81497084 glossary

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Licensed to: iChapters User ELECTRONIC COMMERCE Ninth Edition Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User ELECTRONIC COMMERCE Ninth Edition Gary P. Schneider, Ph.D., CPA Quinnipiac University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Electronic Commerce, Ninth Edition © 2011 Course Technology, Cengage Learning Gary P. Schneider, Ph.D., CPA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright VP/Editorial Director: Jack Calhoun herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to Publisher: Joe Sabatino photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, Senior Acquisitions Editor: information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except Charles McCormick, Jr. as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Senior Product Manager: Kate Mason Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Editorial Assistant: Nora Heink For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Development Editor: Amanda Brodkin Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Content Project Manager: Jennifer Feltri For permission to use material from this text or product, Production Project Manager: submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions Karunakaran Gunasekaran Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Manufacturing Coordinator: Julio Esperas Marketing Manager: Adam Marsh Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939853 Senior Marketing Communication Manager: Libby Shipp Student Edition Instructor Edition ISBN-13: 978-0-538-46924-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-538-47139-8 Marketing Coordinator: Suellen Ruttkay ISBN-10: 0-538-46924-2 ISBN-10: 0-538-47139-5 Senior Art Director: Stacy Jenkins Shirley Course Technology Cover Designer: Craig Ramsdell 20 Channel Center Street Cover Image: iStock Photo Boston, Massachusetts 02210 Compositor: Pre-Press PMG USA Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and sellers. Any fictional data related to persons or companies or URLs used throughout this book is intended for instructional purposes only. At the time this book was printed, any such data was fictional and not belonging to any real persons or companies. Cases in this book that mention company, organization, or individual person’s names were written using publicly available information to provide a setting for student learning. They are not intended to provide commentary on or evaluation of any party’s handling of the situation described. Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning, reserves the right to revise this publication and make changes from time to time in its content without notice. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson -Education, Ltd. Visit our corporate website at cengage.com To learn more about Course Technology, visit www.cengage.com/ coursetechnology Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User BRIEF CONTENTS Preface xvii Part 1: Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Commerce 2 Chapter 2 Technology Infrastructure: The Internet and the World Wide Web 53 Part 2: B u s i n e s s S tr at eg i e s f or E l ec t r on i c C om m er ce Chapter 3 Selling on the Web: Revenue Models and Building a Web Presence 108 Chapter 4 Marketing on the Web 163 Chapter 5 Business-to-Business Activities: Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs 217 Chapter 6 Social Networking, Mobile Commerce, and Online Auctions 261 Chapter 7 The Environment of Electronic Commerce: Legal, Ethical, and Tax Issues 299 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Part 3: Technologies fo r E l e c t r o n i c C o m m e r c e Chapter 8 Web Server Hardware and Software 352 Chapter 9 Electronic Commerce Software 395 Chapter 10 Electronic Commerce Security 437 Chapter 11 Payment Systems for Electronic Commerce 493 Part 4: Integration Chapter 12 Planning for Electronic Commerce 530 Glossary 561 Index 597 vi Brief Contents Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface xvii Part 1: Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction to Electronic Commerce 2 Electronic Commerce: The Second Wave 4 Electronic Commerce and Electronic Business 4 Categories of Electronic Commerce 4 The Development and Growth of Electronic Commerce 8 The Dot-Com Boom, Bust, and Rebirth 9 The Second Wave of Electronic Commerce 10 Business Models, Revenue Models, and Business Processes 14 Focus on Specific Business Processes 14 Role of Merchandising 15 Product/Process Suitability to Electronic Commerce 15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Commerce 17 Advantages of Electronic Commerce 17 Disadvantages of Electronic Commerce 19 Economic Forces and Electronic Commerce 21 Transaction Costs 22 Markets and Hierarchies 24 Using Electronic Commerce to Reduce Transaction Costs 25 Network Economic Structures 26 Network Effects 27 Using Electronic Commerce to Create Network Effects 28 Identifying Electronic Commerce Opportunities 28 Strategic Business Unit Value Chains 28 Industry Value Chains 30 SWOT Analysis: Evaluating Business Unit Opportunities 32 International Nature of Electronic Commerce 34 Trust Issues on the Web 34 Language Issues 35 Cultural Issues 36 Culture and Government 38 Infrastructure Issues 40 Summary 43 Key Terms 43 Review Questions 44 Exercises 44 Cases 45 For Further Study and Research 49 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Chapter 2 Technology Infrastructure: The Internet and the World Wide Web 53 The Internet and the World Wide Web 55 Origins of the Internet 56 New Uses for the Internet 56 Commercial Use of the Internet 57 Growth of the Internet 58 Emergence of the World Wide Web 59 Packet-Switched Networks 62 Routing Packets 62 Internet Protocols 64 TCP/IP 64 IP Addressing 65 Domain Names 66 Web Page Request and Delivery Protocols 68 Electronic Mail Protocols 69 Unsolicited Commercial E-Mail (UCE, Spam) 70 Markup Languages and the Web 71 Markup Languages 72 Hypertext Markup Language 72 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 79 HTML and XML Editors 84 Intranets and Extranets 85 Public and Private Networks 85 Virtual Private Network (VPN) 86 Internet Connection Options 86 Connectivity Overview 87 Voice-Grade Telephone Connections 87 Broadband Connections 88 Leased-Line Connections 89 Wireless Connections 90 Internet2 and the Semantic Web 94 Summary 96 Key Terms 97 Review Questions 99 Exercises 99 Cases 101 For Further Study and Research 103 Part 2: Busi ness Str ategi es f o r El e c t r o n i c Co m m e r c e Chapter 3 Selling on the Web: Revenue Models and Building a Web Presence 108 Revenue Models 110 Web Catalog Revenue Models 110 Digital Content Subscription Revenue Models 117 Advertising-Supported Revenue Models 118 Advertising-Subscription Mixed Revenue Models 123 Fee-for-Transaction Revenue Models 125 viii Table of Contents Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Fee-for-Service Revenue Models 133 Free for Many, Fee for a Few 134 Revenue Models in Transition 135 Subscription to Advertising-Supported Model 135 Advertising-Supported to Advertising-Subscription Mixed Model 135 Advertising-Supported to Fee-for-Services Model 136 Advertising-Supported to Subscription Model 136 Multiple Transitions 137 Revenue Strategy Issues 138 Channel Conflict and Cannibalization 138 Strategic Alliances 139 Creating an Effective Web Presence 139 Identifying Web Presence Goals 140 Web Site Usability 144 How the Web Is Different 144 Meeting the Needs of Web Site Visitors 145 Trust and Loyalty 147 Rating Electronic Commerce Web Sites 148 Usability Testing 148 Customer-Centric Web Site Design 149 Connecting with Customers 150 The Nature of Communication on the Web 150 Summary 154 Key Terms 154 Review Questions 155 Exercises 155 Cases 156 For Further Study and Research 159 Chapter 4 Marketing on the Web 163 Web Marketing Strategies 165 Product-Based Marketing Strategies 166 Customer-Based Marketing Strategies 167 Communicating with Different Market Segments 168 Trust, Complexity, and Media Choice 169 Market Segmentation 171 Market Segmentation on the Web 173 Offering Customers a Choice on the Web 173 Beyond Market Segmentation: Customer Behavior and Relationship Intensity 174 Segmentation Using Customer Behavior 174 Customer Relationship Intensity and Life-Cycle Segmentation 177 Acquisition, Conversion, and Retention of Customers 179 Customer Acquisition, Conversion, and Retention: The Funnel Model 180 Advertising On The Web 181 Banner Ads 182 Text Ads 184 Other Web Ad Formats 185 Site Sponsorships 186 Online Advertising Cost and Effectiveness 187 Effectiveness of Online Advertising 189 Table of Contents ix Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User E-Mail Marketing 189 Permission Marketing 190 Combining Content and Advertising 190 Outsourcing E-Mail Processing 191 Technology-Enabled Customer Relationship Management 191 CRM as a Source of Value in the Marketspace 192 Creating and Maintaining Brands on the Web 194 Elements of Branding 195 Emotional Branding vs. Rational Branding 196 Brand Leveraging Strategies 196 Brand Consolidation Strategies 196 Costs of Branding 197 Affiliate Marketing Strategies 197 Viral Marketing Strategies 198 Search Engine Positioning and Domain Names 199 Search Engines and Web Directories 199 Paid Search Engine Inclusion and Placement 200 Web Site Naming Issues 204 Summary 207 Key Terms 207 Review Questions 209 Exercises 209 Cases 210 For Further Study and Research 214 Chapter 5 Business-to-Business Activities: Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs 217 Purchasing, Logistics, and Support Activities 219 Purchasing Activities 220 Direct vs. Indirect Materials Purchasing 222 Logistics Activities 224 Support Activities 225 E-Government 226 Network Model of Economic Organization in Purchasing 228 Electronic Data Interchange 229 Early Business Information Interchange Efforts 229 Emergence of Broader EDI Standards 230 How EDI Works 232 Value-Added Networks 236 EDI Payments 239 EDI on the Internet 239 Supply Chain Management Using Internet Technologies 240 Value Creation in the Supply Chain 240 Increasing Supply Chain Efficiencies 242 Using Materials-Tracking Technologies with EDI and Electronic Commerce 243 Creating an Ultimate Consumer Orientation in the Supply Chain 246 Building and Maintaining Trust in the Supply Chain 246 Electronic Marketplaces and Portals 247 Independent Industry Marketplaces 247 Private Stores and Customer Portals 249 x Table of Contents Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Private Company Marketplaces 249 Industry Consortia-Sponsored Marketplaces 250 Summary 252 Key Terms 252 Review Questions 253 Exercises 253 Cases 254 For Further Study and Research 257 Chapter 6 Social Networking, Mobile Commerce, and Online Auctions 261 From Virtual Communities to Social Networks 262 Virtual Communities 263 Early Web Communities 263 Social Networking in the Second Wave of Online Communities 264 Revenue Models for Social Networking Sites 268 Mobile Commerce 271 Mobile Operating Systems and Applications 271 The Future of Mobile Commerce 273 Online Auctions 274 Auction Basics 274 Online Auctions and Related Businesses 278 Auction-Related Services 286 Summary 290 Key Terms 290 Review Questions 291 Exercises 292 Cases 292 For Further Study and Research 295 Chapter 7 The Environment of Electronic Commerce: Legal, Ethical, and Tax Issues 299 The Legal Environment of Electronic Commerce 301 Borders and Jurisdiction 301 Jurisdiction on the Internet 305 Conflict of Laws 308 Contracting and Contract Enforcement in Electronic Commerce 308 Use and Protection of Intellectual Property in Online Business 315 Copyright Issues 315 Patent Issues 318 Trademark Issues 319 Domain Names and Intellectual Property Issues 319 Protecting Intellectual Property Online 321 Defamation 322 Deceptive Trade Practices 323 Advertising Regulation 323 Online Crime, Terrorism, and Warfare 325 Online Crime 325 Online Warfare and Terrorism 328 Table of Contents xi Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Ethical Issues 328 Ethics and Online Business Practices 329 Privacy Rights and Obligations 330 Communications with Children 334 Taxation and Electronic Commerce 336 Nexus 336 U.S. Income Taxes 336 U.S. State Sales Taxes 337 Import Tariffs 338 European Union Value Added Taxes 339 Summary 340 Key Terms 341 Review Questions 342 Exercises 342 Cases 343 For Further Study and Research 346 Part 3: Technologies fo r E l e c t r o n i c C o m m e r c e Chapter 8 Web Server Hardware and Software 352 Web Server Basics 354 Dynamic Content Generation 355 Various Meanings of “Server” 357 Web Client/Server Architectures 357 Software for Web Servers 360 Operating Systems for Web Servers 360 Web Server Software 361 Finding Web Server Software Information 362 Electronic Mail (E-Mail) 363 E-Mail Benefits 363 E-Mail Drawbacks 363 Spam 364 Solutions to the Spam Problem 365 Web Site Utility Programs 375 Finger and Ping Utilities 375 Tracert and Other Route-Tracing Programs 375 Telnet and FTP Utilities 377 Indexing and Searching Utility Programs 377 Data Analysis Software 378 Link-Checking Utilities 378 Remote Server Administration 379 Web Server Hardware 379 Server Computers 379 Web Server Performance Evaluation 380 Web Server Hardware Architectures 380 Summary 385 Key Terms 385 Review Questions 386 xii Table of Contents Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Exercises 387 Cases 387 For Further Study and Research 391 Chapter 9 Electronic Commerce Software 395 Web Hosting Alternatives 397 Basic Functions of Electronic Commerce Software 399 Catalog Display 400 Shopping Cart 402 Transaction Processing 407 Advanced Functions of Electronic Commerce Software 408 Databases 408 Middleware 409 Enterprise Application Integration 409 Integration with ERP Systems 410 Web Services 411 Electronic Commerce Software for Small and Midsize Companies 415 Basic Commerce Service Providers 415 Mall-Style Commerce Service Providers 416 Estimating Operating Expenses for a Small Web Business 417 Electronic Commerce Software for Midsize to Large Businesses 418 Web Site Development Tools 419 Electronic Commerce Software for Large Businesses 421 Enterprise-Class Electronic Commerce Software 421 Customer Relationship Management Software 423 Supply Chain Management Software 425 Content Management Software 426 Knowledge Management Software 426 Summary 428 Key Terms 428 Review Questions 429 Exercises 429 Cases 431 For Further Study and Research 433 Chapter 10 Electronic Commerce Security 437 Online Security Issues Overview 439 Computers and Security: A Brief History 439 Computer Security and Risk Management 440 Elements of Computer Security 441 Security Policy and Integrated Security 442 Security for Client Computers 444 Cookies 444 Web Bugs 446 Active Content 446 Java Applets 447 JavaScript 448 ActiveX Controls 449 Graphics and Plug-Ins 449 Table of Contents xiii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Viruses, Worms, and Antivirus Software 450 Digital Certificates 455 Steganography 458 Physical Security for Clients 459 Communication Channel Security 459 Secrecy Threats 460 Integrity Threats 462 Necessity Threats 463 Threats to the Physical Security of Internet Communications Channels 463 Threats to Wireless Networks 464 Encryption Solutions 465 Ensuring Transaction Integrity with Hash Functions 472 Ensuring Transaction Integrity with Digital Signatures 473 Security for Server Computers 474 Web Server Threats 474 Database Threats 475 Other Programming Threats 475 Threats to the Physical Security of Web Servers 476 Access Control and Authentication 478 Firewalls 479 Organizations that Promote Computer Security 481 CERT 481 Other Organizations 482 Computer Forensics and Ethical Hacking 482 Summary 483 Key Terms 484 Review Questions 485 Exercises 486 Cases 486 For Further Study and Research 488 Chapter 11 Payment Systems for Electronic Commerce 493 Online Payment Basics 495 Payment Cards 497 Advantages and Disadvantages of Payment Cards 498 Payment Acceptance and Processing 499 Electronic Cash 502 Micropayments and Small Payments 503 Privacy and Security of Electronic Cash 504 Holding Electronic Cash: Online and Offline Cash 504 Advantages and Disadvantages of Electronic Cash 505 Electronic Cash Systems 506 Electronic Wallets 509 Microsoft Windows Live ID 510 Yahoo! Wallet 510 Stored-Value Cards 511 Magnetic Strip Cards 511 Smart Cards 511 Internet Technologies and the Banking Industry 513 Check Processing 513 Mobile Banking 515 xiv Table of Contents Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Criminal Activity and Payment Systems: Phishing and Identity Theft 515 Phishing Attacks 515 Using Phishing Attacks for Identity Theft 518 Phishing Attack Countermeasures 520 Summary 521 Key Terms 521 Review Questions 522 Exercises 522 Cases 523 For Further Study and Research 526 Part 4: Integration Chapter 12 Planning for Electronic Commerce 530 Identifying Benefits and Estimating Costs of Electronic Commerce Initiatives 532 Identifying Objectives 532 Linking Objectives to Business Strategies 532 Identifying and Measuring Benefits 533 Identifying and Estimating Costs 535 Funding Online Business Startups 538 Comparing Benefits to Costs 539 Return on Investment (ROI) 539 Strategies for Developing Electronic Commerce Web Sites 541 Internal Development vs. Outsourcing 542 New Methods for Implementing Partial Outsourcing 545 Managing Electronic Commerce Implementations 547 Project Management 547 Project Portfolio Management 548 Staffing for Electronic Commerce 548 Postimplementation Audits 551 Change Management 552 Summary 553 Key Terms 553 Review Questions 554 Exercises 554 Cases 555 For Further Study and Research 558 Glossary 561 Index 597 Table of Contents xv Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User PREFACE Electronic Commerce, Ninth Edition provides complete coverage of the key business and technology elements of electronic commerce. The book does not assume that readers have any previous electronic commerce knowledge or experience. In 1998, having spent several years doing electronic commerce research, consulting, and corporate training, I began developing undergraduate and graduate business school courses in electronic commerce. Although I had used a variety of books and other materials in my corporate training work, I was concerned that those materials would not work well in university courses because they were written at widely varying levels and did not have the organization and pedagogic features, such as review questions, that are so important to students. After searching for a textbook that offered balanced coverage of both the business and technology elements of electronic commerce, I concluded that no such book existed. The first edition of Electronic Commerce was written to fill that void. Since that first edition, I have worked to improve the book and keep it current with the rapid changes in this dynamic field. New to this Edition This edition includes the usual updates to keep the content current with the rapidly occurring changes in electronic commerce. The ninth edition also includes new material on the following topics: • Expanded discussion of first-mover advantage (Chapter 1) • Multiple marketing channels (Chapter 3) • Revenue models for specialized information Web sites (Chapter 3) • The future of electronic books and newspaper Web sites (Chapter 3) • Free for many, fee for a few revenue models (Chapter 3) • Online delivery of television shows and movies (Chapter 3) • E-procurement software for smaller companies (Chapter 5) • Social networking business opportunities (Chapter 6) • Growth of mobile commerce applications on smart phones (Chapters 3, 6) • Re-emergence of group shopping Web sites (Chapter 6) • Click-wrap and Web-wrap contract acceptances (Chapter 7) • Emergence of Chinese Web server software (Chapter 8) • Growing use of Web services and other Web 2.0 technologies in electronic commerce (Chapters 6, 9) • Expanded coverage of database management software (Chapter 9) • Specialized customer relationship management software (Chapter 9) • New major viruses and security threats (Chapter 10) Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User • Secure Sockets Layer-Extended Validation digital certificates (Chapter 10) • Mobile banking and mobile payment services (Chapter 11) • Use of credit card verification numbers in electronic commerce (Chapter 11) • Expanded coverage of jobs in electronic commerce (Chapter 12) ORGANIZATION AND COVERAGE Electronic Commerce: Ninth Edition introduces readers to both the theory and practice of conducting business over the Internet and World Wide Web. The book is organized into four sections: an introduction, business strategies, technologies, and integration. Introduction The book’s first section includes two chapters. Chapter 1, “Introduction to Electronic Commerce,” defines electronic commerce and describes how companies use it to create new products and services, reduce the cost of existing business processes, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their operations. The concept of the second wave of electronic commerce is presented and developed in this chapter. Chapter 1 also describes the history of the Internet and the Web, explains the international environment in which electronic commerce exists, provides an overview of the economic structures in which businesses operate, and describes how electronic commerce fits into those structures. Two themes are introduced in this chapter and recur throughout later chapters: examin- ing a firm’s value chain can suggest opportunities for electronic commerce initiatives, and reductions in transaction costs are important elements of many electronic commerce initiatives. Chapter 2, “Technology Infrastructure: The Internet and the World Wide Web,” introduces the technologies used to conduct business online, including topics such as Internet infrastructure, protocols, and packet-switched networks. Chapter 2 also describes the markup languages used on the Web ( HTML and XML) and discusses Internet connection options and tradeoffs, including wireless technologies. Business Strategies for Electronic Commerce The second section of the book includes five chapters that describe the business strategies that companies and other organizations are using to do business online. Chapter 3, “Selling on the Web: Revenue Models and Building a Web Presence,” describes revenue models that companies are using on the Web and explains how some companies have changed their revenue models as the Web has matured. The chapter explains important concepts related to revenue models, such as cannibalization and coordinating multiple marketing channels. The chapter also describes how firms that understand the nature of communication on the Web can identify and reach the largest possible number of qualified customers. Chapter 4, “Marketing on the Web,” provides an introduction to Internet marketing and online advertising. It includes coverage of market segmentation, technology-enabled customer relationship management, rational branding, contextual advertising, localized advertising, viral marketing, and permission marketing. The chapter also explains how online businesses can share and transfer brand benefits through affiliate marketing and cooperative efforts among brand owners. xviii Preface Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Chapter 5, “Business-to-Business Activities: Improving Efficiency and Reducing Costs” explores the variety of methods that companies are using to improve their purchasing and logistics primary activities with Internet and Web technologies. Chapter 5 also provides an overview of EDI and explores how the Internet provides an inexpensive EDI communications channel that allows smaller businesses to reap EDI’s benefits. Chapter 5 describes how businesses are using technologies such as e-procurement, radio-frequency identification, and reverse auctions in the practice of supply chain management online. Chapter 6, “Social Networking, Mobile Commerce, and Online Auctions,” outlines how companies now use the Web to do things that they have never done before, such as creating social networks, engaging in mobile commerce, and operating auction sites. The chapter describes how businesses are developing social networks and using existing social networking Web sites to increase sales and do market research. The emergence of mobile commerce in meaningful volumes after many years of anticipation is outlined. The chapter also explains how companies are using Web auction sites to sell goods to their customers and generate advertising revenue. Chapter 7, “The Environment of Electronic Commerce: Legal, Ethical, and Tax Issues,” discusses the legal and ethical aspects of intellectual property usage and the privacy rights of customers. Online crime, terrorism, and warfare are covered as well. The chapter also explains that the large number of government units that have jurisdiction and power to tax makes it essential that companies doing business on the Web understand the potential liabilities of doing business with customers in those jurisdictions. Technologies for Electronic Commerce The third section of the book includes four chapters that describe the technologies of electronic commerce and explains how they work. Chapter 8, “Web Server Hardware and Software,” describes the computers, operating systems, e-mail systems, utility programs, and Web server software that organizations use in the operation of their electronic commerce Web sites. The chapter describes the problem of unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE, or spam) and outlines both technical and legal solutions to the problem. Chapter 9, “Electronic Commerce Software,” describes the basic functions that all electronic commerce Web sites must accomplish and explains the various software options used to perform those functions by companies of various sizes. This chapter includes an overview of Web services ( Web 2.0 technologies), database management, shopping cart, and other types of software used in electronic commerce. The chapter also includes a discussion of Web hosting options for online businesses of various sizes. Chapter 10, “Electronic Commerce Security,” discusses security threats and countermeasures that organizations can use to ensure the security of client computers, communications channels, and Web servers. The chapter emphasizes the importance of a written security policy and explains how encryption and digital certificates work. The role of industry organizations in promoting computer, network, and Internet security is also outlined. Chapter 11, “Payment Systems for Electronic Commerce,” presents a discussion of electronic payment systems, including mobile banking, electronic cash, electronic wallets, and the technologies used to make stored-value cards, credit cards, debit cards, and charge cards work. The chapter describes how payment systems operate, including approval of transactions and disbursements to merchants, and describes how banks are using Internet technologies to improve check clearing and payment-processing operations. The use of Preface xix Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User mobile technologies for making small payments today and in the future is outlined. The chapter also includes a discussion of the threats that phishing attacks and identity theft crimes pose for individuals and online businesses. Integration The fourth and final section of the book includes one chapter that integrates the business and technology strategies used in electronic commerce. Chapter 12, “Planning for Electronic Commerce,” presents an overview of key elements that are typically included in business plans for electronic commerce implementations, such as the setting of objectives and estimating project costs and benefits. The chapter describes outsourcing strategies used in electronic commerce and covers the use of project management and project portfolio management as formal ways to plan and control tasks and resources used in electronic commerce implementations. This chapter includes a discussion of change management and outlines specific jobs available in organizations that conduct electronic commerce. FEATURES The ninth edition of Electronic Commerce includes a number of features and offers additional resources designed to help readers understand electronic commerce. These features and resources include: • Business Case Approach The introduction to each chapter includes a real business case that provides a unifying theme for the chapter. The case provides a backdrop for the material described in the chapter. Each case illustrates an important topic from the chapter and demonstrates its relevance to the current practice of electronic commerce. • Learning From Failures Not all electronic commerce initiatives have been successful. Each chapter in the book includes a short summary of an electronic commerce failure related to the content of that chapter. We all learn from our mistakes—this feature is designed to help readers understand the missteps of electronic commerce pioneers who learned their lessons the hard way. • Summaries Each chapter concludes with a Summary that concisely recaps the most important concepts in the chapter. • Online Companion The Online Companion is a set of Web pages maintained by the publisher for readers of this book. The Online Companion complements the book and contains links to Web sites referred to in the book and to other online resources that further illustrate the concepts presented. The Web is con- stantly changing and the Online Companion is continually monitored and updated for those changes so that its links continue to lead to useful Web resources for each chapter. You can find the Online Companion for this book by visiting Course Technology’s Web site at www.cengage.com/mis and searching for Electronic Commerce. • Online Companion References in Text Throughout each chapter, there are Online Companion References that indicate the name of a link included in the Online Companion. Text set in bold, green, sans-serif letters (Metabot Pro) indicates a like-named link in the Online Companion. The links in the Online xx Preface Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Companion are organized under chapter and subchapter headings that correspond to those in the book. The Online Companion also contains many supple- mental links to help students explore beyond the book’s content. • Review Questions and Exercises Each chapter concludes with meaningful review materials including both conceptual discussion questions and hands-on exercises. The review questions are ideal for use as the basis for class discus- sions or as written homework assignments. The exercises give students hands-on experiences that yield computer output or a written report. • Cases Each chapter concludes with two comprehensive cases. One case uses a fictitious setting to illustrate key learning objectives from that chapter. The other case gives students an opportunity to apply what they have learned from the chapter to an actual situation that a real company or organization has faced. The cases offer students a rich environment in which they can apply what they have learned and provide motivation for doing further research on the topics. • For Further Study and Research Each chapter concludes with a comprehensive list of the resources that were consulted during the writing of the chapter. These references to publications in academic journals, books, and the IT industry and business press provide a sound starting point for readers who want to learn more about the topics contained in the chapter. • Key Terms and Glossary Terms within each chapter that may be new to the student or have specific subject-related meaning are highlighted by boldface type. The end of each chapter includes a list of the chapter’s key terms. All of the book’s key terms are compiled, along with definitions, in a Glossary at the end of the book. TEACHING TOOLS When this book is used in an academic setting, instructors may obtain the following teaching tools from Course Technology: • Instructor’s Manual The Instructor’s Manual has been carefully prepared and tested to ensure its accuracy and dependability. The Instructor’s Manual is available through the Course Technology Instructor Downloads. (Call your customer service representative to obtain your username and password.) • ExamView© This textbook is accompanied by ExamView, a powerful testing software package that allows instructors to create and administer printed, computer (LAN-based), and Internet exams. ExamView includes hundreds of questions that correspond to the topics covered in this text, enabling students to generate detailed study guides that include page references for further review. The computer-based and Internet testing components allow students to take exams at their computers, and also save the instructor time by grading each exam automatically. • PowerPoint Presentations Microsoft PowerPoint slides are included for each chapter as a teaching aid for classroom presentations, to make available to students on a network for chapter review, or to be printed for classroom Preface xxi Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User distribution. Instructors can add their own slides for additional topics they introduce to the class. The presentations are included on the Instructor’s CD. • WebTutor Whether you want Web-enable your class or teach entirely online, WebTutor provides customizable, rich, text-specific content that can be used with both WebCT and Blackboard. WebTutor allows instructors to easily blend, add, edit, reorganize, or delete content. Each WebTutor product provides media assets, quizzing, Web links, discussion topics, and more. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe a great debt of gratitude to my good friends at Course Technology who made this book possible. Course Technology remains the best publisher with which I have ever worked. Everyone at Course Technology put forth tremendous effort to publish this edition on a very tight schedule. My heartfelt thanks go to Charles McCormick, Jr., Senior Acquisitions Editor; Kate Mason, Product Manager; and Karunakaran Gunasekaran, Production Project Manager, for their tireless work and dedication. I am deeply indebted to Amanda Brodkin, Development Editor extraordinaire, for her outstanding contributions to all nine editions of this book. Amanda performed the magic of turning my manuscript drafts into a high- quality textbook and was always ready with encouragement and fresh ideas when I was running low on them. Many of the best elements of this book resulted from Amanda’s ideas and inspirations. In particular, I want to thank Amanda for contributing the Dutch auction example in Chapter 6 and the ideas for the cases in Chapters 7 and 8. I want to thank the following reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions on current and previous editions: Paul Ambrose University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Kirk Arnett Mississippi State University Tina Ashford Macon State College Rafael Azuaje Sul Ross State University Robert Chi California State University-Long Beach Chet Cunningham Madisonville Community College Roland Eichelberger Baylor University Mary Garrett Michigan Virtual High School Barbara Grabowski Benedictine University Milena Head McMaster University Perry M. Hidalgo Gwinnett Technical Institute Brent Hussin University of Wisconsin, Green Bay Cheri L. Kase Legg Mason Corporate Technology Joanne Kuzma St. Petersburg College Rick Lindgren Graceland University Victor Lipe Trident Technical College William Lisenby Alamo Community College Diane Lockwood Albers School of Business and Economics, Seattle University Jane Mackay Texas Christian University Michael P. Martel Culverhouse School of Accountancy, University of Alabama William E. McTammany Florida Community College at Jacksonville xxii Preface Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Leslie Moore Jackson State Community College Martha Myers Kennesaw State University Pete Partin Forethought Financial Services Andy Pickering University of Maryland University College David Reavis Texas A&M University George Reynolds Strayer University Barbara Warner University of South Florida Gene Yelle Megacom Services Special thanks go to reviewer A. Lee Gilbert of Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, who provided extremely detailed comments and many useful suggestions for improving Chapter 12. My thanks also go to the many professors who have used the previous editions in their classes and who have sent me suggestions for improving the text. In particular, I want to acknowledge the detailed recommendations made by David Bell of Pacific Union College regarding the coverage of IP addresses in Chapter 2. The University of San Diego provided research funding that allowed me to work on the first edition of this book and gave me fellow faculty members who were always happy to discuss and critically evaluate ideas for the book. Of these faculty members, my thanks go first to Jim Perry for his contributions as co-author on the first two editions of this book. Tom Buckles, now a professor of marketing at Biola University, provided many useful suggestions, pointed out a number of valuable research resources, and was willing to sit and discuss ideas for this book long after everyone else had left the building. Rahul Singh, now teaching at the University of North Carolina-Greensboro, provided suggestions regarding the book’s coverage of electronic commerce infrastructure. Carl Rebman made recommendations on a number of networking, telecommunications, and security topics. The University of San Diego School of Business Administration also provided the research assistance of many graduate students who helped me with work on the first seven editions of this book. Among those research assistants were Sebastian Ailioaie, a Fulbright Fellow who did substantial work on the Online Companion, and Anthony Coury, who applied his considerable legal knowledge to reviewing Chapter 7 and suggesting many improvements. Many of my graduate students provided helpful suggestions and ideas. My special thanks go to two of those students, Dima Ghawi and Dan Gordon. Dima shared her significant background research on reverse auctions and helped me develop many of the ideas presented in Chapters 5 and 6. Dan gave me the benefit of his experiences as manager of global EDI operations for a major international firm and provided an in-depth review of Chapter 5. I am also grateful to Robin Lloyd for her help with the Lonely Planet case (in Chapter 3) and to Zu-yo Wang for his help with the Alibaba.com case (Chapter 6). Other students who provided valuable suggestions include Maximiliano Altieri, Adrian Boyce, Karl Flaig, Kathy Glaser, Emilie Johnson Hersh, Chad McManamy, Dan Mulligan, Firat Ozkan, Suzanne Phillips, Susan Soelaiman, Carolyn Sturz, and Leila Worthy. Finally, I want to express my deep appreciation for the support and encouragement of my wife, Cathy Cosby. Without her support and patience, writing this book would not have been possible. Preface xxiii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User DEDICATION To the memory of my father, Anthony J. Schneider. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Gary Schneider is the William S. Perlroth Professor of Accounting at Quinnipiac University. His prior teaching appointments include the University of San Diego, the University of Tennessee, and Xavier University. He has won several teaching awards and has served as academic director of the University of San Diego’s graduate programs in electronic commerce and information systems. Gary has published more than 50 books and 100 research papers on a variety of accounting, information systems, and management topics. His books have been translated into Chinese, French, Italian, Korean, and Spanish. Gary’s research has been funded by the Irvine Foundation and the U.S. Office of Naval Research. His work has appeared in the Journal of Information Systems, Interfaces, Issues in Accounting Education, and the Information Systems Audit & Control Journal. He has served as editor of the Business Studies Journal and the Accounting Systems and Technology Reporter, as accounting discipline editor of Advances in Accounting, Finance and Economics, as associ- ate editor of the Journal of Global Information Management, and on the editorial boards of the Journal of Information Systems, the Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organiza- tions, the Journal of Database Management, and the Information Systems Audit & Control Journal. Gary has lectured on electronic commerce topics at universities and businesses in the United States, Europe, South America, and Asia. He has provided consulting and training services to a number of major clients, including Gartner, Gateway, Honeywell, the National Science Foundation, Qualcomm, and the U.S. Department of Commerce. In 1999, he was named a Fellow of the Gartner Institute. In 2003, he was awarded the Clarence L. Steber professorship by the University of San Diego. Gary is a licensed CPA in Ohio, where he practiced public accounting for 14 years. He holds a Ph.D. in accounting information systems from the University of Tennessee, an M.B.A. in accounting from Xavier University, and a B.A. in economics from the University of Cincinnati. xxiv Preface Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User GLOSSARY 24/7 operation The operation of a site or Active content Programs that are embedded service 24 hours a day, seven days a week. transparently in Web pages that cause action 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n An to occur. improved version of Wi-Fi introduced in Active Server Pages (ASP) Applications 2002; capable of transmitting data at speeds that generate dynamic content within up to 54 Mbps. Web pages using either Jscript code or Acceptance An expression of willingness to Visual Basic. take an offer, including all of its stated terms. Active wiretapping An integrity threat that Access control list (ACL) A list of resources exists when an unauthorized party can alter and the usernames of people who are a message stream of information. permitted access to those resources within ActiveX An object, or control, that contains a computer system. programs and properties that are put in Web Account aggregation A feature of pages to perform particular tasks. online banks that allows a customer to Activity A task performed by a worker in the obtain bank, investment, loan, and other course of doing his or her job. financial account information from multiple Ad view A Web site visitor page request that Web sites and to display it all in one contains an advertisement. location at the bank’s Web site. Ad-blocking software A program that Account manager A person who keeps track prevents banner ads and pop-up ads from of multiple Web sites in use by a project or loading. keeps track of the projects that combine to Addressable media Advertising efforts sent create a larger Web site. to a known addressee; these include direct Accredited Standards Committee X12 mail, telephone calls, and e-mail. (ASC X12) A committee that develops and Advance fee fraud A scam in which the per- maintains uniform EDI standards in the petrator offers to share the proceeds of some United States. large payoff with the victim if the victim will Acquiring bank Synonymous with merchant make a “good faith” deposit or provide some bank, which is a bank that does business with partial funding first. The perpetrator then merchants who want to accept credit cards. disappears with the deposit. Acquisition cost The total amount of money Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) The that a site spends, on average, to draw one encryption standard designed to keep govern- visitor to the site. ment information secure using the Rijndael Active ad A Web ad that generates graphical algorithm. Introduced in February 2001 by activity that “floats” over the Web page itself the National Institute of Standards and instead of opening in a separate window. Technology ( NIST ). Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Advertising-subscription mixed revenue Animated GIF Animated Web ad graphics 562 model A revenue model in which subscribers that grab a visitor’s attention. pay a fee and accept some level of advertising. Anonymous electronic cash Electronic cash Advertising-supported revenue model A rev- that cannot be traced back to the person who enue model in which Web sites provide free spent it. content along with advertising or messages Anonymous FTP A protocol that allows users provided by other companies that pay the Web to access limited parts of a remote computer site operator for delivering the advertising or using FTP without having an account on the messages. remote computer. Affiliate marketing An advertising Antivirus software Software that detects technique in which one Web site (called an viruses and worms and either deletes them or “affiliate”) includes descriptions, reviews, isolates them on the client computer so they ratings, or other information about products cannot run. that are sold on another Web site. The affili- Applet A program that executes within ate site includes links to the selling site, another program; it cannot execute directly which pays the affiliate site a commission on a computer. on sales made to visitors who arrived from a link on the affiliate site. Application integration The coordination of all of a company’s existing systems to each Affiliate program broker A company that other and to the company’s Web site. serves as a clearinghouse or marketplace for sites that run affiliate programs and sites that Application program (application, want to become affiliates. application software) A program that performs a specific function, such as AJAX (asynchronous JavaScript and XML) creating invoices, calculating payroll, or A development framework that can be used processing payments received from to create interactive Web sites that look like customers. applications running in a Web browser. Application program interface (API) A gen- American National Standards Institute eral name for the ways programs interconnect (ANSI) The coordinating body for electrical, with each other. mechanical, and other technical standards in the United States. Application server A middle-tier software and hardware combination that lies between Analytical processing A technique that the Internet and a corporate back-end server. examines stored information and looks for patterns in the data that are not yet known Application service provider (ASP) A or suspected; also called data mining. Web-based site that provides management of applications such as spreadsheets, human Anchor tag The HTML tag used to specify resources management, or e-mail to com- hyperlinks. panies for a fee. Angel investors Investors who fund the initial startup of an online business. In return for Application software Synonymous with their capital, angel investors become stock- application, which is a program that performs holders in the business and often own more a specific function. of the business than the founder. Typical Applications specialist The member of an funding by angel investors is between a electronic commerce team who is responsible few hundred thousand dollars and a few for maintenance of software that performs a million dollars. specific function, such as catalog, payment Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User processing, accounting, human resources, and performed on behalf of people and small 563 logistics software. businesses who want to use an online auction Apps Application software that is sold for use but do not have the skills or the time to on mobile phones. become a seller. AS2 (Applicability Statement 2) A specifica- Auctioneer The person who manages an tion based on the HTTP rules for Web page auction. transfers. Authority to bind The ability of an AS3 (Applicability Statement 3). A more individual to commit his or her company secure version of AS2. to a contract. Ascending-price auction A type of auction Automated clearing house (ACH) One of in which bidders publicly announce their several systems set up by banks or successively higher bids until no higher bid is government agencies, such as the U.S. forthcoming; also called an English auction. Federal Reserve Board, that process high ASP.NET Microsoft-developed server- volumes of low dollar amount electronic side dynamic Web page-generation fund transfers. technology. Backbone routers Computers that handle Asymmetric connection An Internet connec- packet traffic along the Internet’s main tion that provides different bandwidths for connecting points; they can each handle each direction. more than 50 million packets per second. Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) Backdoor An electronic hole in electronic Internet connections using the DSL protocol commerce software left open by accident or with bandwidths from 16 to 640 Kbps intentionally that allows users to run the upstream and 1.5 to 9 Mbps downstream. program without going through the normal authentication procedure for access to the Asymmetric encryption Synonymous with program. public-key encryption, which is the encoding of messages using two mathematically related Bandwidth The amount of data that can be but distinct numeric keys. transmitted in a fixed amount of time. Also, the number of simultaneous site visitors that Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Inter- a Web site can accommodate without net connections with bandwidths of up to degrading service. 622 Gbps. Banner ad A small rectangular object on Atom Publishing Protocol A blogging a Web page that displays a stationary or application that simplifies the blog publishing moving graphic and includes a hyperlink process and makes its functions available as a to the advertiser’s Web site. Web service so other computers can interact with blog content. Banner advertising network An organization Attachment A data file (document, spread- that acts as a broker between advertisers and sheet, or other) that is appended to an e-mail Web sites that carry ads. message. Banner exchange network An organization Auction consignment services Companies that coordinates ad sharing so that other sites that take an item and create an online auction run your ad and your site runs other for that item, handle the transaction, and exchange members’ ads. remit the balance of the proceeds after Base 2 (binary) A number system in which deducting a fee. These services are each digit is either a 0 or a 1, corresponding Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User to a condition of either “off” or “on.” Also Bonded warehouse A secure location where 564 known as a binary system. incoming international shipments can be held Bayesian revision A statistical technique in until customs requirements are satisfied or which additional knowledge is used to revise until payment arrangements are completed. earlier estimates of probabilities. Border router The computers located at the Behavioral segmentation The creation of a border between the organization and the separate experience for customers based on Internet that decide how best to forward each their behavior. packet of information as it travels on the Internet to its destination. Synonymous with Benchmarking Testing that compares hard- gateway computer and gateway router. ware and software performances. Botnet A robotic network that can act as an Bid An offer of a certain price made on an attacking unit, sending spam or launching item that is up for auction. denial-of-service attacks against specific Web Bidder A potential buyer at an auction; one sites. Synonymous with zombie farm. who places bids. Brand Customers’ perceptions of the attri- Bill presentment A Web site feature that butes of a product or service, including name, allows customers to view and pay bills online. history, and reputation. Biometric security device A security device Brand leveraging A strategy in which a well- that uses an element of a person’s biological established Web site extends its dominant makeup to confirm identification. These positions to other products and services. devices include writing pads that detect the Breach of contract The failure of one party form and pressure of a person writing a signa- to comply with the terms of a contract. ture, eye scanners that read the pattern of blood vessels in a person’s retina, and palm Broadband Connections that operate at scanners that read the palm of a person’s hand speeds of greater than about 200 Kbps. (rather than just one fingerprint). Browser-wrap acceptance Synonymous with Black hat hackers Hackers who use their Web-wrap acceptance, which is the compli- skills for ill purposes. ance with EULA conditions with which a user agrees through the act of using a Web site. Black list spam filter Software that looks for From addresses in incoming messages that are Buffer An area of a computer’s memory that known to be spammers. The software can is set aside to hold data read from a file or delete the message or put it into a separate database. mailbox for review. Buffer overrun An error that occurs when Blade server A server configuration in which programs filling buffers malfunction and over- small server computers are each installed on fill the buffer, spilling the excess data outside a single computer board and then many of the designated buffer memory area. Also called those boards are installed into a rack-mounted buffer overflow. frame. Bulk mail Electronic junk mail that can Blog Synonymous with Web log, which is a include solicitations, advertisements, or e-mail Web site on which people post their thoughts chain letters. Also called spam or unsolicited and invite others to add commentary. commercial e-mail. Bluetooth A wireless standard that is used Bulletin board system ( BBS) Computers for short distances and lower bandwidth that allow users to connect through modems connections. (using dial-up connections through telephone Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User lines) to read and post messages in a common Capital investment A major outlay of funds 565 area. made by a company to purchase fixed assets Business logic Rules of a particular such as property, a factory, or equipment. business. Capital project Synonymous with capital Business manager The member of an investment. electronic commerce team who is responsible Card not present transaction A credit card for implementing the elements of the business transaction in which the card holder is not at plan and reaching the objectives set by the the merchant’s location and the merchant internal team. The business manager should does not see the card. Includes mail order, have experience in and knowledge of the online, and telephone sales. business activity being implemented in Card verification number (CVN) A three- the site. or four-digit number that is printed on the Business model A set of processes that credit card, but is not encoded in the card’s combine to yield a profit. magnetic strip, which establishes that the Business process patent A patent that purchaser has the card (or has seen the protects a specific set of procedures card) and is likely not using a stolen card for conducting a particular business number. activity. Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) An HTML Business processes The activities in which feature that allows designers to apply many businesses engage as they conduct commerce. predefined page display styles to Web pages. Business rules The way a company runs its Casher The participant in a phishing scam business. who uses the acquired information. Business-to-business ( B2B) Transactions Catalog On electronic commerce sites, a conducted between businesses on the Web. listing of goods or services that may include photographs and descriptions, often stored Business-to-consumer ( B2C) Transactions in a database. conducted between shoppers and businesses on the Web. Catalog model A revenue model in which the seller establishes a brand image, then uses Business-to-government ( B2G) A category the strength of that image to sell through of electronic commerce that includes business printed catalogs mailed to prospective buyers. transactions with government agencies, such Buyers place orders by mail or by calling the as paying taxes and filing required reports. seller’s toll-free telephone number. Business unit A unit within a company that Cause marketing An affiliate marketing pro- is organized around a specific combination of gram that benefits a charitable organization. product, distribution channel, and customer type. Synonymous with strategic business unit. Centralized architecture A server structure that uses a few very large and fast computers. Byte An 8-bit number (in most computer applications). Certification authority (CA) A company that issues digital certificates to organizations or Call center A company that customer individuals. handles telephone calls and e-mails for other Challenge-response A content-filtering companies. security technique that requires an unknown Cannibalization The loss of traditional sales sender to reply to a challenge presented in of a product to its electronic counterpart. an e-mail. These challenges are designed so Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User that a human can respond easily, but a is made, data is transferred, and the connec- 566 computer would have difficulty formulating tion is terminated. the response. Click Synonymous with click-through. Change management The process of helping Clickstream Data about site visitors. employees cope with changes in the Click-through The loading of an advertiser’s workplace. Web page that results from a visitor clicking Channel conflict The problem that arises on an advertisement on another Web page. when a company’s sales in one sales outlet Click-wrap acceptance A user’s compliance interfere with its sales in another sales outlet; with a site’s EULA or its terms and for example, when sales through the com- conditions through the clicking a button on pany’s Web site interfere with sales in that the Web site. company’s retail store. Client-level filtering An e-mail content filter- Channel cooperation A strategy that coordi- ing technique in which the filtering software nates sales and credit among various sales is placed on the individual users computer. outlets, including online, catalog, and brick- Client/server architecture A combination of and-mortar sales. client computers running Web client software Charge card A payment card with no preset and server computers running Web server spending limit. The entire amount charged to software. the card must be paid in full each month. Client-side electronic wallet An electronic wallet that stores a consumer’s information Chargeback The process in which a mer- on the consumer’s own computer. chant bank retrieves the money it placed in a merchant account as a result of a cardholder Client-side scripting The generation of active successfully contesting a charge. content through software on the browser. Check 21 A U.S. law that permits banks to Closed architecture The use of proprietary replace the physical movement of checks with communication protocols by computer transmission of scanned images. manufacturers in the early days of computing, preventing computers made by different Chief information officer (CIO) An organiza- manufacturers from being connected to each tion’s top technology manager; responsible for other. Also called proprietary architecture. overseeing all of the business’s information Closed loop system A payment card arrange- systems and related technological elements. ment involving a consumer, a merchant, and Cipher text Text that is composed of a seem- a payment card company (such as American ingly random assemblage of bits. Cipher text Express or Discover) that processes transac- is what messages become after they are tions between the consumer and merchant encrypted. without involving banks. Circuit A specific route between source and Closing tag The second half of a two-sided destination along which data travels. HTML tag; it is identified by a slash (/) that precedes the tag’s name. Circuit switching A way of connecting computers or other devices that uses a centrally ColdFusion Adobe’s server-side dynamic controlled single connection. In this method, page-generation technology. which is used by telephone companies to pro- Collector In a phishing attack, the computer vide voice telephone service, the connection that collects data from the potential victim. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Collision The occurrence of two messages Computer forensics expert An individual 567 resulting in the same hash value; the hired to access client computers to locate infor- probability of this happening is extremely small. mation that can be used in legal proceedings. Co-location (collocation, colocation) An Computer network Any technology that Internet service arrangement in which the allows people to connect computers to each service provider rents a physical space to the other. client to install its own server hardware. Computer security The protection of com- Colon hexadecimal (colon hex) The short- puter resources from various types of threats. hand notation system used for expressing Computer virus Synonymous with virus, IPv6 addresses that uses eight groups of 16 bits which is software that attaches itself to anoth- (8 Â 16 ¼ 128). Each group is expressed as er program and can cause damage when the four hexadecimal digits and the groups are host program is activated. separated by colons. Configuration table Information about Commerce service provider (CSP) A Web connections that lead to particular groups of host service that also provides commerce routers, specifications on which connections hosting services on its computer. to use first, and rules for handling instances of Commodity item A product or service that heavy packet traffic and network congestion. has become so standardized and well-known Conflict of laws A situation in which federal, that buyers cannot detect a difference in the state, and local laws address the same issues offerings of various sellers; buyers usually base in different ways. their purchase decisions for such products and Consideration The bargained-for exchange services solely on price. of something valuable, such as money, Common Gateway Interface (CGI) A stan- property, or future services. dard way of interfacing external applications Constructive notice The idea that citizens with Web servers. should know that when they leave one area Common law The part of English and U.S. and enter another, they become subject to the law that is established by the history of law. laws of the new area. Communication modes Ways of identifying Consumer-to-business An industry term for and reaching customers. electronic commerce that occurs in general Company A business engaged in commerce; consumer auctions; bidders at a general synonymous with firm. consumer auction might be businesses. Component outsourcing Synonymous with Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) A category partial outsourcing; the outsourcing of the of electronic commerce that includes design, development, implementation, or individuals who buy and sell items among operation of specific portions of an electronic themselves. commerce system. Content creator A person who writes Component-based application system A original content for a Web site. business logic approach that separates presen- Content editor A person who purchases and tation logic from business logic. adapts existing material for use on a Web site. Computer forensics The field responsible for Content management software Software the collection, preservation, and analysis of used by companies to control the large computer-related evidence to be used in legal amounts of text, graphics, and media files used proceedings. in business. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Content manager Synonymous with content damaging the information, the system’s soft- 568 editor. ware, or the system’s hardware. Contextual advertising An advertising tech- Crawler Synonymous with spider, which is nique in which ads are placed in proximity to the first part of a search engine, which auto- related content. matically and frequently searches the Web to Contract An agreement between two or more find pages and updates its database of informa- legal entities that provides for an exchange of tion about old Web sites. value between or among them. Credit card A payment card that has a spend- Contract purchasing Direct materials ing limit based on the cardholder’s credit limit. purchasing in which the company negotiates A minimum monthly payment must be made long-term contracts for most of the materials against the balance on the card, and interest is that it will need. Also called replenishment charged on the unpaid balance. purchasing. Credit card associations Member-run organi- Conversion The transition of a first-time zations that issue credit cards to individual visitor to a customer. consumers. Also called customer issuing banks. Conversion cost The total amount of money Cryptography The science that studies that a site spends, on average, to induce one encryption, which is the hiding of messages visitor to make a purchase, sign up for a sub- so that only the sender and receiver can read scription, or (on an advertising-supported site) them. register. Culture The combination of language and Conversion rate Used in advertising to calcu- customs that are unique to a particular late the percentage of recipients that respond population. to an ad or promotion. Customer-centric The Web site development Cookies Bits of information about Web site approach of putting the customer at the center visitors created by Web sites and stored on of all site designs. client computers. Customer issuing banks Member-run Copy control An electronic mechanism organizations that issue credit cards to for providing a fixed upper limit to the individual consumers. Also called credit number of copies that one can make of card associations. a digital work. Customer life cycle The five stages of Copyright A legal protection of intellectual customer loyalty. property. Customer portal A corporate Web site Cost per thousand (CPM) An advertising designed to meet the needs of customers by pricing metric that equals the dollar amount offering additional services such as private paid to reach 1000 people in an estimated stores, part number cross-referencing, audience. product-use guidelines, and safety Countermeasure A physical or logical information. procedure that recognizes, reduces, or Customer relationship management eliminates a threat. Synonymous with technology-enabled rela- Cracker A technologically skilled person who tionship management, it is the obtaining and uses his or her skills to obtain unauthorized use of detailed customer information. entry into computers or network systems, usu- Customer relationship management (CRM) ally with the intent of stealing information or software Software that collects data on Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User customer activities; this data is then used by Database administration The person or team 569 managers to conduct analytical activities. that is responsible for defining the data ele- Customer service The people within an elec- ments in an organization’s database design and tronic commerce team who are responsible the operation of its database management for managing customer relationships in the software. electronic commerce operation. Database manager (database management Customer touch point Any occurrence of software) Software that stores information contact between the customer and any part in a highly structured way. of the company. Database server The server computer on Customer value The cost that a customer which database management software runs. pays for a product, minus the benefits the Dead link A Web link that when clicked customer gains from the product. displays an error message instead of a Customs broker A company that arranges Web page. the payment of tariffs and compliance with Debit card A payment card that removes the customs laws for international shipments. amount of the charge from the cardholder’s Customs duty (duty) A tax levied on a bank account and transfers it to the seller’s product as it enters a country. bank account. Cyberbullying Threats, sexual remarks, or Decentralized architecture A server pejorative comments transmitted on the structure that uses a large number of less- Internet or posted on Web sites. powerful computers and divides the workload Cybersquatting The practice of registering a among them. domain name that is the trademark of another Decrypted Information that has been person or company with the hope that the decoded. The opposite of encrypted. trademark owner will pay huge amounts of money for the domain rights. Decryption program A procedure to reverse the encryption process, resulting in the decod- Cybervandalism The electronic defacing of ing of an encrypted message. an existing Web site page. Dedicated hosting A Web hosting option in Data Encryption Standard (DES) An which the hosting company provides exclusive encryption standard adopted by the U.S. gov- use of a specific server computer that is owned ernment for encrypting sensitive information. and administered by the hosting company. Data-grade lines The quality of telephone Deep Web Information that is stored in wiring in most urban and suburban areas; made databases and is accessible to users through more carefully of higher grade copper than Web interfaces. voice-grade lines so they can better carry data. Data mining A technique that examines Defamatory statement A statement that is stored information and looks for patterns in false and injures the reputation of a person the data that are not yet known or suspected. or company. Also called analytical processing. Delay attack A computer attack that Data warehouse In a CRM system, the data- disrupts normal computer processing. base containing information about customers, Demographic information Characteristics their preferences, and their behavior. that marketers use to group visitors, including Database The storage element of a search address, age, gender, income level, type of job engine. held, hobbies, and religion. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Demographic segmentation The grouping Disintermediation The removal of an inter- 570 of customers by characteristics such as age, mediary from a value chain. gender, family size, income, education, Distributed architecture Synonymous with religion, or ethnicity. decentralized architecture, which is a server Denial-of-service (DoS) attack (denial structure that uses a large number of less- attack) A computer attack that disrupts powerful computers and divides the workload normal computer processing or denies among them. processing entirely. Distributed database system A database Descending-price auction Synonymous with within a large information system that stores Dutch auction, which is an open auction in the same data in many different physical which bidding starts at a high price and drops locations. until a bidder accepts the price. Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack Dictionary attack program A program that A simultaneous attack on a Web site (or a cycles through an electronic dictionary, number of Web sites) from all of the compu- trying every word in the book as a ters in a botnet. password. Distributed information system A large Digital certificate (digital ID) An attachment information system that stores the same data to an e-mail message or data embedded in a in many different physical locations. Web page that verifies the identity of a sender Domain name The address of a Web page, it or Web site. can contain two or more word groups separat- Digital content revenue model A revenue ed by periods. Components of domain names model in which a business sells subscriptions become more specific from right to left. for access to the information it owns. Domain name hosting A service that permits Digital content revenue model A revenue the purchaser of a domain name to maintain model in which a business sells subscriptions a simple Web site so that the domain name for access to the information it owns. remains in use. Digital ID See digital certificate. Domain name ownership change The chang- Digital signature An encryption message ing of owner information maintained by a pub- digest. lic domain registrar in the registrar’s database Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Telephone- to reflect the new owner’s name and business line ISP connectivity that is a higher grade address. than standard 56K connectivity. Domain name parking Synonymous with Digital watermark A digital code or stream domain name hosting, which is a service that embedded undetectably in a digital image or permits the purchaser of a domain name to audio file. maintain a simple Web site so that the domain name remains in use. Direct connection EDI The form of EDI in Domain name server (DNS) A computer on which EDI translator computers at each the Internet that maintains directories that company are linked directly to each other link domain names to IP addresses. through modems and dial-up telephone lines or leased lines. Dot-com A company that operates only online. Direct materials Materials that become part Dotted decimal The IP address notation in of the finished product in a manufacturing which addresses appear as four separate process. numbers separated by periods. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Double auction A type of auction in which EDI compatible Firms that are able to 571 buyers and sellers each submit combined exchange data in specific standard elec- price-quantity bids to an auctioneer. The auc- tronic formats with other firms. tioneer matches the sellers’ offers (starting with EDI for Administration, Commerce, and the lowest price, then going up) to the buyers’ Transport (EDIFACT ) The 1987 offers (starting with the highest price, then publication that summarizes the United going down) until all of the quantities are sold. Nations’ standard transaction sets for Double-spending The spending of the same international EDI. unit of electronic cash twice by submitting the EDIINT (Electronic Data Interchange- same electronic currency to two different Internet Integration or EDI-INT ) A set of vendors. protocols for the exchange of data (EDI, XML, Download To receive a file from another and other formats) over the Internet. computer. Effect The impact of an action. Downstream bandwidth (downlink E-government The use of electronic com- bandwidth) The connection that occurs merce by governments and government when information travels to your computer agencies to perform businesslike activities. from your ISP. Electronic business (e-business) Another Downstream strategies Tactics that improve term for electronic commerce; sometimes the value that a business provides to its used as a broader term for electronic com- customers. merce that includes all business processes, Due diligence Background research as distinguished from a narrow definition of procedures. electronic commerce that includes sales and Dutch auction A form of open auction in purchase transactions only. which bidding starts at a high price and drops Electronic cash A form of electronic payment until a bidder accepts the price. that is anonymous and can be spent only once. Dynamic catalog An area of a Web site that Electronic commerce (e-commerce) Busi- stores information about products in a database. ness activities conducted using electronic data Dynamic content Nonstatic information con- transmission over the Internet and the World structed in response to a Web client’s request. Wide Web. Dynamic page A Web page whose content is Electronic customer relationship management shaped by a program in response to a user (eCRM) Synonymous with technology- request. enabled relationship management, it is the Early outsourcing The hiring of an external obtaining and use of detailed customer company to do initial electronic commerce information. site design and development. The external Electronic data interchange (EDI) Exchange team then trains the original company’s between businesses of computer-readable data information systems professionals in the new in a standard format. technology, eventually handing over Electronic funds transfer (EFT ) Electronic complete responsibility of the site to the transfer of account exchange information over internal team. secure private communications networks. Eavesdropper A person or device who is able Electronic mail (e-mail) Messages that are to listen in on and copy Internet exchanged among users using particular mail transmissions. programs and protocols. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Electronic wallet (e-wallet) A software Entity body The part of a message from a 572 utility that holds credit card information, client that contains the HTML page requested owner identification and address information, by the client and passes bulk information to and provides this data automatically at the server. electronic commerce sites; electronic wallets E-procurement The use of Internet technolo- can also store electronic cash. gies in a company’s purchasing and supply E-mail client software Programs used to read management functions. and send e-mail. E-procurement software Software that E-mail server A computer that is devoted to allows a company to manage its purchasing handling e-mail. function through a Web interface. EMV standard A single standard for the Escrow service An independent third party handling of payment card transactions who holds an auction buyer’s payment until developed cooperatively by Visa, MasterCard, the buyer receives the purchased item and is and MasterCard Europe. satisfied that it is what the seller represented Encapsulation The process that occurs when it to be. VPN software encrypts packet contents, then E-sourcing The use of Internet technologies places the encrypted packets inside an IP in the activities a company undertakes to wrapper in another packet. identify vendors that offer materials, supplies, Encryption The coding of information using and services that the company needs. a mathematical-based program and secret key; Ethical hacker A computer security special- it makes a message illegible to casual obser- ist hired to probe computers and computer vers or those without the decoding key. networks to assess their security; can also be Encryption algorithm The logic that imple- hired to locate information that can be used ments an encryption program. in legal proceedings. Encryption program A program that trans- Extensible Hypertext Markup Language forms plain text into cipher text. ( XHTML) A new markup language proposed by the WC3 that is a reformulation of HTML End-user license agreement A contract version 4.0 as an XML application. that the user must accept before installing software. Extensible Markup Language ( XML) A language that describes the semantics of a English auction A type of auction in which page’s contents and defines data records on bidders publicly announce their successively a page. higher bids until no higher bid is forthcoming. Enterprise application integration The coor- Extensible Stylesheet Language ( XSL) A dination of all of a company’s existing systems language that formats XML code for viewing to each other and to the company’s Web site. in a Web browser. Enterprise-class software Commerce soft- Extranet A network system that extends a ware used by large-scale electronic commerce company’s intranet and allows it to connect businesses. with the networks of business partners or other designated associates. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) Business software that integrates all facets of Fair use The approved limited use of a business, including planning, manufacturing, copyright material when certain conditions sales, and marketing. are met. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User False positive An e-mail message that is independently and privately, with the highest 573 incorrectly rejected by an e-mail filter as being bidder winning the auction. spam when it is actually valid e-mail. Fixed-point wireless A data transmittal Fast venturing The joining of an existing service that uses a system of repeaters to company that wants to launch an electronic forward a radio signal from an ISP to commerce initiative with external equity part- customers. ners and operational partners who provide the Float Money deposited in a customer’s experience and skills needed to develop and account that earns interest for the merchant. scale up the project very rapidly. Forum selection clause A statement within Fee-for-service revenue model A revenue a contract that dictates that the contract will model in which payment is based on the value be enforced according to the laws of a particu- of the service provided. lar state; signing a contract with a forum selec- Fee-for-transaction revenue model A reve- tion clause constitutes voluntary submission nue model in which businesses charge a fee for to the jurisdiction named in the forum selec- services based on the number or size of the tion clause. transactions they process. Four Ps of marketing The essential issues File Transfer Protocol (FTP) A protocol of marketing: product, price, promotion, and that enables users to transfer files over the place. Internet. Fractional T1 High bandwidth telephone Finger An Internet utility program that runs company connections that operate at speeds on UNIX computers and allows a user to obtain between 128 Kbps and 1.5 Mbps in 128-Kbps limited information about other network increments. users. Frame relay A routing technology. Firewall A computer that provides a defense Freight forwarder A company that arranges between one network (inside the firewall) and shipping and insurance for international another network (outside the firewall, such as transactions. the Internet) that could pose a threat to the Full-privilege FTP A protocol that allows inside network. All traffic to and from the users to upload files to and download files from network must pass through the firewall. Only a remote computer using FTP. authorized traffic, as defined by the local Gateway computers Synonymous with security policy, is allowed to pass through the routers, which are computers that determine firewall. Also used to describe the software the best way for data packets to move that performs these functions on the firewall forward. computer. Gateway server A firewall that filters traffic Firm A business engaged in commerce. based on applications requested by clients on First-mover advantage The benefit a com- the trusted network. pany can gain by introducing a product or Generalized Markup Language (GML) An service before its competitors. early markup language resulting from efforts First-party cookie A cookie that is placed to create standard formatting styles for elec- on the client computer by the Web server tronic documents. site. Generic top-level domain (gTLD) The First-price sealed-bid auction A type of main top-level domain names, including auction in which bidders submit their bids .com, .net, .edu, .gov, .mil, .us, and .org. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Geographic segmentation The grouping of HTML extensions Developer-created Web 574 customers by location of home or workplace. page features that only work in certain Graphical user interface (GUI) Computer browsers. program control functions that are displayed Hyperlink A type of tag that points to using pictures, icons, and other easy-to-use another location within the same or another graphical elements. HTML document. Also called a hypertext link. Group purchasing site (group shopping Hypertext A system of navigating between site) A type of auction Web site that negotiates HTML pages using links. with a seller to obtain lower prices on an item Hypertext elements HTML text elements as individual buyers enter bids on that item. that are related to each other within one Hacker A dedicated programmer who writes document or among several documents. complex code that tests the limits of tech- Hypertext link (hyperlink) A type of tag that nology; usually meant in a positive way. points to another location within the same or Hash algorithm A security utility that math- another HTML document. ematically combines every character in a mes- Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML) The sage to create a fixed-length number (usually language of the Internet; it contains codes 128 bits in length) that is a condensation, or attached to text that describe text elements fingerprint, of the original message. and their relation to one another. Hash coding The process used to calculate Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) A Web a number from a message. programming language that can be used to Hash value The number that results when write server-side scripts that generate a message is hash coded. dynamic Web pages. Hexadecimal (base 16) A number system Hypertext server Synonymous with Web that uses 16 digits. server, which is a computer that is connected Hierarchical business organization Firms to the Internet and that stores files written in that include a number of levels with cumula- HTML that are publicly available through an tive responsibility. These organizations are Internet connection. typically headed by a top-level president or officer. A number of vice presidents report to Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) The the president. A larger number of middle Internet protocol responsible for transferring managers report to the vice presidents. and displaying Web pages. Hierarchical hyperlink structure A hyperlink Idea-based networking The act of participat- structure in which the user starts from a home ing in Web communities that are based on the page and follows links to other pages in what- connections between ideas. ever order they wish. Idea-based virtual community A Web com- High-speed DSL ( HDSL) An Internet munity based on the connections between ideas. connection service that provides 768 Kbps Identity theft A criminal act in which the of symmetric bandwidth. perpetrator gathers personal information Home page In a hierarchical Web page about a victim and then uses that information structure, the introductory page of a Web site. to obtain credit in the victims name. After Synonymous with start page. establishing credit accounts, the perpetrator Hot spot A wireless access point ( WAP) that runs up charges on the accounts and then is open to the public. disappears. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User IEEE An organization that creates wireless Industry marketplace A vertical portal that 575 networking specifications; originally named is focused on a single industry. the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Industry value chain The larger stream of Engineers. activities in which a particular business unit’s Implied contract An agreement between two value chain is embedded. or more parties to act as if a contract exists, Initial public offering (IPO) The original sale even if no contract has been written and of a company’s stock to the public. signed. Inline text ad A text ad consisting of text Implied warranty A promise to which the in an article or story that is displayed as a seller can be held even though the seller did hyperlink and that leads to an advertiser’s not make an explicit statement of that Web site. promise. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Impression The loading of a banner ad on a High-grade telephone service that uses the Web page. DSL protocol and offers bandwidths of up to Income tax Taxes that are levied by national, 128 Kbps. state, and local governments on the net Integrity The category of computer income generated by business activities. security that addresses the validity of Incubator A company that offers start-up data; confirmation that data has not been businesses a physical location with offices, modified. accounting and legal assistance, computers, Integrity violation A security violation that and Internet connections at a very low occurs whenever a message is altered while in monthly cost. transit between sender and receiver. Independent exchange A vertical portal that Intellectual capital The value of the accu- is not controlled by a company that was an mulated mass of employees’ knowledge established buyer or seller in the industry. about a business and its processes. Independent industry marketplace A vertical Intellectual property A general term that portal that is focused on a specific industry. includes all products of the human mind, Index A list containing every Web page including tangible and intangible products. found by a spider, crawler, or bot. Intentional tort A tortious act in which the Indirect connection EDI The form of EDI in seller knowingly or recklessly causes injury to which each company transmits and receives the buyer. EDI messages through a value-added network. Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP) A Indirect materials Materials and supplies that newer e-mail protocol with improvements are purchased by a company in support of the over POP. manufacturing of an item, but not directly used Interactive marketing unit (IMU) ad format in the production of the product. The standard banner sizes that most Web sites Industry Multiple firms selling similar pro- have voluntarily agreed to use. ducts to similar customers. Internet A global system of interconnected Industry consortia-sponsored marketplace computer networks. An internet (small “i”) is A marketplace formed by several large buyers a group of computer networks that have been in a particular industry. interconnected. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Internet access provider (IAP) Synonymous IP address The 32-bit number that repre- 576 with Internet service provider. sents the address of a particular location Internet backbone Routers that handle (computer) on the Internet. packet traffic along the Internet’s main IP tunneling The creation of a private connecting points. passageway through the public Internet that Internet EDI EDI on the Internet. provides secure transmission from one extranet partner to another. Internet host A computer that is directly IP wrapper The outer packet in the encapsu- connected to the Internet. lation process. Internet Protocol Within TCP/IP, the Java sandbox A Web browser security protocol that determines the routing of feature that limits the actions that can be data packets. See TCP/IP. performed by a Java applet that has been Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) The downloaded from the Web. version of IP that has been in use for the past Java servlet An application that runs on a 20 years on the Internet; it uses a 32-bit Web server and generates dynamic content. number to identify the computers connected to the Internet. JavaScript A scripting language developed by Netscape to enable Web page designers to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) The pro- build active content. tocol that will replace IPv4. JavaServer pages ( JSP) A server-side script- Internet service provider (ISP) A company ing program developed by Sun Microsystems. that sells Internet access rights directly to Internet users. Judicial comity An accommodation by a court in one country in which it voluntarily Internet2 A successor to the Internet used enforces another country’s laws or court for conducting research; it offers bandwidths judgments when no strict requirement to do in excess of 1 Gbps. so exists. Interoperability The coordination of a Jurisdiction A government’s ability to exert company’s information systems so that they control over a person or corporation. all work together. Key A number used to encode or decode Interoperable software Software that runs messages. transparently on a variety of hardware and Knowledge management The intentional software configurations. collection, classification, and dissemination of Interstitial ad An intrusive Web ad that information about a company, its products, opens in its own browser window, instead and its processes. of the page that the user intended to Knowledge management (KM) software load. Software that helps companies collect and Intranet An interconnected network of organize information, share the information computers operated within a single company among users, enhance the ability of users to or organization. collaborate, and preserve the knowledge Intrusion detection system A part of a fire- gained for future use. wall that monitors attempts to log in to servers Late outsourcing The hiring of an external and analyzes those attempts for patterns company to maintain an electronic commerce that might indicate a cracker’s attack is site that has been designed and developed by under way. an internal information systems team. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Law of diminishing returns The characteris- search for products or services in a specific 577 tic of most activities to yield less value as the geographic area. amount of consumption increases. Lock-in effect The inherent greater value Leaderboard ad Web site banner ad that to customers of existing companies than new is designed to span the top or bottom of a sites. Web page. Log file A collection of data that shows infor- Leased line A permanent telephone connec- mation about Web site visitors’ access habits. tion between two points; it is always active. Logical security The protection of assets Legitimacy The idea that those subject to using nonphysical means. laws should have some role in formulating them. Long-arm statute A state law that creates personal jurisdiction for courts. Life-cycle segmentation The use of customer life cycle stages to identify groups of customers Machine translation Language translation that are in each stage. that is done by software; such translation can Linear hyperlink structure A hyperlink reach speeds of 400,000 words per hour. structure that resembles conventional paper Macro virus A virus that is transmitted or documents in which the user reads pages in contained inside a downloaded file attach- serial order. ment; it can cause damage to a computer and Link checker A site management tool that reveal otherwise confidential information. examines each page on the site and Mail bomb A security attack in which many reports any URLs that are broken, that seem computers (hundreds or thousands) each send to be broken, or that are in some way a message to a particular address, exceeding incorrect. the recipient’s allowable mail limit and causing Link rot The undesirable situation of a site mail systems to malfunction; the computers are that contains a number of links that no longer often under the surreptitious control of a third work. party. Liquidation broker An agent that finds Mail order model Synonymous with catalog buyers for unusable and excess inventory. model. Load-balancing switch A piece of network Mailing list An e-mail address that forwards hardware that monitors the workloads of ser- messages to certain users who are vers attached to it and assigns incoming Web subscribers. traffic to the server that has the most available Maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) capacity at that instant in time. Commodity supplies, including general Local area network (LAN) A network that industrial merchandise and standard connects workstations and PCs within a single machine tools that are used in a variety physical location. of industries. Localization A type of language translation Managed service provider (MSP) A Web site that considers multiple elements of the local hosting service firm; synonymous with ASP environment, such as business and cultural and CSP. practices, in addition to local dialect variations Man-in-the-middle exploit A message integ- in the language. rity violation in which the contents of the Localized advertising Online advertising e-mail are changed in a way that negates the in which ads are generated in response to a message’s original meaning. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Many-to-many communications model A to create an environment that encourages 578 model of communications in which a number customers to buy. of entities communicate with a number of Merchant account An account that a other entities. merchant must hold with a bank that allows Many-to-one communications model A the merchant to process payment card model of communications in which a number transactions. of entities communicate with a single Merchant bank A bank that does business other entity. with merchants who want to accept credit Market A real or virtual space in which cards. potential buyers and sellers come into contact Mesh routing A version of fixed-point wire- with each other and agree on a medium of less that directly transmits Wi-Fi packets exchange (such as currency or barter). through hundreds of short-range transceivers Market segmentation The identification by that are located close to each other. advertisers of specific subsets of their markets Message digest The number that results from that have common characteristics. the application of an encryption algorithm to Marketing channel Each different pathway plain text information. that a business uses to reach its customers. Metalanguage A language that comprises Marketing mix The combination of elements a set of language elements and can be used that companies use to achieve their goals for to define other languages. selling and promoting their products and Metrics Measurements that companies use services. to assess the value of site visitor activity. Marketing strategy A particular marketing Microlending The practice of lending very mix that is used to promote a company or small amounts of money to people who are product. starting or operating small businesses, Marketspace A market that occurs in the especially in developing countries. virtual world instead of in the physical world. Micromarketing The practice of targeting Markup tags (tags) Web page code that pro- very small and well-defined market segments. vides formatting instructions that Web client Micropayments Internet payments for items software can understand. costing very little—usually $1 or less. Masquerading Pretending to be someone Middleware Software that handles connec- you are not (for example, by sending an e-mail tions between electronic commerce software that shows someone else as the sender) or and accounting systems. representing a Web site as an original when Minimum bid In an English auction, the it is an imposter. Synonymous with price for an item at which the auctioning spoofing. begins. Mass media The method of contacting Minimum bid increment The amount by potential customers through the distribution which one bid must exceed the previous bid. of broadcast, printed, billboard, or mailed Mobile commerce (m-commerce) Resources advertising materials. accessed using devices that have wireless con- Meetup An in-person meeting between nections, such as stock quotes, directions, people who are acquainted through a blog. weather forecasts, and airline flight schedules. Merchandising The combination of store Mobile wallet A mobile phone that operates design, layout, and product display intended as a credit card. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Monetizing The conversion of existing Network access points ( NAPs) The four 579 regular site visitors seeking free information primary connection points for access to the or services into fee-paying subscribers or Internet backbone in the United States. purchasers of services. Network access providers The few large Money laundering A technique used by companies that are the primary providers of criminals to convert money that they have Internet access; they, in turn, sell Internet obtained illegally into cash that they can access to smaller Internet service providers. spend without having it identified as the Network Address Translation ( NAT ) device proceeds of an illegal activity. A computer that converts private IP addresses Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension into normal IP addresses when they forward (MIME) An e-mail protocol that allows users packets to the Internet. to attach binary files to e-mail messages. Network Control Protocol ( NCP) Used by Multivector virus A virus that can enter a ARPANET in the early 1970s to route mes- computer system in several different ways. sages in its experimental wide area network. Näive Bayesian filter E-mail filtering soft- Network economic structure A business ware that classifies messages based on learned structure wherein firms coordinate their strat- patterns indicated by the e-mail users catego- egies, resources, and skill sets by forming a rization of incoming mail. The filter eventually long-term, stable relationship based on a learns to recognize spam and filter it out. shared purpose. Name changing (typosquatting) A problem Network effect An increase in the value of a that occurs when someone registers purposely network to its participants, which occurs as misspelled variations of well-known domain more people or organizations participate in names. These variants sometimes lure consu- the network. mers who make typographical errors when Network operations Web site staff whose entering a URL. responsibilities include load estimation and Name stealing Theft of a Web site’s name monitoring, resolving network problems that occurs when someone, posing as a site’s as they arise, designing and implementing administrator, changes the ownership of fault-resistance technologies, and the domain name assigned to the site to managing any network operations that are another site and owner. outsourced to ISPs, CSPs, or telephone Necessity The category of computer security companies. that addresses data delay or data denial Network specification The set of rules that threats. equipment connected to a network must Necessity threat The disruption of normal follow. computer processing or denial of processing. Newsgroup A topic area in Usenet where Also called delay, denial, or denial-of-service people read and post articles. threat (DoS). Nexus The association between a tax- Negligent tort A tortious act in which the paying entity and a governmental taxing seller unintentionally provides a harmful authority. product. Nigerian scam (419 scam) A scam in which Net bandwidth The actual speed information the victim receives an e-mail from a Nigerian travels, taking into account traffic on the com- government official requesting assistance in munication channel at any given time. moving money to a foreign bank account. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Nonrepudiation Verification that a particu- changes to be connected to the network, 580 lar transaction actually occurred; this prevents packets that do not arrive at their destina- parties from denying a transaction’s validity tions must be retransmitted from their or its existence. source network, routers do not retain Notice The expression of a change in rules information about the packets they handle, (usually, legal or cultural rules) typically and no global control exists over the represented by a physical boundary. network. N-tier architecture Higher-order client-server Open auction (open-outcry auction) An architectures that have more than three tiers. auction in which bids are publicly announced (such as an English auction). Occasion segmentation Behavioral segmentation that is based on things that happen at Open EDI EDI conducted on the Internet a specific time or occasion. instead of over private leased lines. Octet An 8-bit number. Open loop system A payment card arrangement involving a consumer and his or her Offer A declaration of willingness to buy or bank, a merchant and its bank, and a third sell a product or service; it includes sufficient party (such as Visa or MasterCard) that pro- details to be firm, precise, and unambiguous. cesses transactions between the consumer One-to-many communication model A model and merchant. of communications in which one entity communicates with a number of other entities. Open-outcry double auction A double auction in which buy and sell offers are One-to-one communication model A model announced publicly. Typically conducted of communications in which one entity in exchange floor or trading pit environments communicates with one other entity. for items of known quality, such as securities One-to-one marketing A highly customized or graded agricultural products, that are approach to offering products and services that regularly traded in large quantities. match the needs of a particular customer. Open session A continuous connection that One-way function An algorithm that cannot is maintained between a client and server on be converted back to its original value. the Internet. Online community Synonymous with virtual Open-source software Software that is community, which is an electronic gathering developed by a community of programmers place for people with common interests. who make the software available for download Online marketing manager An employee and use at no cost. who specializes in the specific techniques used Opening tag An HTML tag that precedes the to build brands and increase market share text that a tag affects. using the Web site and other online tools, such as e-mail marketing. Opportunity cost Lost benefits from an action not taken. Ontology A set of standards that defines, in detail, the structure of a particular knowledge Optical fiber A data transmission cable that domain; in the Semantic Web, it defines the uses glass fibers to achieve bandwidths up to relationships among RDF standards and 10 Gbps. specific XML tags. Opt-in A personal information collection Open architecture The philosophy behind policy in which the company collecting the the Internet that dictates that independent information does not use the information for networks should not require any internal any other purpose (or sell or rent the Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User information) unless the customer specifically Paid placement (sponsorship) The purchas- 581 chooses to allow that use. ing of a top listing in results listings for a Opt-in e-mail The practice of sending e-mail particular set of search terms. messages to people who have requested infor- Partial outsourcing The outsourcing of the mation on a particular topic or about a specific design, development, implementation, or product. operation of specific portions of an electronic Opt-out A personal information collection commerce system. policy in which the company collecting the Participatory journalism The practice of information assumes that the customer does inviting readers to help write an online not object to the company’s use of the infor- newspaper. mation unless the customer specifically chooses to deny permission. Patent An exclusive right to make, use, and sell an invention granted by a government to Organized crime Unlawful activities con- the inventor. ducted by a highly organized, disciplined association for profit. Also called racketeering. Payment card A general term for plastic cards used instead of cash to make purchases, Orphan file A file on a Web site that is not including credit cards, debit cards, and charge linked to any page. cards. Outsourcing The hiring of another company Payment processing service provider A to perform design, implementation, or opera- third-party company that handles payment tional tasks for an information systems card processing for online businesses. project. Pay-per-click model A revenue model in Packet-filter firewall A firewall that exam- which an affiliate earns payment each time ines all data flowing back and forth between a site visitor clicks a link to load the seller’s a trusted network and the Internet. page. Packets The small pieces of files and e-mail Pay-per-conversion model A revenue model messages that travel over the Internet. in which an affiliate earns payment each time Packet-switched A network in which packets a site visitor is converted from a visitor into are labeled electronically with their origin, either a qualified prospect or a customer. sequence, and destination addresses. Packets Peer-to-peer (P2P) payment system Pay- travel from computer to computer along the ments from one type of entity to another of interconnected networks until they reach their the same type. destination. Each packet can take a different path through the interconnected networks Per se defamation A legal cause of action in and the packets may arrive out of order. The which a court deems some types of statements destination computer collects the packets and to be so negative that injury is assumed. reassembles the original file or e-mail message Perimeter expansion The increase in firewall from the pieces in each packet. limits beyond traditional borders caused by Page view A page request made by a Web telecommuting. site visitor. Permission marketing A marketing strategy Page-based application system Application that only sends specific information to people server software that returns pages generated who have indicated an interest in receiving infor- by scripts that include the rules for presenting mation about the product or service being data on the Web page with the business logic. promoted. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Persistent cookie A cookie that exists computers with desktop computers and 582 indefinitely. wireless printing from laptops, PDAs, or Personal area network (PAN) A small, mobile phones. Synonymous with personal low-bandwidth Bluetooth network of up to area network. 10 networks of eight devices each. It used for Ping (Packet Internet Groper) A program tasks such as wireless synchronization of that tests the connectivity between two laptop computers with desktop computers and computers connected to the Internet. wireless printing from laptops, PDAs, or Place (distribution) The need to have pro- mobile phones. Synonymous with piconet. ducts or services available in many different Personal contact A method of identifying locations. and reaching customers that involves search- Plain old telephone service (POTS) The ing for, qualifying, and contacting potential network that connects telephones; it provides customers. a reliable data transmission bandwidth of Personal firewall A software-only firewall about 56 Kbps. that is installed on an individual client Plain text Normal, unencrypted text. computer. Plug-in An application that helps a browser Personal jurisdiction A court’s authority to to display information (such as video or hear a case based on the residency of the animation) but is not part of the browser. defendant; a court has personal jurisdiction over a case if the defendant is a resident of Pop-behind ad A pop-up ad that is followed the state in which the court is located. very quickly by a command that returns the focus to the original browser window, resulting Personal shopper An intelligent agent pro- in an ad that is parked behind the user’s gram that learns a customer’s preferences and browser waiting to appear when the browser makes suggestions. is closed. Pharming attack The use of a zombie farm, Pop-up ad An ad that appears in its own win- often by an organized crime association, to dow when the user opens or closes a Web page. launch a massive phishing attack. Portal A Web site that serves as a customiz- Phishing expedition A masquerading attack able home base from which users do their that combines spam with spoofing. The perpe- searching, navigating, and other Web-based trator sends millions of spam e-mails that activity. Synonymous with Web portal. appear to be from a respectable company. The e-mails contain a link to a Web page that is Post Office Protocol (POP) The protocol designed to look exactly like the company’s responsible for retrieving e-mail from a mail site. The victim is encouraged to enter his server. or her username, password, and sometimes Postimplementation audit (postaudit credit card information. review) A formal review of a project after it Physical security Tangible protection devices is up and running. such as alarms, guards, fireproof doors, fences, Power A form of control over and vaults. physical space (such as a state) and Piconet A small, low-bandwidth Bluetooth the people and objects that reside in network of up to 10 networks of eight that space. devices each. It is used for tasks such as Presence The public image conveyed by an wireless synchronization of laptop organization to its stakeholders. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) A popular monitoring of all elements of purchase 583 technology used to implement public-key transactions. encryption to protect the privacy of e-mail Product The physical item or service that a messages. company is selling. Price The amount a customer pays for a Product disparagement A statement that is product. false and injures the reputation of a product Primary activities Activities that are or service. required to do business: design, production, Project management Formal techniques for promotion, marketing, delivery, and support planning and controlling activities undertaken of products or services. to achieve a specific goal. Privacy The protection of individual rights Project management software Application to nondisclosure of information. software that provides built-in tools for manag- Private company marketplace A marketing people, resources, and schedules. place that provides auctions, requests for Project manager A person with specific quotes postings, and other features to compa- training or skills in tracking costs and the nies that want to operate their own accomplishment of specific objectives in a marketplace. project. Private IP addresses A series of IP numbers Project portfolio management A technique that have been set aside for subnet use and are in which each project is monitored as if it were not permitted on packets that travel on the an investment in a financial portfolio. Internet. Project portfolio manager An employee who Private key A single key that is used to is responsible for tracking all ongoing projects encrypt and decrypt messages. Synonymous and managing them as a portfolio. with symmetric key. Promotion Any means of spreading the word Private network A private, leased-line about a product. connection between two companies that Property tax Taxes levied by states and local physically links their individual computers governments on the personal property and real or intranets. estate used in a business. Private store A password-protected area of a Proprietary architecture The use of vendor- Web site that offers individual customers nego- specific communication protocols by tiated price reductions on a limited selection of computer manufacturers in the early days of products and other customized features. computing, preventing computers made by Private valuation The amount a bidder is different manufacturers from being connected willing to pay for an item that is up for to each other. Also called closed architecture. auction. Prospecting The part of personal contact Private-key encryption The encoding of a selling in which the salesperson identifies message using a single numeric key to encode potential customers. and decode data, it requires both the sender and receiver of the message to know the key, Protocol A collection of rules for formatting, which must be guarded from public ordering, and error-checking data sent across disclosure. a network. Procurement The business activity that Proxy bid In an electronic auction, a prede- includes all purchasing activities plus the termined maximum bid submitted by a bidder. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Proxy server firewall A firewall that commu- Remote server administration Control of 584 nicates with the Internet on behalf of the a Web site by an administrator from any trusted network. Internet-connected computer. Psychographic segmentation The grouping Repeat visits Subsequent visits a Web site of customers by variables such as social visitor makes to a particular page. class, personality, or their approach to life. Repeater A transmitter-receiver device used Public key One of a pair of mathematically in a fixed-point wireless network to forward related numeric keys, it is used to encrypt a radio signal from the ISP to customers. messages and is freely distributed to the Synonymous with transceiver. public. Replenishment purchasing Direct materials Public marketplace A vertical portal that is purchasing in which the company negotiates open to new buyers and sellers just entering long-term contracts for most of the materials an industry. that it will need. Also called contract Public network An extranet that allows the purchasing. public to access its intranet or when two or Representational State Transfer (REST ) A more companies link their intranets. principle that describes the way the Web uses Public-key encryption The encoding of networking architecture to identify and locate messages using two mathematically related Web pages and the elements (graphics) that but distinct numeric keys. make up those Web pages. Purchasing card (p-card) Payment cards Request header The part of an HTTP mes- that give individual managers the ability to sage from a client to a server that contains make multiple small purchases at their discre- additional information about the client and tion while providing cost tracking information more information about the request. to the procurement office. Request line The part of an HTTP message Pure dot-com A company that operates only from a client to a server that contains a com- online; also called dot-com. mand, the name of the target resource (without the protocol or domain name), and the Python A scripting language that can be used protocol name and version. in dynamic Web page generation. QQ.com Chinese Web server software. Request message The HTTP message that a Web client sends to request a file or files from Racketeering Unlawful activities conducted a Web server. by a highly organized, disciplined association for profit. Also called organized crime. Reserve price (reserve) The minimum price a seller will accept for an item sold at auction. Radio frequency identification device (RFID) Small chips that include radio trans- Resource description framework (RDF) A ponders; they can be used to track inventory set of standards for XML syntax. as it moves through an industry value chain. Response header field In a client/server Rational branding An advertising strategy transmission, it follows the response header that substitutes an offer to help Web users line and returns information describing the in some way in exchange for their viewing server’s attributes. an ad. Response header line The part of a message Reintermediation The introduction of a new from a server to a client that indicates the intermediary into a value chain. HTTP version used by the server, status of the Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User response, and an explanation of the status Rich media objects Programming 585 information. components of attention-grabbing Web Response message The reply that a Web banner ads. server sends in response to a client request. Right of publicity A limited right to control others’ commercial use of an individual’s Response time The amount of time a server name, image, likeness, or identifying aspect of requires to process one request. identity. RESTful applications (REST ) Web services Roaming The shifting of Wi-Fi devices from that are built on the REST model. one WAP to another without requiring inter- RESTful design The use of the REST model vention by the user. in building Web services. Robot (bot) A program that automatically Retained customer A customer who returns searches the Web to find Web pages that might to a site one or more times after making his be interesting to people. or her first purchase. Robotic network A network that can act as Retention costs The costs of inducing custo- an attacking unit, sending spam or launching mers to return to a Web site and buy again. denial-of-service attacks against specific Web Return on investment (ROI) A method for sites. Synonymous with botnet or zombie evaluating the potential costs and benefits of farm. a proposed capital investment. Router A computer that determines the best Revenue model The combination of strate- way for data packets to move forward to their gies and techniques that a company uses to destination. generate cash flow into the business from Router computers (routing computers) The customers. computers that decide how best to forward Reverse auction (seller-bid auction) A type each packet of information as it travels on of auction in which sellers bid prices for which the Internet to its destination. Synonymous they are willing to sell items or services. with gateway computers and routers. Reverse bid The process in which an auction Routing algorithm The program used by a customer seeks products by describing an item router to determine the best path for data or service in which he or she is interested, and packets to travel. then entertains responses from merchants Routing table Synonymous with configura- who offer to supply the item at a particular tion table, which is information about price. connections that lead to particular groups of Reverse link checker A Web site manage- routers, specifications on which connections ment program that checks on sites with to use first, and rules for handling instances which a company has entered a link exchange of heavy packet traffic and network program and ensures that link exchange congestion. partners are fulfilling their obligation to Ruby on Rails A Web programming develop- include a link back to the company’s ment framework for creating dynamic Web Web site. pages that present users with an interface Rich media ad A Web ad that generates similar in appearance to application software graphical activity that “floats” over the Web running in a Web browser. page itself instead of opening in a separate Scalable A system’s ability to be adapted to window. Also called an active ad. meet changing requirements. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Scaling problem The exponential increase independently and privately; the highest bid- 586 in cost that results from the expansion of a der wins the auction but pays only the amount private network. bid by the second-highest bidder. Scrip A limited-use digital or paper value Secrecy The category of computer security store issued by a private company rather than that addresses the protection of data from a government. It generally must be exchanged unauthorized disclosure and confirmation of for goods or services with the company that data source authenticity. issued it and usually cannot be exchanged Secure envelope A security utility that for cash. encapsulates a message and provides secrecy, Scripting language A programming language integrity, and client/server authentication. that provides scripts, or commands, that are Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) A protocol for executed. transmitting private information securely over Sealed-bid auction An auction in which bid- the Internet. ders submit their bids independently and are Secure Sockets Layer-Extended Validation usually prohibited from sharing information (SSL-EV ) digital certificate A more secure with each other. certificate for which a certification authority Search engine Web software that must confirm the legal existence of the finds other pages based on key word organization by verifying the organization’s matching. registered legal name and other facts. Search engine optimization (search engine Security policy A written statement positioning, search engine placement) The describing assets to be protected, the reasons combined art and science of having a particu- for protecting the assets, the parties responsi- lar URL listed near the top of search engine ble for protection, and acceptable and results. unacceptable behaviors. Search engine placement broker A company Segment Also called a market segment; a that aggregates inclusion and placement subset of a company’s potential customer pool rights on multiple search engines and then that has common demographic sells those combination packages to characteristics. advertisers. Self-hosting A system of Web hosting in Search engine ranking The weighting of the which the online business owns and maintains factors that search engines use to decide the server and all its software. which URLs will appear first on searches for a particular search term. Semantic Web A project initiated by Tim Berners-Lee intended to blend technologies Search term sponsorship The option of and information to create a next-generation purchasing a top listing on results pages for a Web in which words on Web pages are tagged particular set of search terms. Also called (using XML) with their meanings. paid placement or sponsorship. Search utility The part of a search engine Server A powerful computer dedicated to that finds matching Web pages for search managing disk drives, printers, or network terms. traffic. Second-price sealed-bid auction A type of Server architecture The different ways that auction in which bidders submit their bids servers can be connected to each other and Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User to related hardware such as routers and Shopping cart An electronic commerce 587 switches. utility that keeps track of items selected for purchase and automates the purchasing Server farm A large collection of electronic process. commerce Web site servers. Server-level filtering An e-mail content Short message service (SMS) A protocol filtering technique in which the filtering used to transmit short text messages to cell software resides on the mail server. phones and other wireless devices. Server software The software that a server Shrink-wrap acceptance A buyer’s accep- computer uses to make files and programs tance of the conditions of the EULA, demon- available to other computers on the same strated by removing the shrink wrap from the network. product box. Server-side electronic wallet An electronic Signature Any symbol executed or adopted wallet that stores a customer’s information on for the purpose of authenticating a writing. a remote server that belongs to a particular Signed (message or code) The status of a merchant or to the wallet’s publisher. message or Web page when it contains an Server-side scripting A Web page response attached digital certificate. approach in which programs running on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) A Web server create Web pages before sending standardized protocol used by a mail server them back to the requesting Web clients as to format and administer e-mail. parts of response messages. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) A Service mark A distinctive mark, device, message-passing protocol that defines how to motto, or implement used to identify services send marked up data from one software appli- provided by a company. cation to another across a network. Session cookie A cookie that exists only Single-use card A payment card with dispos- until you shut down your browser. able numbers, which gives consumers a Session key A key used by an encryption unique card number that is valid for one algorithm to create cipher text from plain text transaction only. during a single secure session. Site map On a hierarchically structured Web Shared hosting A Web hosting arrangement site, a page that contains a map or listing of the in which the hosting company provides Web Web pages in their hierarchical order. space on a server computer that also hosts Site sponsorship The opportunity for an other Web sites. advertiser to sponsor part or all of a Web site to promote its products, services, or brands. Shill bidder An individual employed by a Site sponsorships are more subtle than banner seller or auctioneer who makes bids on or pop-up ads. behalf of the seller, sometimes artificially inflating an item’s price. Shill bidders may be Skyscraper ad A large banner ad on the side prohibited by the rules of a particular of a Web page that remains visible as the user auction. scrolls down through the page. Shipping profile The collection of attributes, Small payment Any payment of less than $10. including weight and size, that affect how Smart card A plastic card with an embedded easily a product can be packaged and microchip that contains information about the delivered. card owner. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Smart phone A mobile phone that includes Sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) A top- 588 a functional Web browser and a full keyboard. level domain for which an organization other Sniffer program A program that taps into the than ICANN is responsible. Internet and records information that passes Spoofing Synonymous with masquerading, through a router from the data’s source to its which is pretending to be someone you are destination. not (for example, by sending an e-mail Snipe The act of placing a winning bid in an that shows someone else as the sender) or online auction at the last possible moment. representing a Web site as an original when it is an imposter. Sniping software Auction software that observes auction progress until the last second Spot market A loosely organized market or two of the auction clock, then places a bid within a specific industry. high enough to win the auction. Spot purchasing Direct materials purchasing Social networking administrator An that occurs within a spot market. employee who is responsible for managing Stakeholders The various entities involved the virtual community elements of the Web in a business; these include customers, suppli- operation. ers, employees, stockholders, neighbors, and Social networking site A Web site that indi- the general public. viduals and businesses can use to conduct Standard Generalized Markup Language social interactions online. (SGML) An old, complex text markup Social shopping The practice of bringing language used to create frequently revised buyers and sellers together in a social network documents that need to be printed in various to facilitate retail sales. formats. Software agent A program that performs Start page In a hierarchical Web page information gathering, information filtering, structure, the introductory page of a Web site. and/or mediation on behalf of a person or Synonymous with home page. entity. Synonymous with intelligent software Stateless connection A connection between agent. a client and server over the Internet in Sourcing The part of procurement devoted which each transmission of information is to identifying suppliers and determining the independent; no continuous connection is qualifications of those suppliers. maintained. Spam (unsolicited commercial e-mail or Static catalog A simple list of products writ- bulk mail) Electronic junk mail. ten in HTML and displayed on a Web page or Spear phishing A phishing expedition in a series of Web pages. which the e-mails are carefully designed to target a particular person or organization. Static page A Web page that displays unchanging information retrieved from a disk. Spend The total dollar amount of the goods and services that a company buys during Statistical modeling A technique that tests a year. theories that CRM analysts have about relationships among elements of customer and Spider The first part of a search engine, sales data. it automatically and frequently searches the Web to find pages and updates its Statute of Frauds State law that specifies that database of information about old Web contracts for the sale of goods worth more than sites. $500 and contracts that require actions that Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User cannot be completed within one year must be Subnetting The use of reserved private IP 589 created by a signed writing. addresses within LANs and WANs to provide additional address space. Statutory law That part of British and U.S. law that comprises laws passed by elected Sufficient jurisdiction A court’s ability to legislative bodies. hear a matter if it has both subject-matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction. Steganography The hiding of information (such as commands) within another piece of Supply alliances Long-term relationships information. among participants in the supply chain. Supply chain The part of an industry value Stickiness The ability of a Web site to keep chain that precedes a particular strategic busi- visitors at its site and to attract repeat visitors. ness unit. It includes the network of suppliers, Sticky The condition of having stickiness. transportation firms, and brokers that com- Stockout A loss of sales suffered by a bine to provide a material or service to the retailer when it does not have specific strategic business unit. goods on its shelves that customers want Supply chain management The process of to buy. taking an active role in working with suppliers Stored value card Either an elaborate and other participants in the supply chain to smart card or a simple plastic card with a improve products and processes. magnetic strip that records currency Supply chain management (SCM) software balance, such as a prepaid phone, copy, Software used by companies to coordinate subway, or bus card. planning and operations with their partners in the industry supply chains of which they are Strategic alliance The coordination of strate- members. gies, resources, and skill sets by companies into long-term, stable relationships with other Supply management Synonymous with pro- companies and individuals based on shared curement, which is the business activity that purposes. includes all purchasing activities plus the monitoring of all elements of purchase transactions. Strategic business unit (SBU) A unit within a company that is organized around a specific Supply web An industry value chain that combination of product, distribution channel, includes many participants that are intercon- and customer type. nected in a web or network configuration. Strategic partners The entities taking part Supporting activities Secondary activities in a strategic alliance. that back up primary business activities. These include human resource management, Strategic partnership Synonymous with purchasing, and technology development. strategic alliance. SWOT analysis Evaluation of the strengths Style sheet A set of instructions used for Web and weaknesses of a business unit, and identi- page formatting. It is stored in a separate file fication of the opportunities presented by the and lets designers apply specific formatting markets of the business unit and threats posed styles to a page. by competitors of the business unit. Subject-matter jurisdiction A court’s author- Symmetric connection An Internet connec- ity to decide a dispute between entities based tion that provides the same bandwidth in both on the issue of dispute. directions. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Symmetric encryption The encryption of a Telnet A program that allows users to log on 590 message using a single numeric key to encode to a computer and access its contents from a and decode data. Synonymous with private- remote location. key encryption. Telnet protocol The set of rules used by Systems administrator A member of an elec- Telnet programs. tronic commerce team who understands the Terms of service ( ToS) Rules and regula- server hardware and software and is responsi- tions intended to limit the Web site owner’s ble for the system’s reliable and secure liability for what a visitor might do with infor- operation. mation obtained from the site. T1 High-bandwidth Internet connections Text ad A short promotional message that that operate at 1.544 Mbps. does not use any graphic elements and is T3 High-bandwidth Internet connections usually placed along the top or right side of that operate at 44.736 Mbps. a Web page. Tariff A tax levied on products as they Text markup language A language that enter the country; also called duty or customs specifies a set of tags that are inserted into duty. the text. TCP/IP The set of protocols that provide the Third-generation (3G) mobile phone A cell basis for the operation of the Internet. The phone that incorporates the latest transmis- TCP protocol includes rules that computers sion technologies to achieve data speeds of up on a network use to establish and break con- to 2 Mbps and also uses the SMS protocol to nections. The IP protocol determines routing send and receive text messages. of data packets. Third-party cookie A cookie that originates Technology-enabled customer relationship on a Web site other than the site being management Synonymous with technology- visited. enabled relationship management. Third-party logistics (3PL) provider A trans- Technology-enabled relationship portation or freight company that operates all management The business practice of or most of a customers material movement obtaining detailed information about a custo- activities. mer’s behavior, preferences, needs, and buy- Threat An act or object that poses a danger ing patterns and using that information to set to assets. prices, negotiate terms, tailor promotions, add product features, and provide other Three-tier architecture A client/server customized interactions. architecture that builds on the two-tier architecture by adding applications and Teergrubing A antispamming approach in their associated databases that supply non- which the receiving computer launches a HTML information to the Web server on return attack against the spammer, sending request. e-mail messages back to the computer that Throughput The number of HTTP originated the suspected spam. requests that a particular hardware and Telecommuting An employment arrangement software combination can process in a in which the employee logs in to the company unit of time. computer from an off-site location through Tier-one suppliers The capable suppliers the Internet instead of traveling to an office. that work directly with and have long-term Telework Synonymous with telecommuting. relationships with businesses. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Tier-three suppliers Suppliers that provide Trading partners Businesses that engage in 591 components and raw materials to tier-two EDI with one another. suppliers. Transaction An exchange of value. Tier-two suppliers Suppliers that provide Transaction costs The total of all costs components and raw materials to tier-one incurred by a buyer and seller as they suppliers. gather information and negotiate a Top-level domain ( TLD) The last part of a transaction. domain name; the most general identifier in Transaction processing Processes that the name. occur as part of completing a sale; these Tort An action taken by a legal entity that include calculation of any discounts, taxes, or causes harm to another legal entity. shipping costs and transmission of payment data (such as a credit card number). Total cost of ownership ( TCO) Business activity costs including the costs of hiring, Transaction sets Formats for specific training, and paying the personnel who will business data interchanges using EDI. design the Web site, write or customize the Transaction taxes Sales taxes, use taxes, software, create the content, and operate and excise taxes, and customs duties that are lev- maintain the site. TCO also includes hardware ied on the products or services that a company and software costs. sells or uses. Touchpoint Online and offline customer Transceiver A transmitter-receiver device contact points. used in a fixed-point wireless network to forward a radio signal from the ISP to Touchpoint consistency The provision of customers. Synonymous with repeater. similar levels and quality of service in all of a company’s interactions with its customers, Transmission Control Protocol The whether those interactions occur in person, protocol that includes rules that computers on the telephone, or online. on a network use to establish and break connections. See TCP/IP. Tracert A route-tracing program that sends data packets to every computer on the path Trial visit The first visit a Web site visitor (Internet) between one computer and another makes to a particular page. computer and clocks the packets’ round-trip Trigger word A key word used to jog times, providing an indication of the time it the memory of visitors and remind them of takes a message to travel from one computer something they want to buy on the site. to another and back, pinpointing any data traf- Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES) A fic congestion, and ensuring that the remote robust version of the Data Encryption computer is online. Standard used by the U.S. government that Trade name The name (or a part of that cannot be cracked even with today’s name) that a business uses to identify itself. supercomputers. Trademark A distinctive mark, device, Trojan horse A program hidden inside motto, or implement that a company affixes another program or Web page that masks its to the goods it produces for identification true purpose (usually destructive). purposes. Trusted (network) A network that is within a firewall. Trademark dilution The reduction of the distinctive quality of a trademark by Tweet A short message sent from one Twitter alternative uses. user to another. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Two-tier client/server architecture A client/ Usage-based market segmentation Custom- 592 server architecture in which only a client and izing visitor experiences to match the site server are involved in the requests and usage behavior patterns of each visitor or type responses that flow between them over the of visitor. Internet. Use tax A tax levied by a state on property Ultimate consumer orientation A focus on used in that state that was not purchased in the needs of the consumer who is at the end that state. of an industry value chain. Usenet (User’s News Network) One of Ultra Wideband (UWB) A wireless commu- the first mailing lists; it allows subscribers nication technology that provides wide band- to read and post articles within topic width (up to about 480 Mbps in current areas. versions) connections over short distances Usenet newsgroup Message posting areas (30 to 100 feet). on Usenet computers in which interested Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Names persons (primarily from the education and and abbreviations representing the IP address research communities) can discuss those of a particular Web page. Contains the proto- topic areas. col used to access the page and the page’s loca- Value chain A way of organizing the tion. Used in place of dotted quad notations. activities that each strategic business unit Universal Description, Discovery and undertakes to design, produce, promote, Integration (UDDI) specification The set of market, deliver, and support the products protocols that identify locations of Web ser- or services it sells. vices and their associated WSDL descriptions. Value system Synonymous with industry Unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE) Elec- value chain. tronic junk mail that can include solicitations, advertisements, or e-mail chain letters. Also Value-added network ( VAN) An indepen- called spam or bulk mail. dent company that provides connection and Untrusted (network) A network that is EDI transaction forwarding services to outside a firewall. businesses engaged in EDI. Untrusted Java applet A Java applet that is Venture capitalist A very wealthy not known to be secure. individual or investment firm that invests in small companies that are about to grow Upload bandwidth Synonymous with rapidly. By investing large amounts of upstream bandwidth. money (between a million and a few Upstream bandwidth The connection that hundred million dollars), venture capitalists occurs when you send information from your attempt to help these growing companies connection to your ISP. become large enough to sell stock to the Upstream strategies Tactics that focus on public. reducing costs or generating value by Vertical integration The practice of an exist- working with suppliers or inbound logistics. ing firm replacing one of its suppliers with its URL broker A business that sells or auctions own strategic business unit that creates the domain names that it believes others will find supplied product. valuable. Vertical portal (vortal) A vertically Usability testing The testing and evaluation of integrated Web information hub focusing a company’s Web site for ease of use by visitors. on an individual industry. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Vicarious copyright infringement The viola- made of lower-grade copper, and was never 593 tion of an organization’s rights that occurs when intended to carry data. These lines can only a company capable of supervising the infringing carry limited bandwidth—usually less than activity fails to do so and obtains a financial 14 Kbps. benefit from the infringing activity. Warchalking The practice of placing a chalk Vickrey auction Synonymous with second- mark on a building that has an easily entered price sealed-bid auction. Named for William wireless network. Vickrey, who won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Wardrivers Network attackers who drive Economics for his studies of the properties around in cars using their wireless-equipped of this auction type. laptop computers to search for unprotected Viral marketing Tactics that rely on existing wireless network access points. customers to tell other persons—the Warranty disclaimer A statement indicating company’s prospective customers—about that the seller will not honor some or all the products or services they have enjoyed implied warranties. using. Web See World Wide Web. Virtual community An electronic gathering Web 2.0 Technologies that include software place for people with common interests. that allow users of Web sites to participate in Virtual company A strategic alliance the creation, editing, and distribution of occurring among companies that operate on content on a Web site owned and operated by the Internet. a third party. Virtual host Multiple servers that exist on Web APIs Techniques for interconnection a single computer. of programs with each other over the Web. Virtual learning network A virtual Web browser ( Web browser software) Soft- community used for distance learning. ware that lets users read HTML documents and move from one HTML document to Virtual model A graphic image built from another using hyperlinks. customer measurements and physical traits on which customers can try clothes. Typically Web bug A tiny, invisible Web page graphic found on sites selling clothing and that provides a way for a Web site to place accessories. cookies. Web catalog revenue model A revenue Virtual private network ( VPN) A network model of selling goods and services on the Web that uses public networks and their wherein the seller establishes a brand image protocols to transmit sensitive data using that conveys quality and uses the strength of a system called “tunneling” or that image to sell through catalogs mailed to “encapsulation.” prospective buyers. Buyers place orders by Virtual server Synonymous with virtual host. mail or by calling the seller’s toll-free Virus Software that attaches itself to another telephone number. program and can cause damage when the host Web client computer A computer that is program is activated. connected to the Internet and is used to Visit The request of a Web site visitor for a download Web pages. page from a Web site. Web client software Software that sends Voice-grade line Telephone wiring that costs requests for Web page files to other less than lines designed to carry data, is computers. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Web community Synonymous with virtual White list spam filter Software that looks for 594 community. From addresses in incoming messages that are Web directory A listing of hyperlinks to known to be good addresses. Web pages that is organized into hierarchical Wide area network ( WAN) A network of categories. computers that are connected over large Web EDI EDI on the Internet. distances. Web graphics designer A person trained in Wi-Fi (wireless Ethernet, 802.11b, 802.11a, art, layout, and composition who also under- 802.11g, 802.11n) The most common stands how Web pages are constructed and wireless connection technology for use on who ensures that the Web pages are visually LANs; it can communicate through a wireless appealing, are easy to use, and make consistent access point connected to a LAN to become a use of graphics elements from page to page. part of that LAN. Web log A Web site on which people post Winner’s curse A psychological phenomenon their thoughts and invite others to add com- that causes bidders to become caught up in mentary. Synonymous with blog. the excitement of competitive bidding and bid more than their private valuation. Web portal Synonymous with portal, which is a Web site that serves as a customizable Wire transfer Synonymous with electronic home base from which users do their search- funds transfer, which is the electronic transfer ing, navigating, and other Web-based activity. of account exchange information over secure private communications networks. Web programmer A programmer who Wireless access point ( WAP) A device designs and writes the underlying code for that transmits network packets between dynamic database-driven Web pages. Wi-Fi-equipped computers and other devices Web server A computer that receives that are within its range. requests from many different Web clients and Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP) A responds by sending HTML files back to those protocol that allows Web pages formatted in Web client computers. HTML to be displayed on devices with small Web server software Software that makes files screens, such as PDAs and mobile phones. available to other computers on the Internet. Wireless Encryption Protocol ( WEP) A set Web services A combination of software of rules for encrypting transmissions from tools that let application software in one orga- wireless devices. nization communicate with other applications World Wide Web ( Web) The subset of over a network using the SOAP, UDDI, and Internet computers that connects computers WSDL protocols. and their contents in a specific way, and that Web Services Description Language allows for easy sharing of data using a standard (WSDL) A language that describes the interface. characteristics of the logic units that make World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C) A up specific Web services. not-for-profit group that maintains standards Web-wrap acceptance The compliance with for the Web. EULA conditions with which a user agrees Worm A virus that replicates itself on other through the act of using a Web site. machines. White hat hackers Hackers who use their Writing A tangible representation of the skills for positive purposes. terms of a contract. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User XML parser A program that can format an for sale and allows bidders to specify the 595 XML file so it can appear on the screen of a quantity of items they want to buy. computer, a wireless PDA, a mobile phone, Zombie A program that secretly takes over or other device. another computer for the purpose of launching XML vocabulary A set of XML tag attacks on other computers. Zombie attacks definitions. can be difficult to trace to their perpetrators. Yankee auction A type of English Zombie farm A group of computers on which auction that offers multiple units of an item a hacker has planted zombie programs. Glossary Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User INDEX Note: Bold page numbers indicate where a key acquiring bank, 500 term is defined in the text. acquisition cost, 179 Across Asia on the Cheap ( Tony and 1&1 Internet, 415 Maureen Wheeler), 156 1-Click purchasing, 318 active ads, 186 1-800-Flowers, 116 active content, 446 20th Century Fox, 132 Active Server Pages (ASP), 356 24/7 operation, 544 active wiretapping, 462 3DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard), 467 ActiveX controls, 449 3G (third-generation) mobile phones, 93 ActiveX page at Download.com, 449 3PL (third-party logistics provider), 224 AdAge.com, 189 419 scam, 326 A.D.A.M., 225 43 Things, 267 ad-blocking software, 185 7-Eleven, 38 AdDesigner.com, 183 802.11a protocol, 91 addressable media, 150 802.11b protocol, 91 administration, 30 802.11g protocol, 91 Adobe ColdFusion, 410 802.11n protocol, 91–92 Adobe Dreamweaver, 85 9/11, 163 Adobe Flash, 146, 355 911 Gifts.com, 163, 164 Adobe Omniture, 378 Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF), 158–159 A AdReady, 183 Adsense, 203 Abacus Direct Corporation, 334 ADSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line), 88 ABC, 132 Advanced Data Exchange, 238 Abrams, Jonathan, 264–265 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 467 academic research content, 118 Advanced Research Projects Agency Accel Partners, 117 (ARPA), 56 acceptance, 308–309 Advanced Rotocraft Technology, 205 access control list (ACL), 479 advance fee fraud, 326 account aggregation, 130 advertising, on the Web, 3–4, 181–189. account manager, 549–550 See also marketing, on the Web Accredited Standards Committee X12 ad formats, 185–186 (ASC X12), 231 advertising-subscription mixed revenue ACH (automated clearing house), 239, 501 models, 123–124 ACL (access control list), 479 advertising-supported revenue ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), models, 118–123 142–143 advertising-supported to advertising- ACM (Association for Computer subscription mixed model, 135–136 Machinery), 118 advertising-supported to fee-for-services ACM Digital Library, 118 model, 136 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User advertising-supported to subscription American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 598 model, 136–137 142–143 banner ads, 182–184 American Express, 497 combination of content and advertising, American Life Project, 9–10 190–191 American National Standards Institute cost and effectivenesss, 187–188 (ANSI), 230–231 effectiveness, 189 American Packaging Machinery (APM), expenditures, 201, 202 255–257 language and, 37 American Registry for Internet Numbers mass media campaigns, 170 (ARIN), 65 online, 12, 119 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 205 rates, 188 Ameritrade Holding, 197, 331 regulation, 323–325 analytical processing, 193 site sponsorships, 186–187 Anderson, Chris, 134 subscription to advertising-supported Andreesen, Marc, 60 model, 135 Android, 273 supported social networking sites, 268–269 Android Market, 273 targeted classified advertising sites, 122–123 angel investors, 538 television, 172 animated GIFs, 182 text ads, 184–185 Annals of International Business, 158 advertising-subscription mixed revenue Anonymizer, 461 model, 123 anonymous electronic cash, 505 advertising-supported to advertising- anonymous FTP, 377 subscription mixed model, 135–136 ANSI (American National Standards advertising-supported to fee-for-services Institute), 230–231 model, 136 Answer Financial, 128 advertising-supported to subscription model, Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, 136–137 344 ad view, 187 Anti-Phishing Working Group (APWG), 517 AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), 467 antispam tactics, 365 affiliate commissions, 198 antivirus software, 450–455 affiliate marketing, 197 AOL, 121, 136, 200, 267, 268 affiliate program broker, 198 AOL Media Network, 269 Agilent, 285 Apache Software Foundation, 356, 362 AJAX, 356 Apache Web server software, 353 Albertsons, 19 API (application program interface), 411 Alertbox, 149 APM (American Packaging Machinery), algorithms, 465 255–257 Alibaba.com, 292–294, 307 APNIC (Asia-Pacific Network Information Allegiance, 225 Center), 65 AlliedSignal ( Honeywell), 530 Apple, 317 All-Star Games, 269 Apple Apps for iPhone, 273, 329 Allstate, 128 Apple Computer, 12, 64, 73, 102, 111, 131, AltaVista, 2, 200 272, 273 Amadeus, 226 applet, 446 Amazon.com, 2, 14, 45–47, 61, 114, 133, 139, Applicability Statement 2 (AS2), 240 175, 197–198, 269, 280–281, 318, 329 Applicability Statement 3 (AS3), 240 Amazon MP3, 131 application, 409 American Bankers Association Check 21 application integration, 410 Resource Center, 513 application program, 409 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User application program interface (API), 411 Auctionguide.com, 287 599 application server, 409 AuctionHawk, 287 application service providers (ASPs), 397 auctions. See online auctions application software, 273, 409 auction software, 287–288 applications specialists, 550 Auction Universe, 282 apps, 273 Audible, 132 APWG (Anti-Phishing Working Group), 517 authentication, 478–479 ARIN (American Registry for Internet authority to bind, 313 Numbers), 65 Authorize.Net, 502 ARIN Whois, 65 Autobytel, 127 ARIS MusiCode system, 321 automated clearing house (ACH), 239, 501 ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 56 automobile industry, 127, 186, 200, 205 ARPANET, 56, 363. See also Internet insurance, 109 Arrington, Michael, 266–267 used vehicle site, 123 Art.com, 205 AutoTrader.com, 123 Artuframe, 205 Autoweb.com, 127 AS2 (Applicability Statement 2), 240 Avendra, 250 AS3 (Applicability Statement 3), 240 awards ascending-price auction, 275 Nobel Peace Prize, 270 ASC X12 (Accredited Standards Committee Nobel Prize in Economics, 277 X12), 231 Society of American Travel Writers Asia-Pacific Network Information Center Silver Award, 157 (APNIC), 65 Webby, 149–150 ASIB (Association for the Study of awareness, 177 International Business), 158–159 Askville, 270 ASP (Active Server Pages), 356 B ASP (Microsoft Active Server Pages), 410 ASP.NET, 356 B2B (business-to-business), 5, 7 ASPs (application service providers), 397 architecture, 411 Association for Computer Machinery (ACM), online sales, 10 118 B2C (business-to-consumer), 5, 7 Association for the Study of International online sales, 10 Business (ASIB), 158–159 B2G (business-to-government), 7 As Time Goes By (Freeman and Louçã), 10–11 backbone routers, 63 asymmetric connections, 87 backdoor, 460 asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), 88 bandwidth, 87 asymmetric encryption, 466 banking industry, 129–130, 168, 300, 500 asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 90 check processing, 513 At Home Corporation, 199 Internet technologies and, 513–515 The Atlantic Monthly, 59 mobile banking, 515 ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 90 Bank of America, 226, 331, 517 Atom Publishing Protocol, 415 Bank One, 130, 523 AT&T, 89, 273 banner ads, 182, 182–184 attachments, 363 placement, 183 AuctionBytes, 287–288 strategies, 183–184 auction consignment services, 289 banner advertising network, 183 auction directory and information services, bar codes, 244 287 bargainers, 176 auctioneer, 275 BarnesandNoble.com, 197 auction escrow services, 286 Barnes & Noble, 114, 318 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Barron’s, 118 Boeing, 242, 285 600 Barry Diller v. INTERNTCO Corp., 320 Boeing PART, 243 base 2 number system, 65 bonded warehouse, 40 BATF ( Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and BookBrowse, 152 Firearms), 325 book industry, 114 Bayesian revision, 368 awards, 157 BBC Worldwide, 156 electronic books, 132–133 BBSs (bulletin board systems), 263 ethics and online business practices, 329 BEA Systems, 409 Booklist Magazine, 151, 152 bebe, 115 Books-A-Million, 114 Bechtel, 285 border routers, 62 Behr Technologies, 238 Borders, 46, 114 benchmarking, 380 Bossidy, Larry, 530 Berkman Center for Internet & Society, 307 Boston College, 330 Berkman Center UDRP Opinion Guide, 321 bot, 199 Berners-Lee, Tim, 59, 60 botnet, 447 Best Buy, 111, 175, 464 brand leveraging, 196 Better Business Bureau, 286 brands, 164, 167 Bettys Christal, 294 consolidation strategies, 196–197 Bezos, Jeff, 45–47, 114, 318 costs of branding, 197 Bibliofind, 486–487 elements of, 195–196 BIB NET, 246 emotional versus rational, 196 bidders, 275 leveraging strategies, 196 bids, 275 marketing strategies, 197–198 billboards, ad rates, 188 on the Web, 194–199 Billings, Hilary, 164 breach of contract, 305 Billpoint, 508 Bright Planet, 61 bill presentment service, 130 Brin, Sergey, 3 binary number system, 65 Britannica Book of the Year, 137 Bing, 121, 268 Britannica.com, 137 biometric security device, 459 Britannica Internet Guide, 137 BitPass, 503 British Parliament, 311 BIZNET Internet Services, 404 broadband connections, 88 BizRate.com, 148 Broadcast.com, 196 BlackBerry App World, 273 broadcast networks, 132 BlackBerry phones, 54, 271, 272, 273 BroadVision, 226, 409, 421 Blackboard, 267 brokerage firms, 127–128 black hat hacker, 441 browsers, 175 black list spam filter, 366 browser-wrap contract acceptance, 311 Blackwell’s, 114 buffer, 475 blade servers, 379 buffer overflow, 475 Blockbuster, 132 buffer overrun, 475 blogs, 170, 170–171, 266–267 Bugbear virus, 450–451 Bluefly.com, 170–171, 266 bulk mail, 70 BlueMountainArts, 199 bulletin board systems ( BBSs), 263 Blue Spike, 321 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Bluetooth, 90–91 ( BATF), 325 Bluetooth, Harald, 90 Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, 227 BMC Software, 427 Bush, Vannevar, 59 BoatTrader.com, 123 business logic, 409–410 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User business manager, 549 CarsDirect.com, 127 601 business model, 14 Carson, Ellen, 345 business communication modes, 151 Cart32, 460 business content, 118 Casa di Baffi, 303 Web sites, 147 Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), 79 business processes, 6–7, 14–15 case examples business process patent, 318 Alibaba.com, 292–294, 307 business rules, 408 Amazon.com, 45–47 business-to-business ( B2B), 5, 7 American Packaging Machinery, 255–257 architecture, 411 Association for the Study of International characteristics, 251 Business, 158–159 efficiency and cost reduction, 217–259 Auction Universe, 282 electronic data interchange, 229–240 Bibliofind, 486–487 electronic marketplaces and portals, 247–251 Covad, 101–102 online sales, 10 DoubleClick, 333–334 purchasing, logistics, and support activities, Ellasaurus Products Enterprises, 345 219–229 First Internet Bank of Indiana, 523–524 supply chain management using Internet government, 432–433, 454–455 technologies, 240–247 Hal’s Hardware, Inc., 47–49 business-to-business auctions, 283–284 Harley-Davidson, 254–255 business-to-business reverse auctions, 284–285 Idealab, 555–557 business-to-consumer ( B2C), 7 Ingersoll-Rand Club Car Division, 431–432 online sales, 10 Lonely Planet, 156–157 business-to-government ( B2G), 7 Materials Equipment, Inc., 487–488 business unit, 25 MetalSite, 248 Buy.com, 116 Microsoft, 387–390 BuyDomains.com, 206 Microsoft Internet Information Server, buyers, 175 454–455 BuyUSA, 42 Montana Mountain Biking, 212–213 The Moose Hut, 525 NetBank, 514 C Nissan Computer, Nissan Motor Company, 343–344 C2C (consumer-to-consumer), 7 Nordisk Aviation, 544–545 CA (certification authority), 456–457 NorthPoint Communications, 88–89 cable modems, 88 Old Metamora, 294–295 CA.gov Procurement, 7 Oxfam, 210–212 call center, 551 PayPal, 508 Calomiris, Michael, 39 PDG Software, 406 Camelot, 114 Pilot Network Services, 477–478 capital, start-up, 11 Portable Fun Instruments, 102–103 capital investments, 539 Random Walk Shoes, 390–391 capital projects, 539 Walmart.com, 116–117 CAPTCHA Project, 367 cash. See electronic cash card not-present transactions, 497 cashers, 520 card verification numbers (CVNs), 500 Castells, Manuel, 27 CareerBuilder.com, 122 catalog, 400 Carnegie Bank, 65 Catchings, Bill, 333 Carnegie Mellon University, 65, 367 cause marketing, 198 Cars.com, 205 CDNow, 46, 114, 198 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User CDs, 317 circuit, 62 602 CD Universe, 114 circuit switching, 62 cellular telephone networks, 92–93 Cisco Systems, 285, 530 censorship, 38 online sales, 18 Center for Education and Research in CISG (United Nations Convention on Contracts Information Assurance and Security for the International Sale of Goods), 311 (CERIAS), 482 Clampi, 451 Center for Internet Security, 482 Claritas, 178–179 Center for Responsive Politics, 144 Clark, James, 60 Center for Supercomputing, 493 Classified Ventures, 282 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 227 The Clearing House, 501 centralized architecture, 381 clickstream, 191 CERIAS (Center for Education and Research in click-wrap contract acceptance, 310–311 Information Assurance and Security), 482 client-level filtering, 366 CERN: European Laboratory for Particle clients Physics, 59 client-side electronic wallet, 509 CERT, 481–482 client-side scripting, 355 certification authority (CA), 456–457 computer security, 444–459 CGI (Common Gateway Interface), 356 physical security, 459 challenge-response content filtering, 367 server architecture, 69 Chambers, John, 530 closed architecture, 64 change management, 552 closed loop systems, 499 channel conflict, 138 clothing industry, 173 channel cooperation, 139 clothing retailers, 115–116 chargeback, 500 C-NET, 121 charge card, 497 CNN, 266 Charles Schwab, 128 Coase, Ronald, 22, 24 chat rooms, 263 Coca Cola, 140 Check 21 (Check Clearing for the 21st Code Red virus, 450–451, 454–455 Century Act), 513 Cogent Communications, 476 check processing, 513 ColdFusion, 356 Chemdex, 247 Coldwell Banker, 129 Cheviot, Ohio Web site, 228 collectors, 520 Chevrolet, 200 collision, 466 Chicago Board of Trade, 277 collocation, 397 chief information officer (CIO), 549 colocation, 397 children, 172 co-location, 397 communications with, 334–335 colon hexadecimal notation system, 66 Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 335 colon hex notation system, 66 Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of COM (Microsoft Component Object Model), 1998 (COPPA), 335 410 ChoicePoint, 330 ComicLink.com, 123 Christie’s, 274 commerce. See also electronic commerce Chrysler, 169 business process suitability, 16 Chung, Jen, 266 traditional, 16, 17 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 227 Commerce Server, 420 Cigarbid.com, 282 commerce service providers (CSPs), 397, CIO (chief information officer), 549 415–416, 476 CIPA (Children’s Internet Protection Act), 335 Commission Junction, 198 cipher text, 465 commitment, 177 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User commodity item, 16 click-wrap and Web-wrap acceptances, 603 Common Gateway Interface (CGI), 356 310–311 Common law, 319 creating written contracts on the Web, 311 Common Object Request Broker Architecture creation, offers, and acceptances, (CORBA), 410 309–310 communication channel security, 459–474 implied warranties and warranty companies, 21 disclaimers on the Web, 311–312 Competitive Advantage (Porter), 28 process in an online sale, 310 component-based application system, 410 terms of service agreements, 313, 314 component outsourcing, 543–544 writing, 311 CompuBank, 514 written, 311 CompuPay, 225 Convergence Center, 68 Compuserv, 263 conversion, 179 CompuServe, 57 conversion rate, 190 computer forensics experts, 482 cookies, 444–446 computer industry, 111–112 COPPA (Children’s Online Privacy Protection computer network, 55 Act of 1998), 335 computer security, 440 copy control, 321 Computer Security Institute, 327 copyright laws, 302, 315 computer virus, 363 copyright symbol, 315 Conferences on Email and Anti-Spam, 517 CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Conficker, 451 Architecture), 410 configuration tables, 62 Cornell University, 264, 310 conflict of laws, 308 Costco, 116 connectors, 176 cost per thousand (CPM), 187 consideration, 309 countermeasure, 440, 441 consignment services auction, 289 Coupa, 249 ConstantContact, 190 coupons, ad rates, 188 constructive notice, 304 Covad, 101–102 consumer auctions, 279–281 Cover Pages: XML Applications and Consumer Credit Protection Act, 498 Initiatives, 84 consumer electronics, 111–112 Covisint, 250 Consumer Leasing Act of 1976, 300 CPA Directory, 134 Consumer Reports, 124 CPM (cost per thousand), 187 ConsumerReports.org, 124 crackers, 441 consumer reverse auctions, 282–283 craigslist, 267 consumers, orientation in the supply chain, 246 Crate & Barrel, 196 consumer-to-business, 278 crawler, 199 consumer-to-consumer (C2C), 7, 7 credit card associations, 499 content creators, 550 credit cards, 496, 497 content editors, 550 credit card theft, 461 content generation, 355–356 Cricket Sniping Software, 287 filtering, 366, 368–370 crime, online, 325–328, 506, 515–520 content management software, 426 CRM. See customer relationship management content managers, 550 CRM (customer relationship management) contextual advertising, 203 software, 423–425 contract purchasing, 222 Cruise Specialists, 127 contracts, in electronic commerce, 305, Crutchfield, 111, 175 308–314 cryptography, 465 authority to form contracts, 313 CSO Magazine, 482 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User CSO Online, 482 Data Interchange Standards Association 604 CSPs (commerce service providers), 397, (DISA), 231 415–416, 476 The Data Mine, 194 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), 79 data mining, 193 Cubic, 285 data warehouse, 193 culture, 36–37, 302 Data Warehousing Information Center, 194 government and, 38–40 Datsun, 343–344 issues in electronic commerce, 36–38 Davis Humanics (DH), 557–558 CUNA Mutual Group, 412 DDoS (distributed denial-of-service attack), 463 customer-centric Web site design, 149–150 dead link, 378 customer issuing banks, 499 debit card, 497 customer life cycle, 178 DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), 195–196 customer portal, 249 decentralized architecture, 381 customer relationship management (CRM), 191 DecisionStep, 115 software, 400 decrypted, 465 as value in the marketspace, 192–193 decryption program, 465 customer relationship management (CRM) dedicated hosting, 397 software, 423–425 deep Web, 61 customers defamation, 322 identification, 29 delay, 463 loyalty, 177–179 del.icio.us, 267 nature of communication on the Web, delivery, 29 150–153 Dell, Michael, 530 perceived value, 195 Dell Computers, 7, 33, 64, 173, 176, 241, customer service, 551 299, 300, 379, 530 customer touchpoint, 193 Delmar Cengage Learning, 456 CustomerVision, 427 demographic information, 119 customs broker, 40 demographic segmentation, 171 customs duty, 338 denial, 463 CVNs (card verification numbers), 500 denial-of-service (DoS) attack, 463 cyberbullying, 327 Department for Work and Pensions, 227 Cybercrime.gov, 326 Department of Transportation (DOT ), 325 Cybergold, 318 DES (Data Encryption Standard), 467 Cybersquatting, 319 descending-price auctions, 276 cybervandalism, 462 destinationCRM.com, 194 CycleTrader.com, 123 DH (Davis Humanics), 557–558 DHS (U.S. Department of Homeland Security), 227, 328 D dictionary attack programs, 475 DigiCash, 503 DaimlerChrysler, 250 DigiCert, 457 data analysis software, 378 Digi-Key, 224 database, 199–200, 408–409 Digimarc, 322 administration, 551 digital certificates, 455–458 threats, 475 digital content revenue models, 117–118 database management software, 408 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 195–196 database manager, 408 digital ID, 455–458 database server, 357 digital products, sales, 12 Data Encryption Standard (DES), 467 Digital Rights Management (DRM) software, data-grade lines, 88 131 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Digital River, 409 download bandwidth, 87 605 digital signature, 473, 474 downstream bandwidth, 87 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), 87 downstream strategies, 532 digital watermark, 321 Dr. Andrew Weil’s Self Healing, 134 Diller, Barry, 320 “Draft-N” products, 92 DiPonetti, Mario, 158–159 DRM (Digital Rights Management), 131 direct connection EDI, 237 Drudge Report, 119 Directive on the Protection of Personal Data, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 87 331 DSW Shoe Warehouse, 330 Direct Marketing Association (DMA), 330 due diligence, 514 direct materials, 222 Duke University, 56–57, 263 DirectTrack, 198 Dutch auctions, 276, 278 DISA (Data Interchange Standards duty, 338 Association), 231 dynamic catalog, 400 Discovery Channel, 172 dynamic content, 355 Disco Virtual, 19 dynamic page, 355 Disney Online, 335 distance learning, 267 distributed architecture, 381 distributed database systems, 408 E distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack, 463 distributed information systems, 408 Eastman Kodak, 148–149 distribution, 166 eBay, 2, 14, 268, 269, 279, 294, 318, 329, 494–495 Ditech, 129 DMA (Direct Marketing Association), 330 stores, 416–417 DNSs (domain name servers), 462 web servers, 382 Dobkins, Jake, 266 EBSCO, 136, 158–159 DoCoMo, 103 ebXML initiative, 83 domain name ownership change, 321 Eccles, David, 287 domain names, 66–67, 96 e-commerce. See electronic commerce commonly used, 66 eCompanies, 205 hosting, 206 economics, electronic commerce and, 21–28 intellectual property issues and, 319–321 eCRM (electronic customer relationship naming issues, 204–206 management), 191 parking, 206 Eddie Bauer, 138–139 sales, 206 eDeposit, 286 search engines and, 199–206 EDI (electronic data interchange), 8–9 domain name servers (DNSs), 462 EDI compatible, 229 Donnelley Marketing, 178 EDIFACT (EDI for Administration, Commerce, Donovan, Hal, 47–49 and Transport), 231–232 DoS (denial-of-service attack), 463 EDI for Administration, Commerce, and DOT (Department of Transportation), 325 Transport (EDIFACT; UN/EDIFACT ), dot-coms, 4 231–232 history, 9–10 EDIINT (Electronic Data Interchange-Internet dotted decimal notation, 65 Integration), 240 double auctions, 277, 278 EDI-INT (Electronic Data Interchange- DoubleClick, 183, 333–334 Internet Integration), 240 double-spending, 504, 505 Edvinsson, Leif, 542–543 Dow Jones, 118 EFTs (electronic funds transfers), 8, 495 downlink bandwidth, 87 e-government, 220 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User EJBs (Enterprise JavaBeans), 410 online crime, 325–328 606 Electronic Arts, 133 online terrorism, 328 electronic books, 12, 132–133 online warfare, 328 electronic business, 4 operating expenses, 417–418 electronic commerce and, 4 opportunities, 28–33 electronic cash, 502–508 overview, 2–4 advantages and disadvantages, 505–506 payment systems, 493–527 anonymous, 505 planning, 530–560 micropayments and small payments, 503 postimplementation audits, 551–552 online and offline cash, 504–505 product/process suitability, 15–17 privacy and security, 504 to reduce transaction costs, 25–26 systems, 506–508 return on investment, 539–541 electronic commerce, 4. See also role of merchandising, 15 international electronic commerce second wave, 1014 advantages, 17–18 security, 437–491 advertising, 3–4 service providers, 415–416 benefits, 18 software, 395–435 business processes, 14–15 staffing, 548–551 categories, 4–7 start-up costs, 399–400 change management, 552 strategic business unit value chains, 28–30 comparing benefits to costs, 539 strategies for developing Web sites, cultural issues, 36–38 541–546 development and growth, 8–9 SWOT analysis, 32–33 disadvantages, 19–20 taxation, 336–339 dot-com history, 9–10 transaction costs, 22 economic forces and, 21–28 trust issues on the Web, 34–35 electronic business and, 4 use and protection of intellectual property elements, 6 in online business, 315–325 ethical issues, 328–335 Web page site, 400, 401 funding online business startups, 538–539 Web site architecture, 407 government issues, 38–40 Electronic Communications Privacy Act of history, 4 1986, 330 identifying and estimating costs, 535–538 electronic customer relationship management identifying and measuring benefits, 533–535 (eCRM), 191 identifying objectives, 532 electronic data interchange (EDI), 8–9, industry value chains, 30–32 229–240 infrastructure issues, 40–42 creating contracts, 309–310 international nature, 34–42 description, 232–236 key characteristics of first and second early business information interchange, waves, 13 229–230 language issues, 35–36 emergence of broader standards, 230–232 legal environment, 301–314 on the Internet, 239–240 “limited time” element, 396 payments, 239 linking objectives to business strategies, purchasing process, 234–236 532–533 value-added networks, 236–239 managing implementations, 547–552 Electronic Data Interchange-Internet market form of economic organization, 23 Integration (EDIINT; EDI-INT ), 240 markets and hierarchies, 24–25 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 446, 467 network economic structures, 26–27 electronic funds transfers (EFTs), 8, 495 network effects, 27–28 electronic mail. See e-mail Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User electronic marketplaces, 247–251 EPE (Ellasaurus Products Enterprises), 607 case example, 248 345 independent, 247–248 Ephemeral Web-Based Applications, 146 industry consortia-sponsored, 250–251 EPN, 501 private company marketplaces, 250 Epocrates, 274 private stores and customer portals, 249 ePowerSellers, 289 electronic wallets (e-wallets), 509–511 e-procurement, 5 Ellasaurus Products Enterprises (EPE), 345 e-procurement software, 249 E-LOAN, 129 EBSCO Information Services, 118 Elsop LinkScan, 378 Equifax Secure, 457 e-mail, 11–12, 69 e.Republic, 228 ad rates, 188 Ericsson, 226 benefits, 363 ERP (enterprise resource planning software drawbacks, 363–364 packages), 410 history, 56–57 eS-Books, 38 marketing, 189–191 Escrow.com, 286 outsourcing processing, 191 e-sourcing, 221 protocols, 69–70 ESPN, 124 unsolicited, 70 e-Steel, 250 Web servers and, 363–375 ethics, 328–335 e-mail client software, 69 communications with children, 334–335 eMarketer, 189 ethical hacking, 482 EMC, 426 online business practices, 329–330 eMusic, 131 privacy rights and obligations, 330–334 EMV standard, 499 E*TRADE, 128, 197 encapsulation, 86 Etsy, 267 encryption, 465–472 EU. See European Union algorithms, 465 EULAs (end-user license agreements), 310 asymmetric, 466 Europay (MasterCard International), 499 comparison of asymmetric and symmetric European Union (EU), 302, 331 encryption systems, 467–479 value added taxes, 339 hash coding, 466 event tickets online, 129 private-key, 467 Evian, 114–115 program, 465 e-wallets (electronic wallets), 509–511 secure sockets layer protocol, 469–472 Excite, 121, 196, 200 solutions, 465–472 Excite Mail, 196 symmetric, 467 Exostar, 250 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 137 Expedia, 125 end-user license agreements (EULAs), 310 exploration, 177 Engelbart, Douglas, 59 Extensible Business Reporting Language English auctions, 275–276, 278 (XBRL), 83 enterprise application integration, 409–410 Extensible Hypertext Markup Language enterprise-class software, 421 ( XHTML), 72 Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs), 410 Extensible Markup Language ( XML), 71, enterprise resource planning (ERP) software 79–84, 96 packages, 410 country list data marked up with tags, 82 entertainment industry, 180 country list data marked up with tags as it Entertainment Software Association, 133 would appear in Internet Explorer, 83 entity body, 358 Extensible Stylesheet Language ( XSL), 84 Entrust, 457 Extranet, 85–86 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 608 F 325 Facebook.com, 261, 268, 269 food industry, 180 Factiva, 118 Ford Motor Company, 169, 186, 194, 250 Failure of Corporate Web sites, 144 forensics, 482 fair use, 316 forum selection clause, 306 false positive messages, 366 four Ps of marketing, 165–166 familiarity, 177 Fox, 132 fast venturing, 546 Fox Entertainment and Media, 196 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 227 frame relay, 90 FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 325 fraud, 500 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 227 FreeBSD, 360 Federal Reserve Bank, 326, 501 Freedom Forum, 465 Federal Reserve Board, 300 Freedom House, 38 Federal Reserve Financial Services, 501, 513 Freeman, Chris, 10–11 Federal Trade Commission. See U.S. Federal freight forwarder, 40 Trade Commission FreshDirect, 19 FedEx, 224 Friendster, 264–265 fee-based social networking, 270 “Fruit-of-the-Month” club, 116 fee-for-service revenue models, 133–134, FTC (U.S. Federal Trade Commission), 299, 269–270 323, 324, 372, 373 advertising-supported to fee-for-services FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 377 model, 136 full-privilege FTP, 377 fee-for-transaction revenue models, 125, Fundación Invertir, 42 125–133 funnel model, 180–181 File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 377 f.y.e., 114 finance, 30 crisis of 2008, 128, 129 online services, 129–130 G Financial Management Services (FMS), 226–227 gambling, 326 Finger utility, 375 games, 133 firewalls, 479–481 Gap, 115 firms, 21 Gateway, 111 First Amendment, 315, 335 gateway computers, 62 FirstData, 501 gateway servers, 480 First Internet Bank of Indiana, 130, 523–524 GE (General Electric), 25, 65, 217 first-mover advantage, 12–13 GEICO, 128 first-party cookies, 444 GE Lighting, 218, 219 first-price sealed-bid auctions, 276, 278 The General (General Automobile Insurance Fisher, Marshall, 241 Services), 128 FitFinder, 146 General Automobile Insurance Services fixed-point wireless, 92 (The General), 128 Flash: 99% Bad, 146 general discounters, 116 Flash Usability Challenge, 146 General Electric (GE), 25, 65, 217 float, 507 Generalized Markup Language (GML), 72 flower industry, 116, 167 General Motors (GM), 37, 169, 204, 250 Flypaper, 171, 266 General Services Administration, 284–285 FMS (Financial Management Services), generic top-level domains (gTLDs), 67 226–227 GEnie, 263 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User GeoCities, 196, 263–264 Guru.com, 122 609 geographic segmentation, 171, 204 GXS, 238 GeoTrust, 457 Gibson Research Shields Up!, 481 GiftAlert, 163 H gift industry, 116, 163–164 Gilt Groups, 395–396 hackers, 330, 441 Giovanni, 321 Hal’s Hardware, Inc. ( HHI), 47–49 global positioning satellite (GPS) technology, Handspring, 54 224, 274 Harbor Freight Tools, 48 hardware global trust and culture, 37 GM (General Motors), 37, 169, 204, 250 architectures, 380–384 Gmail, 69 for Web servers, 360–362 GML (Generalized Markup Language), 72 Harley Davidson, 254–255 Go.com, 196 Harry and David, 116 Godin, Seth, 190 Harvard Business Review, 241 Godiva, 116 Harvard University, 261, 307, 321 GoIndustry Dove Bid, 284 hash algorithm, 466, 472–473 The Golf Classifieds, 123 hash coding, 466 Gollent, Manfred, 544–545 hash value, 466 HBO, 132 Google, 3, 121, 184, 185, 200, 202, 203, 265, 268, 269 HDSL (high-speed DSL connection), 88 Google AdWords, 202, 203 Hello Kitty, 345 Google Answers, 270 Hewlett-Packard, 64, 111, 226, 343, 379 Google Chrome, 68, 445 HHI ( Hal’s Hardware, Inc.), 47–49 Google Directory of Web Host Directories, Hickory Farms, 116 397–398 hierarchical business organizations, 21 Gordon Brothers Group, 284 hierarchical hyperlink structure, 77 Gothamist, 266 high-speed DSL ( HDSL) connection, 88 Goto.com, 3 History Channel, 172 government HitExchange, 183 electronic security, 454–455 Home Depot, 48, 166 issues in electronic commerce, 38–40 HomeGrocer, 19 GPS (global positioning satellite technology), home page, 77 224, 274 Honeywell (AlliedSignal), 530 graffiti, 321 Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of New Graham-Cumming, John, 368 Jersey, 331 Grainger.com, 7, 223 HostCompare.com, 537 Grameen Bank, 270 HotBot, 2 graphical user interface (GUI), 60 Hotel Discount Reservations, 125 graphics, 449–450 Hotels.com, 125 GreatDomains, 206 Hotmail, 69 Grocery Gateway, 19 hot spots, 92 group purchasing site, 283 HowStuffWorks, 119 group shopping site, 283 HREF (hypertext reference property), 78–79 GSN.com, 133 HTC, 273 gTLDs (generic top-level domains), 67 HTML ( Hypertext Markup Language), 59, 96 GUI (graphical user interface), 60 country list data as it appears in a Web Gump’s, 196 browser, 81 Gupta, Yash, 102–103 country list data with tags, 80 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User editors, 84–85 Idealab, 545, 555–557 610 linear versus nonlinear paths through identity theft, 518–520 documents, 77 Identity Theft Resource Center, 331 links, 77–79 IEEE, 91 tags, 73–79 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), HTML Editing and Web Page Design 66 Programs, 85 IIS (Microsoft Internet Information Server), HTML extensions, 73 362, 454–455 HTTP ( Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 69 ILOVEYOU virus, 450 The Huffington Post, 119 IMAP (Interactive Mail Access Protocol), 70 Hulu, 132 IMAP connection, 70 human resource activities, 30 implied contract, 309 Human Rights Watch, 38 implied warranty, 311–312 Hurricane Katrina, 228 impression, 187 hyperlinks, 60, 190 IMU (interactive marketing unit ad hypertext, 59 formats), 182 development, 59–60 income taxes, 336 graphical interfaces, 60 incubators, 545 hypertext elements, 72 independent exchanges, 247 hypertext link, 60 independent industry marketplaces, 247 Hypertext Markup Language ( HTML), 59, 96 index, 199–200 country list data as it appears in a Web indexing, 377 browser, 81 indirect connection EDI, 237–238 country list data with tags, 80 indirect materials, 222 linear versus nonlinear paths through Industrial Revolution, 10 documents, 77 industry, 28 links, 77–79 industry consortia-sponsored marketplace, 250 tags, 73–79 industry marketplaces, 247 Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP), 356, 410 industry value chain, 30, 31 hypertext reference ( HREF) property, 78–79 information dissemination, 169 hypertext server, 59 Information Security Policy World, 443 Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP), 69 information technology (IT ), 399 InformationWeek/Accenture, 327 Infosecurity.com, 482 I InfoSpace, 502 Ingersoll-Rand Club Car Division, 431–432 i2 Technologies, 425 initial public offering (IPO), 538 IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), 182, Inovis, 238 189 Inside Supply Management, 222 IAPs (Internet access providers), 87 Institute for Supply Management (ISM), 222 IBM, 4, 248, 285, 353, 419–420, 421–423, 427 Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA), IBM Tivoli Systems, 409 189 I Can Has Cheezburger, 268 Insurance.com, 128 ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned insurance industry, 108–109, 128, 226 Names and Numbers), 67, 206 InsWeb, 128 ICANN UDRP Proceedings, 321 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), ICANNWATCH, 68 87 Ice.com, 266 integrity threats, 462 idea-based networking, 267 integrity violation, 472 idea-based virtual communities, 267 intellectual capital, 542 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User intellectual property rights, 12, 315 Internet hosts, 58 611 use and protection in online business, Internet Protocol (IP), 64 315–325 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), 65 intentional tort, 306 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), 66 Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB), 182, 189 Internet Public Library Newspapers Interactive Mail Access Protocol (IMAP), 70 Collection, 121 interactive marketing unit (IMU) ad formats, InternetSecure, 501 182 Internet Security Alliance, 482 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 336–337 Internet Service Providers (ISPs), 58, 87, 96, internal virtual communities, 271 397 international electronic commerce, 34–42, Internet Worm of 1988, 475–476, 481 307. See also electronic commerce interoperability, 409 access, 53–54 interoperable software, 507 jurisdiction, 307 Intershop Enfinity, 419 parties’ involvement, 41 interstitial ad, 185–186 International Organization for Standardization Intranet, 85–86, 96 (ISO), 72 intrusion detection systems, 481 Internet. See also ARPANET; Web; World Intuit, 18 Wide Web IP (Internet Protocol), 64 access, 53–54 IPA (Institute of Practitioners in Advertising), banking industry and, 513–515 189 business communication modes, 151 IP address, 65, 65–66 censorship, 38 iPhone, 102, 272 commercial use, 57 iPlanet Enterprise Server, 362 connection options, 86–93 IPO (initial public offering), 538 cultural issues, 36–38 iPod, 317 design, 29 IP tunneling, 86 government issues, 38–40 IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4), 65 growth, 58–59 IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), 66 history, 56 IP wrapper, 86 language issues, 35–36 IRS (Internal Revenue Service), 336–337 legal jurisdiction, 305–307 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), 87 new uses, 56–57 ISM (Institute for Supply Management), 222 privatization, 58 ISO (International Organization for protocols, 64–70 Standardization), 72 qualities, 150 iSold It, 289 router-based architecture, 63 ISPs (Internet service providers), 58, 96, 397, technologies, 11 397 trust issues, 34–35 IT (information technology), 399 Internet2, 94, 94–95, 96 iTunes, 12, 131, 132 Internet access providers (IAPs), 87 Ivory Soap, 194, 195 Internet backbone, 63 Internet cash, 504 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 67, 206 J Internet EDI, 239 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 66, 375 Janet research network, 57 Internet Explorer, 457, 458. See Microsoft Java applets, 447–448 Internet Explorer Java sandbox, 448 Internet Governance Project, 68 JavaScript, 355, 356, 446, 447, 448 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Java Security Page, 448 issues in electronic commerce, 11, 35–36 612 JavaServerPages (JSP), 356, 410 scripting, 79 Java servlets, 356 Language Translation Services, 36 J.B. Hunt, 224 law of diminishing returns, 27 J.C. Penney, 117 Law on the Web, 134 JDA Software, 425, 426 Lawrence, Amy, 390–391 J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., 412 leaderboard ad, 182 J&R Music World, 111 leased line, 85 JSP (JavaServerPages), 356, 410 leased-line connections, 89–90 JSWS (Sun Java System Web Server), 362 Lee Jeans, 146 judicial comity, 307 legal environment Juicy Couture, 173 advertising regulation, 323–325 jurisdiction, 302 borders and jurisdiction, 301–302 in international commerce, 307 conflict of laws, 308 JustBeads.com, 282 contracting and contract enforcement, 308–314 culture and, 302 deceptive trade practices, 323 K defamation, 322 effects, 303 Kanoodle, 203 geographic boundaries, 304 Kayak, 121 jurisdiction in the Internet, 305–307 KCOM (KDD Communications), 507 legitimacy, 303–304 KDD Communications (KCOM), 507 notice, 304 key, 457 power, 302–303 Keynote Systems, 353, 537 LegalXML, 83 Kindle reader, 133 legislation Kiva, 270 Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Kleinschmidt, 238 Act, 344 KM (knowledge management software), British Parliament, 311 426–427 Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act, 513 Kmart, 116, 117 Children’s Internet Protection Act, 335 KMWorld, 226 Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act K-Net, 226 of 1998, 335 knowledge management, 226 Consumer Credit Protection Act, 498 knowledge management software (KM), Consumer Leasing Act of 1976, 300 426–427 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Knowledge Network, 226 of 1986, 330 Kokusai Denshin Denwa, 507 Regulation M, 300 Kozmo, 180 Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement, 338 Telecommunications Act of 1996, 101 Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement L Act, 326 U.S. Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection The Ladders, 122 Act, 319 LAN (local area network), 62 U.S. CAN-SPAM law, 371–374 Lands’ End, 115, 352–354 U.S. Constitution Commerce Clause, 308 language. See also markup languages legitimacy, 304 advertising and, 37 Leonhardt, Ted, 196 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User LetsBuyIt.com, 283 mail bomb, 476 613 Level 3, 476 mailing list, 56–57 Levchin, Max, 493–494 maintenance, repair, and operating (MRO) Levi Strauss & Company, 138 supplies, 223 Lexis.com, 117 Malaga, Michael, 88–89 LexisNexis, 117 mall-style commerce service providers, life-cycle segmentation, 177, 178 416–417 “limited time” element, 396 managed service providers (MSPs), 397 linear hyperlink structure, 77 Mandriva, 360 link checker, 378 man-in-the-middle exploit, 442 link-checking utilities, 378 manufacturing, 29 LinkedIn, 265 many-to-many communications, 153 LinkReferral, 183 many-to-one communication model, 153 link rot, 378 marketing, on the Web, 163–216. See also LinkShare, 198 advertising Linux, 360 advertising, 181–189 LinxCop, 378 brands on the Web, 194–199 liquidation brokers, 283 communication with different market The List, 397 segments, 168–173 Literary Machines ( Nelson), 59 customer-based marketing strategies, L.L. Bean, 115 167–168 load-balancing switch, 383, 384 customer behavior and relationship local area network (LAN), 62 intensity, 174–181 localization, 36 customer’s choice, 173 localized advertising, 204 e-mail marketing, 189–191 lock-in effect, 281 four Ps, 165–166 log file, 378 marketing failures, 180 logical security, 440 market segmentation, 171–173 Lonely Planet, 156–157 online marketing manager, 550–551 long-arm statutes, 306 overview, 163–165 LookSmart, 202 product-based marketing strategies, 166–167 Los Angeles Times, 282 search engine positioning and domain Louçã, Francisco, 10–11 names, 199–206 “love bug” virus, 450 strategies, 165–168 Lowe’s, 48 successful, 193 luxury goods industry, 114–115 technology-enabled customer relationship Lycos, 2, 200 management, 191–194 viral marketing strategies, 198–199 marketing channel, 111 marketing mix, 165 M marketing strategy, 165 markets, 21, 29 Ma, Jack, 292–294 hierarchies, 24–25 machine translation, 36 segmentation, 171–173 macro virus, 450 marketspace, 192 Macy’s, 196 markup languages, 71–85. See also HTML magazine industry, 121–122 ( Hypertext Markup Language) ad rates, 188 development, 71–72 online editions, 124 markup tags, 71 magnetic strip cards, 511 Martindale.com, 134 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User masquerading, 462 Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), 614 mass media, 150, 151 362, 454–455 MasterCard, 497 Microsoft.NET Passport, 510 MasterCard International (Europay), 499 Microsoft Outlook, 69, 69 Materials Equipment, Inc. (MEI), 487–488 Microsoft Project, 547 Matsushita Electric, 545 Microsoft SharePoint, 427 Maytag, 138, 148–149, 194 Microsoft Windows, 60 McAfee, 454 Microsoft Windows Live ID, 510 McAfee Virus Information, 454 middleware, 409 McCool, Rob, 362 Millicent, 503 MCI Mail, 57 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail McKinsey & Company, 176 Extensions), 70 McMaster-Carr, 223 Mindcraft, 380 m-commerce, 12, 93. See also mobile minimum bid, 275 commerce minimum bid increment, 279 meetups, 266 mixed-revenue social network sites, MEI (Materials Equipment, Inc.), 487–488 269–270 Mercata, 283 MMB (Montana Mountain Biking), MercExchange, 318 212–213 merchandising, 15 mobile banking, 515 merchant accounts, 500 mobile commerce, 12, 93, 271–274 merchant bank, 500 future of, 273–274 Merchant Warehouse, 501 mobile operating systems and applications, Mercury Technologies, 343 271–273 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, mobile operating systems and applications, 137 271–273 Merrill Lynch, 128, 412 mobile phones, 54, 271. See also mobile message digest, 472–473 commerce MessageLabs, 371 Internet-capable, 55 metalanguage, 71 mobile wallets, 272 MetalSite, 248 models metrics, 534, 535 advertising-subscription mixed revenue Michaels Photography Studio, 39 model, 123 Michelin North America, 246 advertising-subscription mixed revenue microlending sites, 270 models, 123–124 micromarketing, 171 advertising-supported revenue models, Micron Electronics, 299 118–123 Micron Technology, 299, 300 advertising-supported to advertising- MicroPatent, 327 subscription mixed model, 135–136 MicroPlace, 270 advertising-supported to fee-for-services Microsoft, 131, 248, 262, 268, 269, 420 model, 136 case example, 387–390 advertising-supported to subscription model, server products, 360 136–137 Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP), 410 business, 14 Microsoft Component Object Model (COM), customer loyalty, 177–179 410 digital content revenue model, 117 Microsoft Internet Explorer, 60, 61, 68, 354, digital content subscription revenue models, 445 117–118 country list data marked up with tags as it fee-for-service revenue models, 133–134 would appear in Internet Explorer, 83 fee-for-transaction revenue model, 125 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User fee-for-transaction revenue models, My Conversation with Jeff Bezos, 318 615 125–133 MySpace, 265, 268, 328, 334 free for many, fee for a few, 134–135 MySQL, 408 funnel, 180–181 My Tool Store, 48 information dissemination, 169 My Virtual Model, 115, 353 many-to-one communication model, 153 network model of economic organization in purchasing, 228–229 N personal contact model, 150 revenue, 14, 108–162, 268–271 NACHA—The Electronic Payments statistical, 193 Association, 501 subscription to advertising-supported model, naïve Bayesian filter, 368, 369, 370 135 Nakagawa, Eric, 268 virtual, 115 name changing, 319 Web catalog revenue models, 110–117 name stealing, 321 modems, 88 NAPs (network access points), 58 Mondomix MP3, 131 Napster, 131, 317 monetizing, 270 NAT ( Network Address Translation), 66 money laundering, 506 National Association of Purchasing Monster.com, 122 Management, 222 Montana Mountain Biking (MMB), 212–213 National Center for Supercomputing Montgomery Ward, 110 Applications (NCSA), 362 Moodle, 267 National Conference of State Legislatures, 338 The Moose Hut (TMH), 525 National Governor’s Association, 338 MorganStanley, 128 National Science Foundation ( NSF), 57 mortgage industry, 129–130k Nationwide Building Society, 412 Mosaic, 60 NBC, 132 The Motley Fool, 270 NCP (Network Control Protocol), 64 Motorola, 222, 273 NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing movie industry, 131–132 Applications), 362 Mozilla Firefox, 60, 61, 68, 354, 445 necessity, 441 Mozilla Foundation, 73 necessity threats, 463 Mozilla Thunderbird, 69, 69 negligent tort, 306 MRO (maintenance, repair, and operating Neiman Marcus, 196 supplies), 223 Nelson, Ted, 59 Mrs. Fields Cookies, 116 net bandwidth, 87 MSN, 200, 267, 268 NetBank, 514 MSN Autos, 127 NetCoin Center, 507 MSN Games, 133 Netcraft, 361, 362 MSN Money, 412 Netcraft Survey, 361 MSN Music, 131 Netflix, 132 MSPs (managed service providers), 397 NetMechanic, 379 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Netscape Communications, 60, 469 (MIME), 70 Netscape Enterprise Server, 362 multivector virus, 450 Netscape Navigator Web browser program, Musicians Buy-Line, 123 60–61 music industry, 114, 317, 320–321 network access points ( NAPs), 58 online, 130–131 Network Address Translation ( NAT ), 66 Musicland, 114 NetworkControl Protocol ( NCP), 64 my.ca.gov, 227 Network Economics, 229 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User network economic structure, 26 Omniture, 446 616 network effect, 27–28 one-to-many communication model, 151 network operations, 551 one-to-one communication, 152, 152 network organizations, 26–27 one-to-one marketing, 173 Newark.com, 224 one-way functions, 472 Newmark, Craig, 267 online advertising, 12, 119 The New Pioneers (Petzinger), 27 online auctions, 274–289 NewsCorp, 268, 269 auction-related services, 286–289 newsgroups, 57 basics, 274–278 newspaper industry, 121–122, 329, 540 related businesses and, 278–286 ad rates, 188 online banking, 129–130 online editions, 124 online community, 263 The New Yorker, 34 Online Companion link, 182, 191, 333, 454, The New York Post, 203 458, 513 The New York Review of Books, 152 online games, 133 New York State Citizen Guide, 228 online grocers, 19 New York Stock Exchange, 277 online marketing manager, 550–551 The New York Times, 123, 124, 329, 449 online payment systems, 493–527 The New York Times Book Review, 151 criminal activity, 515–520 nexus, 336 electronic cash, 502–508 Nick Jr., 345 electronic wallets, 509–511 Nielsen, Jakob, 149 Internet technologies and the banking Nielsen/NetRatings, 200 industry, 513–515 Nielsen Online, 268 overview, 493–495 Nigerian scam, 326 payment basics, 495–497 Nine West, 115 payment cards, 497–502 Nissan Computer, Nissan Motor Company, stored-value cards, 511–512 343–344 Online Publishers Association, 189 Nobel Peace Prize, 270 online sale, 310 Nobel Prize in Economics, 277 ontology, 94 Nokia, 54, 273 open auction, 275 nonrepudiation, 239 open EDI, 239 Nordisk Aviation, 544–545 open loop systems, 499 Northern Light, 136–137 OpenMarket software, 422 NorthPoint Communications, 88–89 open-outcry auction, 275, 278 not-for-profit organizations, 142–144 open-outcry double auctions, 277 NSF ( National Science Foundation), 57 Open Source Initiative, 267 n-tier architectures, 360 open source software, 267 NTT DoCoMo, 271–272 Open Text Corporation, 426 Open Workbench, 547 O Opera, 73, 445 operating systems, for Web servers, 360 Obama, Barack (President), 438 opportunity cost, 536 occasion segmentation, 174 opt-in e-mail, 190, 332 Octopus, 512 opt-out approach, 332 offer, 308 Oracle, 248, 410 Office Depot, 224 Oracle Primavera P6, 547 Old Metamora, 294–295 Oracle Siebel CRM Applications, 423 Olim, Jason, 114 “Orange Book” ( Trusted Computer System Olim, Matthew, 114 Evaluation Criteria), 440 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Orbitz, 125, 126 PayPal, 261–262, 281, 494, 507, 508, 516 617 O’Reilly, Tim, 318 pay-per-click model, 198 organized crime, 519 pay-per-conversion model, 198 Orkut, 265 p-cards, 223 orphan file, 378 PC Week, 333 Outlet Tool Supply, 48 PDF (Adobe Portable Document Format), outsourcing, 542 158–159 component, 543–544 PDG Software, 406 early, 543 Peapod, 19 internal development versus, 542–545 peer-to-peer (P2P) payment system, 507 late, 543 Pegasus Mail, 69, 69 methods for implementing partial, 545–546 Peppers, Don, 190 partial, 543–544 Pepsi, 37, 140, 319 Overstock Auctions, 281 Performics, 198 Overstock.com, 116, 281 perimeter expansion, 481 Overture, 202, 203 permission marketing, 190 Ovid, 118 Permission Marketing (Godin and Peppers), Owens Corning, 284 190 Oxfam, 210–212 per se defamation, 322 persistent cookies, 444 Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, 210–211 personal area networks (PANs), 91 personal contact model, 150 personal firewalls, 481 personal jurisdiction, 305 P personal shopper, 115 P2P peer-to-peer payment system, 507 PETCO, 21 Pace Law School CISG Database, 311 PetFoodDirect.com, 21 packet-filter firewalls, 480 Pets.com, 20–21 packets, 62 Petzinger, Thomas, 27 packet-switched networks, 62–63 Pew Charitable Trusts, 9–10 Page, Lawrence, 3 Pew Internet, 9–10 page-based application systems, 410 PFI (Portable Fun Instruments), 102–103 page view, 187 PGP (Pretty Good Privacy), 466 paid placement, 200 PGP Corporation, 466 Palm Pre, 272, 273 PGP International, 466 Palm Pre Applications, 273 pharming attack, 520 PANs (personal area networks), 91 Philips Lighting, 534 Paramount, 132 phishing Passport, 510 attacks, 515–518 passwords, 475, 478–479 countermeasures, 520 patents, 318 expeditions, 462 Pay.gov, 226–227 PHP ( Hypertext Preprocessor), 356, 410 payment cards, 497–502 physical security, 440 advantages and disadvantages, 498 piconets, 91 payment acceptance and processing, Pilot Network Services, 477–478 499–502 Ping, 375 processing, 501–502 Ping Internet Groper, 375 Payment Online, 496 place, 166 payment processing service providers, 501 plagiarism, 316 payment systems, 493–527 plain old telephone service (POTS), 87 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User plain text, 465 Project Management Institute, 548 618 plug-ins, 449–450 project manager, 549 point-of-sale (POS), 464 project portfolio management, 548 POP (Post Office Protocol), 69–70, 369 project portfolio manager, 549 pop-behind ad, 185 Promethean Software Services, 238 POPFile, 368–369, 370 promotion, 167 pop-up ad, 185 property taxes, 336 Portable Document Format (PDF), 158–159 proprietary architecture, 64 Portable Fun Instruments (PFI), 102–103 ProQuest, 118, 136 portals, 120, 247–251 prospecting, 150 Porter, Michael, 14, 28 protocols. See Internet, protocols POS (wireless point-of-sale), 464 Provide Commerce, 165 postaudit review, 551–552 proxy bid, 279 postimplementation audits, 551–552 proxy server firewalls, 480 Post Office Protocol (POP), 69–70, 369 Prudential, 129 POTS (plain old telephone service), 87 psychographic segmentation, 171–172 Pottery Barn, 164 public key, 466 Powell’s Books, 114 public-key encryption, 466 power, 302 public marketplaces, 247 Pretty Good Privacy (PGP), 466 public network, 85 price, 166 purchasing. See also procurement Price, T. Rowe, 148–149 activities, 220–222 Priceline.com, 283, 318 direct versus indirect materials, 222–224 PriceSCAN, 287 logistics activities, 224 Price Watch, 287 network model of economic organization, primary activities, 28 228–229 privacy, 460 paper-based process, 232–234 Privacy Council, 460 process, 221 Privacy Rights Advocacy Groups, 333 support activities, 225–226 privacy rights and obligations, 330–334 purchasing cards, 223 private company marketplace, 250 pure dot-com businesses, 4 Private IP addresses, 66 Python, 356 private key, 466 private-key encryption, 467 private network, 85 Q private store, 249 private valuations, 275 QQ.com, 361 PRIZM, 178–179 Qualcomm Eudora, 369 Procter & Gamble, 195, 204 Quotesmith, 128 procurement, 5, 29. See also purchasing Prodigy, 263 product, 165–166 product disparagement, 322 R professional services, 133–134 Proflowers.com, 116, 165, 198 racketeering, 519 ProgrammableWeb, 415 radio, ad rates, 188 programming languages, 356 Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFIDs), Progressive, 108–109, 128 11, 244 ProHosting.com, 415 Radio Shack, 111 project management, 547–548 Random Walk Shoes, 390–391 software, 547 RapidSSL.com, 457 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User rational branding, 196 free for many, fee for a few, 134–135 619 Raytheon, 285 history, 110–111 RDF (resource description framework), 94 legal content, 117 RealAge, 134 multiple transitions, 137 RealArcade, 133 revenue strategy issues, 138–139 real estate industry, 129 for social networking sites, 268–271 RealNetworks, 449 subscription to advertising-supported Realtor.com, 129 model, 135 recession, of 2008–2009, 9 technical content, 118 recording industry, 130–131 in transition, 135–137 RedEnvelope, 164, 165 reverse auctions, 277, 278 Red Hat, 360 reverse bid, 282 Regulation M, 300 reverse link checker, 378 reintermediation, 125 RFID Journal, 245 remote server administration, 379 RFIDs (Radio Frequency Identification repeaters, 92 Devices), 11, 244 repeat visits, 187 Rhapsody, 131 replenishment purchasing, 222 Rich media ads, 186 Representational State Transfer (REST ), rich media objects, 182 414–415 right of publicity, 315 request headers, 358 RIM (Research in Motion), 54 request message, 358 RIPE (Reséaux IP Européens), 65 Research in Motion (RIM), 54 risk management, 440–441 Reséaux IP Européens (RIPE), 65 roaming, 92 resource description framework (RDF), 94 robot, 199 response header field, 359 robotic network, 447 response header line, 358–359 Roebuck, Alvah, 110 response message, 358 ROI (return on investment), 539–541 response time, 380 RosettaNet, 83 REST (Representational State Transfer), Ross-Dove Company, 284 414–415 router computers, 62 restaurant industry, 174 router-based architecture, 63 RESTful applications, 414 routers, 62 RESTful design, 414 routiners, 176 RestWiki, 415 routing algorithms, 62 retailers, 111–113. See also specific industry routing computers, 62 retained customers, 179 routing tables, 62 retention costs, 179 Roxio, 317 return on investment (ROI), 539–541 Ruby on Rails, 356 Return Path, 190 Ryder System, 224 revenue models, 14, 108–162 academic research content, 118 advertising-supported to advertising- S subscription mixed model, 135–136 advertising-supported to subscription Sabre Holdings, 167–168 model, 136–137 Sabre Travel Network, 125 business content, 118 Safeway, 19 digital content subscription revenue SalesCart, 404, 405 models, 117–118 Salesforce.com, 424 fee-for-service, 133–134 Salon.com, 263 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Salon.com, 135–136 ensuring transaction integrity with digital 620 Sam Goody, 114 signatures, 473–474 Sanriotown, 335 ensuring transaction integrity with hash SANS Institute, 482 functions, 472–473 SANS Internet Storm Center, 482 history, 439–440 SAP, 248, 410 of online cash, 504–505 SAP CRM, 423 organizations that promote, 481–482 SBU (strategic business unit), 25 overview, 437–438 scalable hosting services, 399 policy and integrated security, 442–444 Schneider National, 224 risk management, 440–441 SciQuest, 247 for server computers, 474–481 SCM (supply chain management) software, security policy, 442–444 400, 425–426 segmentation SCO Group, 360 acquisition, conversion, and retention Scottrade Mobile, 273 of customers, 179–180 Scrip, 496 customer relationship intensity and life-cycle scripting, 79 segmentation, 177–179 scripting languages, 446 market, 171–173 sealed-bid auctions, 276, 278 using customer behavior, 174–177 search engine optimization, 200 self-hosting, 397 search engine placement, 200 seller-bid auctions, 277, 278 search engine placement brokers, 202 Semantic Web, 94, 94–95 search engine positioning, 200 separation, 177 search engines, 3 server, 357 algorithms, 3 server architectures, 357–360 paid inclusion and placement, 200–204 server farms, 381 positioning and domain names, 199–206 server-level filtering, 366 Web directories and, 199–200 server-side electronic wallet, 509 Search Engine Watch, 202 server-side scripting, 356 searching, 377 server software, 357 search term sponsorship, 200 service, 30 search utility, 200 service mark, 319 Sears, Richard, 110 session cookies, 444 Sears, Roebuck & Company, 110, 117, SGML (Standard Generalized Markup 166–167, 352 Language), 71 second-price sealed-bid auctions, 276–277, ShadowSurf.com, 461 278 shared hosting, 397 secrecy, 441 Shari’s Berries, 165 secrecy threats, 460–461 shill bidders, 275 secure envelope, 472 shipping profile, 16 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 499 Shneiderman, Ben, 149 Secure Sockets Layer-Extended Validation shoppers, 175–176 (SSL-EV ) digital certificate, 457 group shopping sites, 283–284 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) system, 469–472 Web sites, 267 security, 437–491 shopping cart, 175, 402–406 for client computers, 444–459 ShopSite, 406 communication channel, 459–474 short message service (SMS), 93, 271 computer forensics and ethical hacking, 482 shrink-wrap contract acceptance, 311 elements of, 441–442 Shriver, Betty, 294–295 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User signature, 311 ad-blocking, 185 621 signed message, 455 advanced functions, 408–415 Silicon Graphics, 60 agents, 94 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 69 antivirus, 450–455 Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), Apache, 353 413–414 application, 273 simplifiers, 176 auction, 287–288 Singapore Government Online, 227 basic functions, 399–408 single sign-in service (SSI), 510 content management, 426 Singleton, Jerry, 212–213 customer relationship management, 423–425 single-use cards, 497–498 data analysis, 378 site map, 78 database management, 408 site sponsorships, 186–187 Digital Rights Management, 131 Six Degrees, 264 e-mail client, 69 Skandia Group, 542–543 enterprise-class, 421 skyscraper ad, 182 enterprise resource planning packages, 410 Slate Magazine, 135 e-procurement, 249 small payments, 503 interoperable, 507 Smart Card Alliance, 512 knowledge management, 426–427 smart cards, 511–512 for large businesses, 421–427 smart phones, 12, 272 for midsize to large businesses, 418–420 SmithBarney, 128 OpenMarket, 422 Smithsonian Folkways, 131 open source, 267 SMS (short message service), 93, 271 overview, 395–396 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 69 project management, 547 sniffer programs, 460 for small and midsize companies, 415–418 snipe, 287 sniping, 287 sniping software, 287 supply chain management, 425–426 SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol), Web client, 68 413–414 Web hosting alternatives, 397–399 social networking administrator, 550 Web server, 68–69 social networking site, 264 for Web servers, 360–362 social networks, 262–271 software agents, 94 advertising-supported sites, 268–269 Sohu.com, 39 early Web communities, 263–264 Solaris, 360 fee-based, 270 Solar Turbines, 285 internal virtual communities, 271 SoniCode, 321 microlending sites, 270 Sony, 132, 285 mixed-revenue and fee-for-service, 269–270 Sotheby’s, 274, 281 revenue models, 268–271 spam, 70, 364–365 in the second wave of online communities, legal solutions, 371–374 264–268 solutions, 365–375 virtual communities, 263 technical solutions, 374–375 web logs (blogs), 266–267 Spam and Open Relay Blocking System, 366 Web sites, 265 Spamhaus Project, 366 social shopping, 267 spear phishing, 517 Society of American Travel Writers Silver spend, 222 Award, 157 spider, 199 Softbank, 38 sponsored top-level domains (sTLDs), 67 software, 395–435 sponsorships, 186–187, 200 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User spoofing, 462 StubHub, 129 622 sports industry, 172 style sheets, 79 sportsters, 176 subject-matter jurisdiction, 305 spot market, 222 subnetting, 66 spot purchasing, 222 subscriptions SPS Commerce, 238 advertising-subscription mixed revenue Square Trade, 286 models, 123–124 SRI International, 56 advertising-supported to advertising- SSI (single sign-in service), 510 subscription mixed model, 135–136 SSL (Secure Sockets Layer system), 469–472, advertising-supported to subscription 499 model, 136–137 SSL-EV (Secure Sockets Layer-Extended Britannica Book of the Year, 137 Validation digital certificate), 457 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, SSUTA (Streamlined Sales and Use Tax 137 Agreement), 338 subscription to advertising-supported model, stakeholders, 139–140 135 Standard Generalized Markup Language Sullivan, Danny, 202 (SGML), 71 Sumner, Gordon (Sting), 320–321 Standard Performance Evaluation Sun Computer, 64, 353, 360, 379 Corporation, 380 Sun Java System Web Server (JSWS), 362 Staples, 166, 224 Sun Microsystems, 111, 447–448 start page, 77 Sun ONE, 362 Starz, 132 supply alliances, 241 State Farm Insurance, 128 Supply Chain Council, 241 state government, 432–433 supply chain management, 220 stateless connection, 444 building and maintaining trust, 246–247 static catalog, 400 characteristics, 285 Station.com, 133 consumer orientation and, 246 statistical modeling, 193 efficiency, 242–243 Statute of Frauds, 311 using Internet technologies, 240–247 statutory law, 319 value creation, 240–242 steel manufacturing industry, 248 supply chain management (SCM) software, 400, steganography, 458 425–426 Sterling Commerce, 238 supply management, 5 Steve Madden, 115 supply web, 229 stickiness, 119 supporting activities, 28, 30 Sting, 320–321 surfers, 176 sTLDs (sponsored top-level domains), 67 SuSE Linux Enterprise, 360 stockbrokers, 127–128 SWOT analysis, 32 stockout, 245 opportunities, 32, 33 stored-value cards, 511–512 strengths, 32, 33 magnetic strip cards, 511 threats, 32, 33 smart cards, 511–512 weaknesses, 32, 33 Storm, 451 Symantec, 454 strategic alliances, 26 Symantec Security Response, 454 strategic business unit (SBU), 25 Symbian Foundation, 273 strategic partners, 26 SymbianGear, 273 strategic partnerships, 26 symmetric connections, 87 Streamlined Sales and Use Tax Agreement symmetric encryption, 467 (SSUTA), 338 systems administrator, 551 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User threats, 440 T buffer overrun/overflow, 475–476 623 Talbots, 115, 173 database, 475 Taobao.com, 293, 307 integrity, 462 Target, 46, 116, 117 mail bomb, 476 tariff, 338 necessity, 463 taxation, 336–339 to the physical security of Internet European Union value added taxes, 339 communications channels, 463 import tariffs, 338–339 to the physical security of Web servers, nexus, 336 476–478 U.S. income taxes, 336–337 secrecy, 460–461 U.S. state sales taxes, 337–338 Web server, 474–475 TCO (total cost of ownership), 536 to wireless networks, 464 TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol), 64 three-tier architecture, 359 TCP/IP, 64, 64–65 throughput, 380 TD Ameritrade, 128 Ticketmaster, 129 TechCrunch, 267 Tickets.com, 129 technology TicketsNow, 129 development, 30 TicketWeb, 129 infrastructure, 53–106 tier-three suppliers, 241 technical content, 118 tier-two suppliers, 241 technology-enabled customer relationship Tiffany & Co., 195, 196 management, 191–194 Time Warner, 60, 331, 375 technology-enabled customer relationship TLD (top-level domain), 67 management, 191 TMH ( The Moose Hut), 525 technology-enabled relationship management, Tohan, 38 191 Tomlinson, Ray, 56 teergrubing, 374 Tool Crib, 48 Telecommunications Act of 1996, 101 top-level domain ( TLD), 67 telecommuting, 7 Top Ten Web Design Mistakes of 2005, 146 television tort, 305 ad rates, 188 ToS (terms of service agreement), 313, 314 advertising, 172 total cost of ownership ( TCO), 536 telework, 7 touchpoint consistency, 177 Telnet, 377 touchpoints, 177 Telnet protocol, 377 Tower Records, 114 Tereshchuk, Myron, 327 Toys R Us, 46, 47, 139 terms of service agreement ( ToS), 313, 314 Trace Center, 145 terrorism, online, 328 TRACE RouTe, 375–376 Tesco, 19 Tracert, 375–376 text ads, 184–185 trademark, 319 text markup language, 71 protection, 303 Thaler, William, 275–276 trademark dilution, 323 Thawte, 457 trade name, 319 Theglobe.com, 264 trading partners, 8 Theil, Peter, 262 transaction, 6 TheStreet.com, 270 transaction costs, 22 third-generation (3G) mobile phones, 93 electronic commerce to reduce, 25–26 third-party cookies, 444–445 transaction processing, 407–408 third-party logistics (3PL) provider, 224 transaction taxes, 336 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User transceivers, 92 Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), 310 624 translation. See language Uniform Domain Name Dispute Resolution TransLink, 512 Policy (UDRP), 319 Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP), 64 Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 69 travel industry, 121, 125–127 United Nations, 303 awards, 157 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the Travelocity, 125 International Sale of Goods (CISG), 311 TreasuryDirect, 227 United Nations Economic Commission for Treo phones, 54 Europe, 231–232 trial visit, 187 United States Tribe.net, 265 import tariffs, 338–339 trigger words, 175 income taxes, 336–337 Triple Data Encryption Standard ( Triple DES; state sales taxes, 337–338 3DES), 467 Universal, 132 Triple DES (Triple Data Encryption Standard), Universal Description, Discovery, and 467 Integration Specification (UDDI), 413, 414 Tripod, 264 University Microfilms International (UMI), 118 Trojan horse, 447, 451, 452–454 University of California trust, 169–171 at Berkeley, 229 issues in electronic commerce, 34–35 at Los Angeles, 56 in the supply chain, 246–247 at Santa Barbara, 56 Trusted Computer System Evaluation University of Illinois, 60, 362, 493 Criteria (“Orange Book”), 440 University of Maryland Human-Computer TurboTax, 18 Interaction Lab, 149 TV.com, 132 University of North Carolina, 57 tweets, 265 University of Texas Crash Course in Twitter, 265, 267 Copyright, 316 two-tier client/server architecture, 358 University of Utah, 56 typosquatting, 319 UNIX operating system, 353 Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (UIGEA), 326 U unsolicited commercial e-mail (UCE), 70 untrusted Java applets, 448 UCC (Uniform Commercial Code), 310 upload bandwidth, 87 UCE (unsolicited commercial e-mail), 70 uPortal, 267 UCLA Online Institute for Cyberspace Law UPS, 224 and Policy, 307 upstream bandwidth, 87 Uclue, 270 upstream strategies, 532 UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Urchin from Google, 378 Integration Specification), 413, 414 URL (Uniform Resource Locator), 69 UDRP (Uniform Domain Name Dispute URL brokers and registrars, 206 Resolution Policy), 319 U.S. Anticybersquatting Consumer UIGEA (Unlawful Internet Gambling Protection Act, 319 Enforcement Act), 326 U.S. CAN-SPAM law, 371–374 ultimate consumer orientation, 246 U.S. Commercial Service, 42 ultra wideband (UWB), 90–91 U.S. Congress, 335 UMI (University Microfilms International), U.S. Constitution Commerce Clause, 308, 315 118 U.S. Department of Defense, 56, 57, 440 UN/EDIFACT (EDI for Administration, U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Commerce, and Transport), 231–232 227, 328 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User U.S. Department of the Treasury, 326 vertical portals, 247 625 U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 299, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 273–274 323, 324, 372, 373 VetteFinders, 123 U.S. Navy, 284–285 vicarious copyright infringement, 317 U.S. Office of Scientific Research and Vickrey, William, 276–277 Development, 59 Vickrey auctions, 277, 278 U.S. Supreme Court, 308 video industry, 114 USA Auction Drop, 289 online, 131–132 usability testing, 148–149 viral marketing, 199 usage-based market segmentation, 174 virtual communities, 17, 263 USA Today, 540 internal, 271 Usenet (User’s News Network), 57, 263 virtual companies, 26 usernames, 478–479 virtual host, 380 User’s News Network (Usenet), 57, 263 virtual learning networks, 267 use tax, 338 virtual model, 115 utility programs, 375–379 virtual private network ( VPN), 86 indexing and searching, 377 virtual server, 380 UWB (ultra wideband), 90–91 Virtual Works, 343 Uzi Nissan, 343–344 viruses, 363, 450–455 Visa, 497 visit, 187 V VisualRoute, 376 voice-grade telephone connections, 87 VacationsToGo.com, 127 voice-over-IP ( VoIP), 101 value, perceived, 195 VoIP (voice-over-IP), 101 value-added networks ( VAN), 8, 236–239 Volkswagen of America, 141 disadvantages, 238 vortals, 247 Value Added Tax ( VAT ), 339 VPN (virtual private network), 86 value chains industry, 30–32 W strategic business unit, 28–30 ValueClick, 183 W3C ( World Wide Web Consortium), 72 value system, 30 W3C Getting Started with HTML, 76 ValueWeb, 415 W3C HTML 5, 73 VAN. See value-added networks W3C HTML Working Group, 72 Van Name, Mark, 333 W3C Semantic Web, 95 Vanorder, Gil, 343 W3C SOAP Page, 413 VAT ( Value Added Tax), 339 W3C Web Accessibility Initiative, 145 VBScript, 446 W3C Web Services Activity, 414 Vendio, 287 W3C XHTML Version 1.0 Specification, 72 Ventro, 247, 250 W3C XML Pages, 84 venture capitalists, 538 W. W. Grainger, 7, 223 Verance, 321 The Wall Street Journal, 27, 118, 123, 124, Vera Wang, 114 540 VerioSecurity Services, 476 Wal-Mart, 116, 245 VeriSign, 457 Walmart.com, 7, 46 Verizon, 89 case example, 116–117 Versace, 114 Walmart.com Music Downloads, 131 vertical integration, 24 Walt Disney, 132, 194 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User WANs (wide area networks), 62 access control and authentication, 478–479 626 WAP (wireless access point), 91, 464 basics, 354–360 WAP ( Wireless Application Protocol), 272 e-mail and, 363–375 warchalking, 464 hardware, 379–384 Ward, Aaron Montgomery, 110 hardware architectures, 380–384 wardrivers, 464 operating systems, 360 warfare, online, 328 percent of sites that use major Web server Warner Brothers, 132 software products, 361 warranties, 311–312 performance evaluation, 380 warranty disclaimer, 312 platform neutrality, 355 watermark, 321, 458 software, 68–69, 360–362 WaveHunters.com, 127 threats, 474–475, 476–478 Web, 55. See also Internet utility programs, 375–379 ad rates, 188 Web services, 411–415 creating an effective presence, 139–144 Web Services Description Language ( WSDL), designers, 79–80 413 growth, 60–61 Web site architecture, 407 history, 60–61 Website Garage, 379 identifying web presence goals, 140–142 Web sites markup languages, 71–85 animation, 146 matching site design to function, 141 costs, 536–537 nature of customer communication, customer-centric Web site design, 149–150 150–153 design, 37 not-for-profit organizations, 142–144 evolution of functions, 541 popularity and stickiness of leading growth, 61 sites, 269 hosting service features, 538 site development tools, 419–420 internal development versus outsourcing, usability, 144–150 542–545 Web 2.0, 12 methods for implementing partial Web APIs, 411 outsourcing, 545–546 Web browser, 60 rating electronic commerce Web sites, 148 Web browser software, 68 strategies for developing, 541–546 Web Bug FAQ, 446 trust and loyalty, 147–148 Web bugs, 446 usability testing, 148–149 Webby Awards, 149–150, 157 utility programs, 375–379 Web catalog revenue models, 110–117 visitors, 145–147 Web client computers, 68 WebSphere Commerce Professional, 419–420, Web client software, 68 421–423 Web community, 263 WebStone, 380 Web directors, search engines and, 199–200 WebTrends, 378 Web EDI, 239 WebVan, 19 WebGenie Software, 404 Web-wrap contract acceptance, 311 Web graphics designer, 550 WeddingChannel.com, 196–197 Web logs, 170, 266–267 WELL, 263, 267 WebMD, 134 Wells Fargo, 508 Web page, for a small electronic commerce site, We Love Etsy, 267 400, 401 WEP ( Wireless Encryption Protocol), 464 Web portals, 120, 267–268 Wescorp, 273 Web programmers, 550 Wet Seal, 115 Web servers, 59–60 Wheeler, Maureen, 156–157 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

Licensed to: iChapters User Wheeler, Tony, 156–157 XML (Extensible Markup Language), 71, 627 white hat hacker, 441 79–84, 96 white list spam filter, 366 country list data marked up with tags, 82 Whole Earth Review, 263 country list data marked up with tags as it wide area networks ( WANs), 62 would appear in Internet Explorer, 83 Wi-Fi (wireless Ethernet), 91, 91–92 requests for Web pages from a database, 84 Wikimedia Foundation, 269 XML parsers, 84 Williamson, Oliver, 24–25 XML vocabulary, 84 Williams-Sonoma, 164, 196 XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language), 84 WindowSecurity.com, 443 Windows Live HotMail, 196 Windows Mobile, 273 Winebid, 282 Y Wingspan Bank, 523 Yaga, 503 WIPO ( World Intellectual Property Yahoo!, 2, 3, 14, 38, 121, 190, 196, 200, 202, Organization), 319, 320 203, 264, 267, 269, 280 Wired Magazine, 134 Yahoo! Answers, 270 wireless access point ( WAP), 91, 464 Yahoo! Games, 67 Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP), 272 Yahoo! Mail, 69, 196 wireless connections, 90 Yahoo! Merchant Solutions, 415–416 Wireless Encryption Protocol ( WEP), 464 Yahoo! Mobile, 273 wireless Ethernet ( Wi-Fi), 91, 91–92 Yahoo! Music, 131 wireless networks, threats to, 464 Yahoo! Search Marketing, 3 wireless point-of-sale (POS), 464 Yahoo! Wallet, 510–511 wire transfers, 8 Yahoo! Web Directory, 315 World Intellectual Property Organization Yankee auctions, 275 ( WIPO), 319, 320 Yesmail, 190 World Wide Web. See Web Yodlee, 130, 139 World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C), 72 YouTube, 265, 268 worms, 450–455 YoYoDyne, 190 writing (contracts), 311 Yunus, Muhammad, 270 WSDL ( Web Services Description Language), 413 WSJ.com, 540 Z X Zappos, 47 Zhivago, Kristin, 149 Xanadu, 59 Zhivago Marketing Partners, 149 XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting zombie, 447 Language), 83 zombie farm, 447, 520 Xdrive Technologies, 136 ZoneAlarm, 481 XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Zotob, 451 Language), 72 Zuckerberg, Mark, 261 Index Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

CREDITS C HA P TE R 3 Figure 7-12 Courtesy of © Copyright 2009 Figure 3-4 Reprinted with permission of SANRIO CO., LTD Orbitz, LLC, Chicago, IL. © 2001–2009, Orbitz, LLC. All rights reserved Figure 3-5 Courtesy of © 2009 Volkswagen of CHAPTER 8 America, Inc. Figure 8-4 Courtesy of © Netcraft Ltd 2010. All Figure 3-6 Courtesy of © ACLU, 125 Broad Street, Rights Reserved (http://www.netcraft.com) 18th Floor New York, NY 10004. 2009 American Figure 8-10 Courtesy of © 1997–2009 Civil Liberties Union. Reprinted with permission Visualware Inc. All Rights Reserved of the American Civil Liberties Union Figures 3-7 Courtesy of © 2009 Lee Jeans, a CHAPTER 9 division of VF Jeanswear Limited Partnership Figure 9-1 Courtesy of © 2010 Google Figure 9-2 Courtesy of Copyright © TeakWood C HA P TE R 4 Patio Furniture. All Rights Reserved Figure 4-1 Courtesy of © 2003–2010 Sabre Inc. Figure 9-5 Courtesy of Copyright © 1995–2008 All rights reserved SalesCart™. All Rights Reserved Figure 4-13 Courtesy of © 2010 Google Figure 9-8 Reproduced with permission of Yahoo! Inc. © 2010 Yahoo! Inc. YAHOO! and C HA P TE R 5 the YAHOO! logo are registered trademarks of Figure 5-2 Courtesy of © 1994–2009 Yahoo! Inc. W. W. Grainger, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 9-11 © 2000–2010 salesforce.com, Inc. Figure 5-13 Courtesy of Moeller-Horcher. All rights reserved. Various trademarks Source: Metro held by their respective owners. C HA P TE R 6 Figure 6-6 Courtesy of © 1999–2010. Steiner CHAPTER 10 Associates LLC. All rights reserved Figure 10-3 and Figure 10-4 Courtesy of © 2010 Mozilla. All rights reserved C HA P TE R 7 Figure 7-6 Reproduced with permission of Yahoo! Inc. © 2010 Yahoo! Inc. YAHOO! and CHAPTER 11 the YAHOO! logo are registered trademarks of Figure 11-2 Courtesy of © 1997–2010. Payment Yahoo! Inc. Online, Inc. All rights reservedCopyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

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