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LING 100 - Introduction to Constituency and Tree-Drawing
- 1. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review LING 100 2013W Tutorial Meagan Louie November 1st, 2013 Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 2. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories Outline 1 Introduction to Constituents Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories 2 Practice Drawing Trees 3 Midterm Review BASIC Concepts you should know! BASIC Things you should know how to do! Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 3. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form Y/N questions? How do you form Y/N questions? Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 4. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form Y/N questions? How do you form Y/N questions? (1) a. John is lost. b. Is John lost? Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 5. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form Y/N questions? How do you form Y/N questions? (1) a. John is lost. b. Is John lost? Hypothesis 1: You switch the linear order of the first two words around. Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 6. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form questions? How do you form Y/N questions? (2) a. The remote control is acting up. b. Is the remote control acting up? Hypothesis 1: You switch the linear order of the first two words around × Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 7. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form questions? How do you form Y/N questions? (3) a. The remote control is lost. b. Is the remote control lost? Hypothesis 2: You take the first/left-most verb, and move it to the front of the sentence Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 8. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form questions? How do you form Y/N questions? (4) a. The remote control that was acting up is lost. b. *Was the remote control that acting up is lost? Hypothesis 2: You take the first/left-most verb, and move it to the front of the sentence × Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 9. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form questions? How do you form Y/N questions? (5) a. The remote control that was acting up is lost. b. Is the remote control that was acting up lost? Hypothesis 3: You take the subject, and the immediately following verb /auxiliary, and switch their linear order (Subject-verb/auxiliary inversion) Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 10. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How do you form questions? Hypothesis 3: You take the subject, and the immediately following verb /auxiliary, and switch their linear order (Subject-verb/auxiliary inversion) (1) subject = John (2) subject = the remote control (3) subject = the remote control that was acting up The rule for Y/N question formation needs to be able to talk about a “subject” - i.e., a set of words in the sentence that acts like a unit. Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 11. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories Motivation for Constituents A set of words in the sentence that acts like a unit = a constituent Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 12. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories Motivation for Constituents A set of words in the sentence that acts like a unit = a constituent We can’t define constituents in terms of the linear order of the words (eg. Hypothesis 2) Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 13. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories Motivation for Constituents A set of words in the sentence that acts like a unit = a constituent We can’t define constituents in terms of the linear order of the words (eg. Hypothesis 2) We can represent constituents with hierarchically structured tree representations Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 14. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations S NP NP The remote control CP that was acting up VP V is A lost Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 15. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations S NP NP The remote control CP that was acting up VP V is A lost With this sort of representation, we can have rules that target specific strings of words - i.e., those that correspond to a higher node (like NP, CP, VP or S). Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 16. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations Today’s Goal: Learn how to draw structured tree representations for sentences. Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 17. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations Today’s Goal: Learn how to draw structured tree representations for sentences. Observation: There are operations in language (like the formation of Y/N-questions) which move constituents around Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 18. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations Today’s Goal: Learn how to draw structured tree representations for sentences. Observation: There are operations in language (like the formation of Y/N-questions) which move constituents around So if we see a string of words, eg. “the remote control”, being targeted by such operations ...we have evidence that “the remote control” is a constituent. Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 19. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations Today’s Goal: Learn how to draw structured tree representations for sentences. Observation: There are operations in language (like the formation of Y/N-questions) which move constituents around So if we see a string of words, eg. “the remote control”, being targeted by such operations ...we have evidence that “the remote control” is a constituent. And we should represent it as such in our tree Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 20. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations How to Approach Tree-Drawing (i) Label the category of each word (using word-category tests if necessary) (ii) Find constituents (using constituency tests), eg., (a) the subject NP (b) the direct object NP (if the verb is transitive) (c) the indirect object NP (if the verb is ditransitive) (d) the VP (the verb plus the direct object and indirect object, if present) (e) Any modifiers, etc., (iii) Draw and label the constituents using the tree structures Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 21. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Hierarchically Structured Tree Representations How to Approach Tree-Drawing (i) Label the category of each word (using word-category tests if necessary) (ii) Find constituents (using constituency tests), eg., (a) the subject NP (b) the direct object NP (if the verb is transitive) (c) the indirect object NP (if the verb is ditransitive) (d) the VP (the verb plus the direct object and indirect object, if present) (e) Any modifiers, etc., (iii) Draw and label the constituents using the tree structures Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 22. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Labelling Constituents in terms of their Head (6) Headedness in Syntax (Phrases) a. Clifford is a [dog]N b. Clifford is a [redAdj dogN]NP c. Clifford is [red]Adj d. Clifford is [extremelyN redAdj]AdjP. e. Clifford [ate]V f. Clifford [ate his apple pie voraciously]VP Applying the tests for word-classes (from last week): (i) the distribution of [red dog] is like the noun [dog], and (ii) the distribution of [extremely red] is like an adjective [red] Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 23. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Labelling Constituents in terms of their Head (6) Headedness in Syntax (Phrases) a. Clifford is a [dog]N b. Clifford is a [redAdj dogN]NP c. Clifford is [red]Adj d. Clifford is [extremelyN redAdj]AdjP. e. Clifford [ate]V f. Clifford [ate his apple pie voraciously]VP Applying the tests for word-classes (from last week): (i) the distribution of [red dog] is like the noun [dog], and (ii) the distribution of [extremely red] is like an adjective [red] We represent this with category labels: [red dog] we call a noun phrase (NP), and [extremely red] we call an adjective phrase (AdjP) Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 24. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Labelling Constituents in terms of their Head The various kinds of constituents can be associated with ’Phrase Structure Rules’ (PSRs) These PSRs are like a template (i.e., they indicate what an NP can look like, what a VP can look like, what an S can look like): (7) Phrase Structure Rules a. Clifford is [a redAdj dogN]NP NP → (Det) Adj N b. Clifford [ate his apple pie voraciously]VP VP → (Adv) V (NP) (PP) c. .[Clifford ate his apple pie voraciously]S S →NP VP Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 25. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Labelling Constituents in terms of their Head S NP N Clifford VP V is NP D a NP Adj red N dog Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 26. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories How to Represent Constituents Labelling Constituents in terms of their Head S NP N Clifford VP VP V ate NP D his NP N apple pie Adv voraciously Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 27. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Outline 1 Introduction to Constituents Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories 2 Practice Drawing Trees 3 Midterm Review BASIC Concepts you should know! BASIC Things you should know how to do! Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 28. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Practice Sentences for Tree Drawing How to Approach Tree-Drawing (i) Label the category of each word (using word-category tests if necessary)! (ii) Find constituents (using constituency tests)! (iii) Draw and label the constituents using the tree structures (1) DB Cooper hijacked a Boeing 727 in 1971. (2) He walked onto the plane with a bomb in a briefcase. (3) He sat down and ordered a bourbon. (4) He handed a note to a flight attendant. (5) The note demanded 200 000 dollars and four parachutes from the FBI. (6) The FBI gave him the money and the parachutes. (7) DB Cooper paid for his bourbon and let the passengers go. (8) He jumped from the plane with his parachutes and 200 000 dollars. (9) The FBI never found DB Cooper and his 200 000 dollars. Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 29. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review Here are some links For drawing trees on your computer Here are some links for drawing trees on your computer (although I would recommend doing them by hand first) http://ironcreek.net/phpsyntaxtree/ http://sourceforge.net/projects/treeform/?abmode=1 Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 30. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review BASIC Concepts you should know! BASIC Things you should know how to do! Outline 1 Introduction to Constituents Motivation for Constituents Representing Constituents with Trees Labelling Constituents with Categories 2 Practice Drawing Trees 3 Midterm Review BASIC Concepts you should know! BASIC Things you should know how to do! Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 31. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review BASIC Concepts you should know! BASIC Things you should know how to do! BASIC Concepts you should know! 1 DESIGN FEATURES: arbitrariness, duality of patterning, productivity, displacement, etc., 2 PHONETICS: place of articulation, manner of articulation, voicing, vowel (i) height, (ii) front/backness, (iii) roundedness, (iv) lax/tenseness, distinctive features/"natural classes", etc., 3 PHONOLOGY: allophone, phoneme, minimal pairs, contrast, complementary distribution, underlying representations, surface representations, syllable, onset, nucleus, coda, rhyme, sonority hierarchy, "The Sonority Sequencing Principle," etc., 4 MORPHOLOGY: morpheme, allomorph, bound/free, derivational/inflectional, suffix/prefix/infix, compounding, blending, borrowing, conversion, etc., 5 SYNTAX: subject, object, grammatical category, constituency tests, Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review
- 32. Introduction to Constituents Practice Drawing Trees Midterm Review BASIC Concepts you should know! BASIC Things you should know how to do! BASIC things you should know how to do! 1 IN GENERAL: Apply tests and interpret results, make a claim, provide evidence for that claim, assess whether evidence supports claims, identify alternative hypotheses. 2 PHONETICS: Identify/label articulatory anatomy, transcribe English with the IPA, categorize sounds into natural classes, 3 PHONOLOGY: How to argue that x and y are distinct phonemes, or are allophones of the same phoneme, how to draw a syllable structure, how to explain why certain consonant clusters are ruled out (in terms of the SSP) 4 MORPHOLOGY: Describe the (i) form, (ii) meaning and (iii) distribution of a morpheme (i.e., what category the morpheme is, what category it attaches to), categorize a word-formation process (with tests), 5 SYNTAX: Determine what the subject is (tests!), determine what the object is (more tests!), argue that something is (or is not) a constituent (even more tests!), draw a syntactic tree, Meagan Louie Constituents, Tree Drawing, Midterm Review