cell, resides in
the lymph nodes which are small sac-like structures
located along the lymph vessels. These lymphocytes
helps control the immune response by allowing
lymphocytes to come into contact with foreign materials
(antigens) in a manner that stimulates their activity.(1)
 All lymphocytes originate from stem cells in the bone
marrow. The two main categories of lymphocytes are B
cells and T cells. B cells fully develop in the bone
marrow. T cells leave the bone marrow in an immature
state and continue to develop in the thymus and other
organs.
 The extensive nature of the lymphatic network allows it 3

4. Hodgkin's (HL)& Non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma (NHL)
 It is a cancer of the lymphatic system, which is
part of your immune system.
 The cells in the lymphatic system grow
abnormally and may spread beyond the
lymphatic system. As disease progresses, it
compromises your body's ability to fight
infection.
 Advances in diagnosis and treatment of HL have
helped to give people with this diagnosis the
chance for a full recovery. 4

5. Signs and Symptoms
 In HL, painless swelling of lymph nodes in neck, armpits or
groin. Whereas in NHL, disease can spread to parts of the lymphatic
system. These include the lymphatic vessels, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, thymus
and bone marrow. Occasionally, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involves organs outside
of your lymphatic system.
 Persistent fatigue
 Fever and chills
 Night sweats
 Unexplained weight loss — as much as 10 percent or
more of your body weight
 Coughing, trouble breathing or chest pain
 Abdominal pain or swelling
 Loss of appetite
 Itching
 Increased sensitivity to the effects of alcohol or pain in
your lymph nodes after drinking alcohol
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6. Causes
It's not clear what causes lymphoma.
Doctors know that most lymphoma occurs
when an infection-fighting cell called a B cell
develops a mutation in its DNA. The
mutation tells the cells to divide rapidly and
to continue living when a healthy cell would
die. The mutation causes a large number of
oversized, abnormal B cells to accumulate
in the lymphatic system, where they crowd 6

7. Risk factors of Hodgkin's lymphoma
Factors that increase the risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma
include:
 Your age. Hodgkin's lymphoma is most often diagnosed in
people between the ages of 15 and 35, as well as those
older than 55.
 A family history of lymphoma. Anyone with a brother or
a sister who has Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma has an increased risk of developing Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
 Sex Males are slightly more likely to develop Hodgkin's
lymphoma.
 Past Epstein-Barr infection. People who have had
illnesses caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, such as
infectious mononucleosis, are more likely to develop
Hodgkin's lymphoma than are people who haven't had
Epstein-Barr infections.
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8. Factors that increase the risk of Hodgkin's
lymphoma include the same & as well as:
Chemicals. Certain chemicals, such as
those used to kill insects and weeds, may
increase your risk of developing non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma. More research is
needed to understand the possible link
between pesticides and the development of
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Older age. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can
occur at any age, but the risk increases with
age. It's most common in people in their 60s
Risk factors of Non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma
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9. Tests and diagnosis
Tests and procedures used to diagnose Hodgkin's lymphoma
include:
 Physical exam. Your doctor checks for swollen lymph nodes,
including in the neck, underarm and groin, as well as a swollen
spleen or liver.
 Blood tests. A sample of blood is examined in a lab to see if
anything in your blood indicates the possibility of cancer.
 Imaging tests. Imaging tests used to diagnose Hodgkin's
lymphoma include X-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scan,
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission
tomography (PET).
 Surgery to remove a swollen lymph node. Minor surgery may
be done to remove all or part of an enlarged lymph node for
testing. The lymph node is sent to a laboratory for testing. A
diagnosis of Hodgkin's lymphoma is made if the abnormal
Reed-Sternberg cells are found within the lymph node.
 A procedure to collect bone marrow for testing. A bone
marrow biopsy may be used to look for signs of cancer in the 9

10. Staging of lymphoma
 Stage I. The cancer is limited to one lymph node region or a
single organ.
 Stage II. In this stage, the cancer is in two different lymph nodes
or the cancer is in a portion of tissue or an organ and nearby
lymph nodes. But the cancer is still limited to a section of the
body either above or below the diaphragm.
 Stage III. When the cancer moves to lymph nodes both above
and below the diaphragm, it's considered stage III. Cancer may
also be in one portion of tissue or an organ near the lymph node
groups or in the spleen.
 Stage IV. This is the most advanced stage of lymphoma. Cancer
cells are in several portions of one or more organs and tissues.
Stage IV lymphoma affects not only the lymph nodes but also
other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs or bones.
 Additionally, your doctor uses the letters A and B to indicate
whether experiencing symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma:
 A means that you don't have any significant symptoms as a result
of the cancer.
 B indicates -may have significant signs and symptoms, such as a
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11. Treatments
Treatment options which are appropriate, depends
on type and stage of disease, overall health and
preferences. The goal of treatment is to destroy as
many cancer cells as possible and bring the disease
into remission.
 Chemotherapy
 Radiation therapy
 Stem cell transplant
In some cases such as for Indolent lymphomas, the
Doctor may wait to start treatment until the patient
starts showing symptoms, known as “watchful 11

12. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
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13. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
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14. Hodgkin's vs. non-Hodgkin's
lymphoma
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Cancer cells of HL contains abnormal
B-cells referred to as a Reed-Sternberg
(R-S) cells.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
The cancerous cells of NHL contains
either abnml T or B cells. Normal white
blood cells may develop into over thirty
different variations of abnormal cells, each
classified as a distinct type of non- 14

15. Survival Rates
Survival Rates vary widely by cell type and
staging
 1 Year Survival Rate: 77%
 5 Year Survival Rate: 56%
 10 Year Survival Rate: 42%
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