Psycholinguistics for english language teaching - mental grammar

By :Mahin Ridlo Ronas
NIM : F221141030
NIM : F221141030
The Assignment for Psycholinguistics for English Language Teaching Subject
(The Lecturer : 1. Drs. Sudarsono, M.A.,PhD)
(Dr. Regina, M.Pd)
Master of Education in Teaching English as a Foreign Language
Faculty of Teaching Training and Education
Tanjungpura University Pontianak
March 2015
May 21, 2015 1Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"

May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar" 2

NIM : F2201141030

Question?
What is Mental
Grammar ?
What is the competence
and
performance, according
to Chomsky?
Why is Mental Grammar
important for
psycholinguistics?
May 21, 2015 Slide5Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"

•Cerebral
•Mind/Psychological
•Rational/Intellectual
Mental
•Syntax
•Sentence structure
•Language rules
Grammar

 "Psycholinguistics is the study of the
cognitive process that supports the
acquisition and use of language" Schmitt, N.
 "Psycholinguistics is the study of how the
mind equips human beings to handle
language" Simpson, J

MENTAL
GRAMMAR
1. Grammar and
Psycholinguistics
1. How do
speakers
produce
and
understand
sentences?
2. Linguistics
as psychology
2. Chomsky’s
competence and
performance
distinction
3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
4. Linguistic
challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

MENTAL GRAMMAR
4. Linguistic challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar
Meaning – based grammars
Cont. Sub topic 4

MENTAL
GRAMMAR
1. Grammar and
Psycholinguistics
1. How do
speakers produce
and understand
sentences?
2. Linguistics as
psychology

The Goals of Psycholinguistics?
To Describe
Language
How We Speak?
How We Understand?

ISSUES on
Psycholinguistics
(1st Half 20th
Century)
Bloomefield
(Psychological
validity on
writing)
Twaddell
(Rejected such a
goal for
linguistics) Chosmky (1960)
conjoined both
Psychological
linguistics
It means what they
wrote not only a
description of
language but it
was also a
description of what
people had learned
They Considered
the description of
language not the
psychological
aspects of people His Thesis:
linguistics is a
branch of
cognitive
psychology

MENTAL
GRAMMAR
2. Chomsky’s
competence and
performance
distinction

Competence
(Mental
Grammar)
•Is the knowledge that
people have of the
grammar of their
language
Performance
Process
•The activities involved
in producing and
understanding
sentences are
performance process

Two Major Goals of
Psycholinguistics
To specify how
people use the
sentence
To specify how people
acquire competence
(grammatical
knowledge)

1.
•Should explain sentence production
•(i.e. how speakers take ideas and make them
into sentences which are rendered into speech
sounds)
2.
•Also should explain sentence comprehension
•i.e. how speakers. On receiving speech sound,
recover ideas from those sounds.

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

The Book
“The syntactic
Structure”in
1957
Revolutionized
linguistics
Influenced social
sciences
(Psychology and
Anthropology

Cont. Sub topic 3
May 21, 2015
24
Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

1. The Standard Theory (1965)
Aspects of
The Theory
of Syntax
ST
(Standard
Theory)
GB Theory
(Government/
Binding)

Set of Rules of ST
(Standard Theory) Grammar
ST Set of
Rules
Syntactic
PhonologySemantic
Meaning
grammar
Phonetic

ST (Standard Theory) Grammar
ST Grammar
Two Syntacic
Levels
Deep Structure Surface Structure
Two types of
Syntactic Rules
(ST)
Phrase Structure
Rules
(Base rule)
Transformational
Rules
Cont. Sub topic 3.1

Chomsky’s Standard Theory Grammar
Sentence
Phrase Structure Rules Lexicon
Deep Structure
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
Surface Structure
Phonological Rules Semantic Rules

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

Phrase Structure, Lexicon
and Deep Structure
Cont. Sub topic 3.1
PS (Phrase
Structure)
•Provide :
•Basic Constituent/components structure
Lexicon
•Provide :
•Words, word parts, idioms (stored in Lexicon)
Deep
Structure
•Vocabularies will be analyzed in :
•SURFACE AND DEEP STRUCTURE

DERIVATION PROCESS
S = NP + VP
Intermediate
Structure
Final Deep
Structure
The History of a sentence from the S
element to Final Deep Structure is named
DERIVATION

S NP VP
NP D N
VP V NP
NP N
NP
Prep P
Prep P Prep
Noun
Phrase
Verb
Phrase
Determiners Noun
Preposition Phrase

Phrase Structure,Lexicon and deep Structure
Example : “The boy bought candy at the store”
Sentence
Noun Phrase Verb Phrase
D N V N Prep P
N Prep NP
D N
the boy bought Candy at the store

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

May 21, 2015Psycolinguistic "Mental Grammar"
36
Transformational rules
and surface Structure
Cont. Sub topic 3.2
Sentence
Phrase Structure Rules Lexicon
Deep Structure
TRANSFORMATIONAL RULES
Surface Structure
Phonological Rules Semantic Rules
Transformationalrules
andsurfaceStructure

Transformational rules and Surface Structure
Example = “Open the door”
Sentence
Verb Phrase
V NP
D N
open the door
Surface Structure

Transformational rules and Surface Structure
Example = “Open the door”
Sentence
N V NP
D N
You open the door
Deep Structure

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

Phonological rules &
Phonological Interpretation
Surface Structure
Phonological Components
INTERPRETATION
Sequence of
Sound Symbol
Sentence Example
Mares eat oats
/merz/ /it/ ots/
INTERPRETATION
Phonetic symbols
(represent the
pronunciation)

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

Semantic rules &
Semantic Interpretation
Surface Structure
Semantic Components
INTERPRETATION
Meaning
Elements
Sentence Example
The shoe hurts
Shoe (predicate) –
hurts(argumentative)
INTERPRETATION
(cause-effect)
What we
understand
Something about
the shoe is causing
pain to someone
Logical
relation

Semantic rules
Example = “The Shoe hurts”
Sentence
N
V
VPD
Shoe hurtsthe
Deep & Surface
Structure

Semantic Interpretation
Example = “The Shoe hurts”
Proposition
Predicate Argument x Argument Y
PropositionCause
Shoe
Semantic
Interpretation
Predicate Argument
Condition(un
specified)
Proposition
Condition(u
nspecified)
Predicate Argument
pain

3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
1. The Standard
Theory
Phrase Structure,
Lexicon and Deep
Structure
Transformational
rules and surface
Structure
Phonological rules
and Phonetic
Interpretation
Semantic rules and
semantic
Interpretation
2. The
Government/Binding
(GB) theory of
grammar
Cont. Sub topic 3

THE TERMS MODIFICATION
•Deep Structure,
to
•D-Structure
D-Structure
•Surface
Structure, to
•S-Structure
S-Structure
•Semantic
Interpretation, to
•Logical form
Logical Form
•Phonetic
Interpretation, to
•Phonetic form
Phonetic form
GB Theory was 1st synthesized in chomsky ‘s ecture on
Government and Binding in 1981

D-structure
S-structure
PF
(Phonoogical
Form)
LF Lexicon
Form)
Lexicon

MENTAL GRAMMAR
4. Linguistic challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar
Meaning – based grammars
Cont. Sub topic 4

• Disagreement with the organization of his
grammar where syntax is given a role over
semantics
• (By : Generative Semantic Grammar etc. Scholars :
George Lakoff, Ross and McCawley)
1.
•Disagreement with the adequacy of his structural
characterization of such basic syntactic relations and
constituents, particularly Subject, Direct Object,
Indirect Object and Verb Phrase)
•(By: Relational Grammar scholars etc : Perlumenter,
Postal and Johnson)
2.

 Chomsky’s Grammar;
He Begins neither
with the meaning of
the sentences nor
with its sound
pattern
Rather, he begins with
the specification of
syntax which function
independently
 By : Generative
Grammar Linguists:
 Meaning or semantic
as the basis for
grammatical
theorizing.
 It was a logical
semantic
representation of a
sentence that was to
serve as the conceptual
starting point for their
Grammars

MENTAL
GRAMMAR
1. Grammar and
Psycholinguistics
1. How do
speakers
produce
and
understand
sentences?
2. Linguistics
as psychology
2. Chomsky’s
competence and
performance
distinction
3. Chomsky’s
grammatical
conceptions
4. Linguistic
challenges to
Chomsky’s Grammar

GOVERNMENT
AND BINDING
Subcategorization
X-bar theory
and binding
theory.
case theory
semantic
roles
movement

 GB assumes a derivational model consisting of four levels of
representation, as diagrammed in (1).
 The lexicon lists the idiosyncratic properties of lexical items
which constitute the atomic units of the syntax. These
properties include what arguments the item subcategorizes
for, etc. Lexical items are combined together at D-structure
(underlying structure).
 D-structure is mapped into S-structure, which is the
syntactic representation that most closely reflects the surface
order of the sentence.
 S-structure is not directly interpreted itself, but is factored
into Phonological Form (PF) and Logical Form (LF).
 PF is the interface with the Phonology where shapes,
sounds, and groupings of items are directly represented.
 LF is the interface with the Semantics. Predication
relationships and the scope of quantifiers and operators of
various kinds are explicitly represented in the phrase
structure at LF.

 Proposition is (in Logic
perpective) a statement
in which something is
affirmed or denied, so
that it can therefore be
significantly
characterized as either
true or false
 Proposition is (Rhetoric
perpective). a
statement of the
subject of an argument
or a discourse, or of
the course of action or
essential idea to be
advocated

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