1. Teaching Oral Communication
Speaking
Listening
By
Dr.Magdy M. Aly
Professor of Curriculum& EFL Instruction
FACULTY OF EDUCATION ,AIN SHAMS
UNIVERSITY
2. Presentation Outline
• Issues in Teaching Oral Communication
• Listening Approaches
• Speaking Approaches
• Principles in Designing Listening and Speaking
• Strategies and Activities
• Assessment
3. Issues in Teaching Oral
Communication
• The Place of Pronunciation
• Accuracy and Fluency
• Affective Factors
• The Interaction Effect
• The Role of Listening
4. Approaches that Promote
Listening
• Total Physical Response (TPR) worked by James Asher
(1977) which gives emphasis to comprehension where
students were given ample amount of language to listen
before they were encourage to respond orally.
5. • The Natural Approach also recommended a significant
silent period
• Stephen Krashen (1982) emphasized the importance of
“comprehensible input”.
• Other studies also showed the importance of training
students to use different cognitive strategies to process the
input. These strategies may include the following:
– Retention
– Feedback
– Interaction
6. Principles for Designing Listening and
Speaking Techniques
(Brown, 1994)
• Techniques should cover the spectrum of
learner needs from language based focus on
accuracy to message-based focus on
interaction, meaning and fluency
7. • Techniques should be intrinsically
motivating
• Techniques should utilize authentic
language and contexts
8. • Provide appropriate feedback and
correction
• Capitalize on the natural link between
speaking and listening
• Give students opportunities to initiate oral
communication
• Encourage the development of listening and
speaking strategies
9. Listening Strategies
• Looking for key words
• looking for nonverbal cues to meaning
• predicting a speaker’s purpose by the
context of the spoken discourse
• associating information with one’s existing
cognitive
11. Speaking Strategies
• Asking for clarification
• Asking someone to repeat something
• Using fillers and conversation maintenance
cues
• Getting someone’s attention
12. • Using paraphrases for structures one can’t
produce
• Appealing for assistance
• Using formulaic expressions
• Using mime and one-verbal expression
13. TYPES OF SPOKEN
LANGUAGE (Nunan, 1991)
• Monologue (planned and unplanned)
– storytelling
– news broadcast
– readings (short stories, poems, etc.)
• Dialogue (Interpersonal and Transactional)
14. Types of Dialogues
• Scripted Dialogue
• Semi-Scripted
• Using Picture Cues to present scenario for
dialog
• Discourse Chain
15. Scripted Dialog
ALING TOYANG: Hoy, Mila kumusta ka na? Matagal na tayong
hindi nagkita.
MILA: Oo nga, lumipat na kasi kami ng bahay.
ALING TOYANG: Saan?
MILA: Doon sa bayan ng San Juan.
ALING TOYANG: Talaga, may mga pinsan ako sa San Juan.
Ibigay mo sa akin ang address mo para pagpunta ko, mabisita na rin
kita.
MILA: O’ Sige, doon ako sa 188 kalye San Jose. Malapit sa
munisipyo at istasyon ng pulis.
ALING TOYANG: Parang hindi naman mahirap hanapin ang bahay
mo. Magtatanong na lang ako.
MILA: Aasahan ko ang pagdalaw mo.
16. Semi-Scripted Dialogue
• ALING TOYANG: Hoy, Mila _______? Matagal na
tayong hindi nagkita.
• MILA: Oo nga, lumipat na kasi kami ng ______.
• ALING TOYANG: Saan?
• MILA: Doon sa ___________.
• ALING TOYANG: Talaga, may ______ ako sa San Juan.
Ibigay mo sa akin ang _____ mo para pagpunta ko,
mabisita na rin kita.
• MILA: O’ Sige, doon ako sa _______. Malapit sa
munisipyo at istasyon ng ______.
• ALING TOYANG: Parang hindi naman mahirap hanapin
ang ______. Magtatanong na lang ako.
• MILA: Aasahan ko ang _________ mo.
18. Discourse Chain
Son
Mother
send your son to the Tell mother you will go buy
store what she needs
Store Keeper
Greet the store keeper. Tell
her/him what you want to
buy, ask how much.
Tell what you have
and how much
Pay her and say goodbye.
19. Techniques for Teaching Oral
Communications
• Pronunciation
– Stress, Intonation, Pitch,
• Grammar
• Discourse (Speaking and Listening)
• Interactive Techniques
– Interviews, Guessing Games, Discussions, Roleplay,
Simulations, Problem Solving Activities
• Individual Practice (Oral Dialogue Journal)
This part of our workshop this afternoon hopes to review some of the approaches, techniques and strategies in teaching oral communication which covers both listening and speaking.
The following are some of the issues in teaching oral communication that will help us reflect on the different teaching techniques and strategies for our own classrooms. 1. Although, majority of our students would never acquire an “accent free” command of the language, I still believe that an ample emphasis begin in teaching pronunciation in any type of classroom experience (communicative - fluency or linguistic - accuracy) 2. In the late 70’s until the late 80’s there has been a great diversion in teaching that focuses on linguistic matters(articulation, grammar and accuracy) to more natural communicative language. Both extremes lack something. Accuracy and fluency both need emphasis in the classroom. “ Fluency is probably best achieved by allowing the stream of speech to flow, then, as some of this speech spills over beyond comprehensibility, the river banks of instruction on some details of phonology, grammar, or discourse will channel the speech on a more purposeful course.” 3. Affective Factors - Teachers need to provide a classroom atmosphere that would encourage students to talk no matter how broken and incomprehensible the spoken language is. 4. Emphasis on conversation in any form is important in the classroom. Oftentimes, our classroom is the only community they have in using the language. Seize that opportunity and make it work for the students.
Oral communication is intertwined with one’s ability to listen. Listening as in language is a very important component of oral communication. The silent period is often times the most crucial in the language development. Good listeners are good responders. Good listeners know how to negotiate meaning, give feedback, ask for clarification, maintain topic to make understanding or comprehension complete. A 4th century Chinese Proverb says it more eloquently : Not to let a word get in the way of its sentence Nor to let a sentence get in the way of its intention But to send your mind out to meet the intention as a guest: That is understanding.
Retention - students need to make decisions on what to retain for long term, short term. Feedback - responding information Interaction - engaging in conversation