Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure Manufacturing

Get more info on this report!Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure ManufacturingJanuary 1, 2010The global electric vehicle (EV) infrastructure manufacturing industry is associated witha highly complex and interconnected transportation economy that supports the use ofplug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles for personal and industrial use. Theinfrastructure required for a sustainable EV transportation requires various EVcomponents, such as electric vehicle drive trains and rechargeable electric batteries.The infrastructure also includes the access to electricity required to fuel the EVs via aninterconnected electric smart grid, centrally located and shared charging stations,personal charge points, centrally located electric battery swapping stations. Finally, theEV infrastructure is made of the tools, technology, and skilled personnel needed tomaintain the vehicles, monitor smart grid electricity demand, and construct thenecessary EV infrastructure components. This report examines the global activities andmarket value of the EV infrastructure manufacturing industry - an industry at acrossroads in its nascent life. Vehicle companies spent much of 2009 avidly promotingtheir pure plug-in EVs and plug-in hybrid (PHEV) products at trade shows. But thegrowth potential of EV adoption is stagnated by the lack of an underlying transportationsupport system of EV charging stations, switching stations for rechargeable batteries,and an advanced electricity smart grid to monitor the ebb and flow of power for vehicleconsumption. Although the global economic situation appears to be rebounding,manufacturers have indicated that EV infrastructure production will begin in earnest in2010. Fueling that growth will be government grants created to stimulate economicrecovery, particularly in the U.S. SBI Energy expects EV infrastructure production effortsto accelerate by mid-2010, particularly around the manufacturing of the rechargeablebatteries, drive trains, and charging stations required to operate the vehicles. Growthalso depends heavily on the investment interests of the private sector and the adoptionof PHEVs and EVs by consumers.Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Introduction and Overview

a. Key topics covered in the report and experts interviewed b. Definitions of terminology used in the report 3. Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Activities a. Consumption of alternative vehicle fuels by type b. Development of electric vehicle infrastructure (i.e., manufacturing facilities, fueling stations) c. Adoption rates of electric vehicles affecting the infrastructure d. Electric vehicle manufacturing activities e. Battery production activities 4. Global Trends in Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing a. Market value electric vehicle infrastructure manufacturing by nation b. Import and export value of electric vehicle infrastructure manufacturing c. Projected market value of EV infrastructure manufacturing by nation through 2014 5. Profiles of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturers a. Johnson Controls, Exide, Coulomb, Ecotality, Better Place 6. Innovations and Public Policies Affecting Electric Vehicle Infrastructure ManufacturingAdditional InformationMarket Insights: A Selection From The ReportGrowth Trends of EV OwnershipThe U.S. remains the largest vehicle market in the world. Of the 204 million personalvehicles, the average U.S. household owns 1.9 vehicles, which is slightly more than theaverage number of drivers per household. Most personal vehicles rely on the ICE, andburn gasoline fuel at an average rate of one gallon every 20 miles. Compare that toHEV fuel consumption and it‟s a completely different picture. SBI Energy estimates thatHEVs consume an estimated 6.3 million gallons (in gasoline equivalents) compared to198 million gallons of compressed natural gas and 138 million gallons of liquefied

petroleum gasoline. By 2014, SBI Energy expects electric fuel consumption in the U.S.to grow to nearly 9 million gallons, but still represent less than 1% share of the total fuelconsumption pie.Part of that stagnant growth is that despite the advancements in battery technologies,vehicle manufacturing and consumer ownership of PHEVs and HEVs has fizzled inrecent years. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimated there wouldbe 55,852 PHEVs in 2004, with an annual growth rate of 39.1 %. By 2007, its AnnualEnergy Review (AER) estimated the actual number of PHEVs on the road in 2004 as49,536. The slower industry growth rate, SBI Energy believes, is mostly due to a lack ofmanufacturer incentives to mass produce PHEVs in a cost effective process. As a resultit will take some time before manufacturing of PHEVs and HEVs gains significantmomentum. Through 2014, we forecast the number of EVs on U.S. roads will grow at afive-year CAGR rate of 3.4% and reach in excess of 65,000 vehicles.Adoption of Lithium-Ion for Hybrid and Electric VehiclesMercedes-Benz is one of the first manufacturers to bring a lithium-ion hybrid vehicle toproduction with the Blue Hybrid, although Toyota has been selling a mild hybrid modelcalled the Vitz with a lithium-ion battery option since 2003. Toyota only sells a fewhundred cars with this option a year. But even with four years of experience with lithium-ion, Toyota still leverages Ni-MH battery technology in its 2009 Prius. (Note that theTesla Roadster, which sold its 100th vehicle in late 2008, is not the first lithium-ionhybrid; it is an all electric vehicle using lithium-ion batteries. It is also not a large volumeproduction car.) As of mid-2009 there are almost no exceptions; battery and vehiclemanufacturers alike are adamant that future hybrids and upcoming PHEVs will uselithium-ion battery chemistries. Manufacturers are embracing lithium-ion‟s higher energydensity over Ni-MH. GM, once the bellwether American automaker, is set to introduceits Volt lithium-ion powered PHEV in late 2010.In the News Electric Vehicle Market Finds Growth in New Markets, EV Infrastructure Manufacturing Challenged to Step UpNew York, March 15, 2010 - For years advertising from government and carcompanies alike have boldly stated that it was only a matter of time before electricvehicles took over the car industry. Now, electric vehicles, in the form of hybrids thatcombine gas and electric motors, are finally beginning to do just that.According to SBI Energy‟s latest market study, Electric Vehicle (EV) and Plug-In HybridElectric Vehicle (PHEV) Markets Worldwide, the U.S. and Japan currently make up thelargest segments of the hybrid electric vehicle marketplace, with 42% and 48% marketshare, respectively.

“SBI Energy forecasts the market to double, for a total of 1.5 million passenger hybridvehicles sold in 2014,” says Shelley Carr, SBI Energy publisher. “The majority of growthwill stem from smaller HEV markets such as Europe, Australia and South Korea, as wellas new markets such as India and China. These countries, SBI Energy forecasts, willsee a phenomenal 47% growth rate over the next four years.”In the global perspective, future growth of the electric vehicle market will depend onthree key motivators: Pain at the pump; Government Support; and Price differential. Astronomical oil prices experienced in 2007, lead to the sale of 353,000 hybrid vehicles that year. This proves that consumers purchase the most efficient vehicle possible when gasoline prices rise. Government incentives will continue to be the primary motivator behind consumer sales of hybrid electric vehicles. In the U.K., the British government has created a subsidy program worth 230 million pounds for electric car purchases. Furthermore, they have approved 30 million pounds to implement charging stations. Manufacturers in the U.S. will also benefit from federally funded grants, such as $5 billion available to produce energy efficient batteries and $500 million more to create the components needed for EVs. Just as important as government incentives and oil prices is a reduction in the price between hybrids and non-hybrids. The price for hybrid vehicles is currently $3,000 to $7,000 more than the price of a similar gasoline-only vehicle. A premium some consumers are not willing to pay.Success of the EV market is also incumbent upon the EV infrastructure manufacturingindustry. Infrastructure components include the smart grid, advanced battery researchand vehicle charging stations that enable drivers to refuel their vehicles convenientlyand effectively. According to SBI Energy‟s market research study, Electric VehicleInfrastructure Manufacturing, the global market value of smart grid manufacturingrelated to plug-in and electric vehicle deployment is $29 billion. This equates to nearly42% of the total smart grid market value.Energy provide an integrated, precise view of electric vehicle markets today and into thefuture.Electric Vehicle (EV) and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Markets Worldwideanalyzes the manufacturing and sales of electric based passenger vehicles throughoutthe world with a particular emphasis on the United States and Japan as the leadingmarkets for electric vehicles. The report also takes a look at technology and innovationsrelated to the HEV, PHEV and BEV markets.Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing examines the market value of EVinfrastructure manufacturing by country, projected deployment of EVs by type, globalactivities effecting development of EV and profiles of key EV infrastructuremanufacturers.In addition, data published in the following related market studies forecast profitabilityand new opportunities using „green‟ technologies:

Geothermal Energy Markets: Technologies and Products Worldwide HVAC, 2nd Edition — Green and Global Residential Generators, 2nd Edition - U.S. Market and World Data Garage and Storage Shed Trends in the U.S., 3rd Edition Roofing Materials in the U.S., 2nd Edition Shovel-Ready Infrastructure Markets Bundle Asphalt Manufacturing in the U.S. Emerging Trends and Opportunities in the World Pesticides Market Trends and Opportunities in the U.S. Basement Remodeling Market Kitchen Cabinets in the U.S. Polystyrene and Polyurethane Foam Insulation Products in U.S. Building and Construction U.S. Market for Residential Water Treatment ProductsAbout SBI EnergySBI Energy, a division of MarketResearch.com, publishes research reports in theindustrial, energy, building/construction, and automotive/transportation markets. SBIEnergy also offers a full range of custom research services.Electric Vehicle Market to Stagnate without Electric Vehicle Infrastructure GrowthNew York, June 22, 2010 - The growth of adoption may be stagnated by the lack of anunderlying transportation support system of electric vehicle charging stations, switchingstations for rechargeable batteries, and an advanced electricity smart grid to monitor theebb and flow of power for vehicle consumption.As global economies slowly recover, manufacturers have indicated that electric vehicleinfrastructure production will begin in earnest in 2010. Government grants created tostimulate economic recovery, particularly in the U.S., will fuel growth in the sector.Electric vehicle infrastructure production efforts include manufacturing of therechargeable batteries, drive trains and charging stations required to operate thevehicles. Electric vehicle production itself is on track for global sales exceeding 1million hybrids a year by 2013.Europe, the current leader in electric vehicle infrastructure manufacturing production, isexpected to maintain its stronghold through 2014. However, its global share will slip asNorth America and Asia gain ground. According to the industry study Electric Vehicle(EV) Infrastructure Manufacturingconducted by leading market research publisherSBI Energy, the North American market will grow from $9 billion in 2009 to $20 billion in2014.“Our study projects North America will hold 20% of the electric vehicle infrastructuremanufacturing market by 2014, driven by government incentive programs and themovement toward eco-friendly consumer lifestyles,” says Shelley Carr, publisher for SBI

Energy. “While government capital is vital, growth also depends heavily on theinvestment interests of the private sector and the adoption of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles by consumers.”Electric vehicle sales depend upon the support of charging stations, batteries, andsmart grid tie-in. Consumers will be won over by reliability, safety, and systemconvenience. The onus is on the cooperation of utilities to modify their established gridsto adapt to the electricity demands of electric vehicles and their users.Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure Manufacturing examines the global electricvehicle market with forecasts through 2014 and provides detailed information on thesmart grid market, rechargeable batteries, electric vehicle ownership and stimulus fundsfor infrastructure development. Company profiles feature manufacturers competing inthe industry, trends and activities worldwide.About SBI EnergySBI Energy (Specialists in Business Information), a division ofMarketResearch.com, publishes research reports in the industrial, energy,building/construction, and automotive/transportation markets. SBI Energy also offers afull range of custom research services.In the NewsPortugal Matures into Formidable International Trendsetter with Sweeping Clean Energy InitiativesNew York, September 1, 2010 - As countries around the world scramble to create,deploy, and sustain clean energy adoption initiatives, few have done so with the gustoof Portugal. The country is quickly emerging as a “green” trendsetter due to itsdetermination to reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels by channeling its wind,solar, and hydropower resources and by improving smart grid capabilities and exploringthe use of electric vehicles—even though such clean energy transitions have come atsubstantial financial costs.“Germany is well-regarded as a green energy leader with its hefty share of the totalinstalled wind energy capacity in Europe. But it‟s Portugal that has us excited, and weanticipate enormous growth in the country‟s generation of wind power due in large partto government stimulus incentives,” says Shelley Carr, publisher of SBI Energy, whichreleased the market study Offshore Wind Farm Manufacturing Worldwide in April2010. “Though Portugal‟s efforts come at a price, one must remember that this is aregion with prodigious wind and water power resources, both of which are widelyregarded as the most cost-effective to harness.”In terms of world numbers for smart meter installations, some industry estimates see afivefold rise—from roughly $50 million in 2010 to $250 million by 2015. Much of this

huge and rapid increase in smart meter installs will take place in Europe, according toSBI Energy’s Smart Grid and Consumers Other sources reveal that five years agoonly 17% of Portugal‟s smart grid power originated from clean energy resources, butthat number could rise to almost half of the nation‟s smart grid power by the end of2010.Meanwhile, Portugal is making progress on the electric vehicle front. “There istremendous optimism that Portugal could become the first nation with a nationalnetwork of charging stations for electric cars,” says Carr. SBI Energy’s Electric Vehicle(EV) Infrastructure Manufacturing reveals that the European-Union sponsoredSagittaire is running demonstrations of hybrid buses in eleven cities across France,Spain, Portugal, Norway, and Italy. In each city, the hybrid-electric bus fleet will betested under different operational and practical conditions. In addition, Portugal isinvolved in the Renault-Nissan Alliance‟s zero-emissions vehicle initiatives that aresweeping Asia and the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland, Ireland, Israel, Denmark,and Monaco.And with automakers in Europe planning new business models for electric vehicles andplug-in hybrids before 2011 that could completely overhaul its electric vehicletransportation infrastructure by eliminating the need for gas stations and relinquishfueling responsibilities to utility companies, Portugal has steadfastly proven itself awilling participant and test projects are in development for the country.About SBI EnergySBI Energy, a division of MarketResearch.com, publishes research reports in theindustrial, energy, building/construction, and automotive/transportation markets. SBIEnergy also offers a full range of custom research services.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Executive Summary EV Manufacturing Stalls Manufacturers Favor Lithium-ion Battery Chemistry Growth Trends of EV Ownership Figure 1-1: CAGR Rates of Alternative Fuel Consumption in the U.S., 2004 to 2009 Table 1-1: Number of U.S. Fueling Stations by Alternative Fuel Type, 2004 to 2009 Europe Plans EV Infrastructure Overhaul

Europe‟s Plug-in Infrastructure Asia Attracts Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturers EV Infrastructure Manufacturing Global Market Value Figure 1-2: Global Market Value of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing, 2004 to 2009 (in $ millions) Market Drivers The Global Market Trend Table 1-2: Global Market Value of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing (not including Rechargeable Batteries), 2009 vs. 2014 (in $ millions) Smart Grid Market Size Figure 1-3: Smart Grid Market Size (in $ billions) Accommodating Electric Vehicles Table 1-3: Global Market Value of Smart Grid Manufacturing, PHEV vs. Non- Vehicle Infrastructures, 2009 and 2014 (in $ billions) Table 1-4: Global Market Value of EV Smart Grid Infrastructure Manufacturing by Type of Equipment, 2009 vs. 2014 (in $ billions) Electric Vehicle Rechargeable Battery Market Table 1-5: Global Market Value of Rechargeable Batteries Used for Electric Vehicles, 2004 to 2009 (in $ millions) Countries That Manufacture Rechargeable Batteries U.S. Manufacturing of Rechargeable Batteries for PHEVs and HEVs Stimulus Funds Help with EV Infrastructure Development Table 1-6: U.S. Government Funding of EV and Non-EV Infrastructure Development (in $ millions) Battery Projects Get Government FundingChapter 2: Introduction and Overview Report Scope Methodology Terminology Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Series vs. Parallel PHEVs Rechargeable Batteries Hybrid Electric Vehicle Batteries Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries (Ni-MH) Lithium-ion Batteries Large Scale Batteries Lead-acid Batteries Sodium-based Batteries Advanced Battery Technology for the PHEV Hybrid Electric Vehicle Industry Figure 2-1: U.S. Hybrid Vehicle Sales, 2004 to 2009 (in thousands) Environmental Impact of HEVs Charging Stations Table 2-1: Planned Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles Table 2-2: Number of U.S. Charging Stations, by State in 2009 (%) Electric Vehicle Costs The Smart Grid Defined Internal Combustion Engine and Other ComponentsChapter 3: World Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Activities EV Manufacturing Stalls Manufacturers Favor Lithium-ion Battery Chemistry Table 3-1: Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturer Activities Adoption of Lithium-Ion for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Panasonic EV Dominates the HEV Battery Market Lithium-ion Battery Research Activity

Growth Trends of EV Ownership Table 3-2: Consumption of Vehicle Fuels in the U.S., 2004 to 2009 (in thousand gallons of gasoline equivalents) Figure 3-1: CAGR Rates of Alternative Fuel Consumption in the U.S., 2004 to 2009 Table 3-3: Consumption Forecast of Vehicle Fuels in the U.S., 2010 to 2014 (thousand gallon gasoline equivalents) Table 3-4: Projected Number of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in the U.S., by Fuel Type, 2009 to 2014 Table 3-5: Pure Plug-in Electric Vehicle Use in the U.S., by Type of User Group, 2009 vs. 2014 Table 3-6: Pure Plug-in Electric Vehicle Types in the U.S., 2009 vs. 2014 Table 3-7: Pure Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Use, by State, 2009 and 2014 Figure 3-2: Share of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Use Among Top States, by Fuel Type, 2009 Table 3-8: Consumption of Electricity for Electric Vehicles in Use, by Leading States, 2009 (in thousands of gallons of gasoline equivalents) Table 3-9: Number of U.S. Fueling Stations, by Alternative Fuel Type, 2004 to 2009 Table 3-10: Forecast of Alternative Vehicle Fueling Stations, by Fuel Type, 2009 vs. 2014 Table 3-11: Alternative Fueling Stations, by Fuel Type and State, 2009 Figure 3-3: California‟s Total Alternative Fueling Stations, by Type of Fuel Europe Plans EV Infrastructure Overhaul Hybrid Bus System Deployment Europe‟s Plug-in Infrastructure Asia Attracts Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturers Testing of Battery Technologies in ChinaChapter 4: World Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Market Figure 4-1: Global Market Value of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing, 2004 to 2009 (in $ millions) Market Drivers

Challenges to Developing an EV InfrastructureTable 4-1: U.S. Market Value of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing,2004 to 2009 (in $ millions)Figure 4-2: Global Market Value of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing,2009 to 2014 (in $ millions)The Global Market TrendTable 4-2: Global Market Value of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing(not including Rechargeable Batteries), 2004 to 2009 (in $ millions)Table 4-3: Global Market Value of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing(not including Rechargeable Batteries), 2009 vs. 2014 (in $ millions)Figure 4-3: Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing 5-Year CAGR RateEnding 2009 and 2014Figure 4-4: Global Shares of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing Salesfrom Asian-based Companies, 2004, 2009 and 2014Figure 4-5: Global Shares of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing Salesfrom European-based Companies, 2004, 2009 and 2014Figure 4-6: Global Shares of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing Salesfrom North American Companies, 2004, 2009 and 2014Figure 4-7: Share of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing Sales AmongEuropean Countries, 2004, 2009 and 2014Figure 4-8: Shares of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturing Sales AmongNorth American Countries, 2004, 2009 and 2014Smart Grid Market SizeFigure 4-9: Smart Grid Market Size (in $ billions)Accommodating Electric VehiclesTable 4-4: Global Market Value of Smart Grid Manufacturing, PHEV vs. Non-Vehicle Infrastructures, 2009 and 2014 (in $ billions)Table 4-5: Global Market Value of EV Infrastructure Segments, 2009 and 2014(in $ billions)Table 4-6: Global Market Value of EV Smart Grid Infrastructure, 2009 vs. 2014(in $ billions)Table 4-7: Global Market Value of EV Smart Grid Infrastructure Manufacturing byType of Equipment, 2009 vs. 2014 (in $ billions)

Figure 4-10: Share of Market Value of EV Infrastructure Charging EquipmentComponents, 2009 vs. 2014Table 4-8: Global Market Value of EV Smart Grid Manufacturing, by Region,2009 vs. 2014 (in $ billions)Figure 4-11: Share of Global Market Value of EV Smart Grid AdaptationTechnologies, 2009 vs. 2014Electric Vehicle Rechargeable Battery MarketTable 4-9: Global Market Value of Rechargeable Batteries Used for ElectricVehicles, 2004 to 2009 (in $ millions)Table 4-10: Global Market Value of Lithium-Ion Batteries Used for ElectricVehicles, by Region, 2004 to 2009 (in $ millions)Table 4-11: Global Market Value of Lithium-Ion Batteries Used for ElectricVehicles, 2004 to 2009 (in $ millions)Table 4-12: Global Market Value of Rechargeable Batteries for Electric Vehicles,2009 vs. 2014 (in $ millions)Figure 4-12: Lithium-ion Battery Manufacturing 5-Year CAGR Growth Ending2009 and 2014Table 4-13: Lithium-ion and Ni-MH Rechargeable Battery Market Value, byRegion 2004 to 2009 (% of total Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Market Value)Countries That Manufacture Rechargeable BatteriesU.S. Manufacturing of Rechargeable Batteries for PHEVs and HEVsThe Dominance of Lithium-Ion Imports for the U.S. MarketTable 4-14: U.S. Imports of Electric Vehicle Motors and Batteries, 2004 vs. 2009(in $ thousands)Figure 4-13: U.S. Shipments and Imports of Storage Batteries for ElectricVehicles as a Percent of the Total U.S. Market Value, 2004 to 2009Dominant U.S. Exporting Battery Producing CountriesFigure 4-14: Countries Exporting Electric Vehicle Rechargeable Batteries into theU.S., 2009Battery Manufacturing CostsFigure 4-15: Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturers Market Share, 2009Table 4-15: North American Shipments of Ni-MH and Lithium-ion Batteries, 2004to 2009 (in $ millions)

Table 4-16: North American Shipments of Ni-MH and Lithium-ion Batteries, 2009 to 2014 (in $ millions) Figure 4-16: North American Shipments of Ni-MH and Li-Ion Batteries Total Market and PHEV Market, 2009 to 2014 (in $ millions) Figure 4-17: U.S. Producer Price Index of Battery Manufacturing, Jan 2008 to Sept. 2009 Metal Prices Figure 4-18: Prices of Metals Used in Battery Manufacturing in the U.S., Indexed to 2000 Figure 4-19: Rechargeable Battery Market Share by Battery Type, 2014 Infrastructure Spending Heats Up GloballyChapter 5: Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Manufacturer Profiles………Johnson Controls Overview Performance Research & Development Product Portfolio Significant DevelopmentsExide Technologies Overview Performance Table 5-1: Exide Technologies World Battery Revenue by Segment, 2005 to 2009 (in $millions) Research & Development Significant DevelopmentsCoulomb Technologies Overview Products Significant developmentsEcotality

Overview Performance Significant developmentsAerovironment Overview Performance and ProductsBetter Place Overview Performance and ProgressChapter 6: Research and Developments in Electric Vehicle InfrastructureManufacturing Stimulus Funds Help with EV Infrastructure Development Table 6-1: U.S. Government Funding of EV and Non-EV Infrastructure Development (in $ millions) Battery Projects Get Government Funding Table 6-2: Electric Vehicles Planned for Release, 2009 to 2016 Important Recent Milestones for EV Infrastructure Smart Grid Research R&D on Smart Grid Infrastructure Better Place Envisions EV Infrastructure Future Battery Switching Stations Proposed Intelligent Charging Stations Coming to Europe ChargePoint Network Enables Individual Charging Control Britain Deploys Smart Grid Monitoring System Government Funded Battery Research Emerging Lithium Battery Technologies Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathodes Electricity Generation

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Electric Vehicle (EV) Infrastructure Manufacturing

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