9th Grade Chapter 9 Lesson 1

9 th Grade Chapter 9 Lesson 1 Pgs. 224-235 For student Use Only

Minerals
Study of Minerals
Minerals: inorganic (non-living) crystalline substances found naturally in the earth
Building blocks of soil
Vital to industry and society
Mineralogy is the study of minerals
Composition of Minerals:
Are NOT mixtures, but are elements or compounds with definite chemical structure

Minerals
Composition of Minerals:
Most common element in minerals: Oxygen (47%)
2 nd most common element: Silicon (28%)
3 rd most common element: Aluminum (3%)
Oceans contain minerals too
Sodium Chloride
Calcium Carbonate

Minerals
Types of Minerals:
Native Elements: substances that exist as a single naturally in the earth’s crust as a single, uncombined element
Halides: Compounds containing the halogens
Sulfides: minerals that contain sulfur (pyrite- fool’s gold is a sulfide)

Minerals
Types of Minerals:
Oxides: elements that contain oxygen
Carbonates: elements that contain carbonate ion
Silicates: largest group (92%) contain silicon
Ex. Quartz
Used for glass, computer chips, and silicone rubber
Structures of Minerals:
All minerals form crystals

Minerals
Structure of Minerals:
Crystal structure= geometric structures arranged by repeating three-dimensional patterns
Crystals- flat surfaces (called faces and defined edges)
Crystals of certain minerals have certain shapes
This is used in mineral identification
See page 227

Minerals
Identifying Minerals:
Surface color: some minerals have definitive color, some do not (can be changed by impurities)
Streak Color: some minerals leave distinctive marks on unglazed porcelain (powder left as mineral scrapes over plate)
Luster: the way light reflects off the surface of the mineral

Minerals
Hardness: the resistance to being scratched (use Mohs scale to determine level)
Cleavage: where the mineral will break repeatedly
Conchoidal Fracture- when broken looks like a smooth curved fracture
Specefic gravity: Minerals have different densities as compared to water

Minerals
Acid Test: carbonates and sulfides react when HCl is dropped on their surface
Special Properties:
Magnetic- some minerals are magnetic
Taste- some minerals have a taste (not the first method of ID)
Fluoresce- glow when exposed to UV light
Phosphorescent- glow after being exposed to UV light
Radioactivity- some minerals are radioactive

Minerals
Valuable Minerals:
Minerals can be mined and used by humans.
Used for:
Metals
Concrete
Jewelry
Works of Art

Minerals
Valuable Minerals:
Metals: Used for many substances
Ore- any mineral that contains a valuable metallic element
Other- copper, Iron, Aluminum, Nickel, Zinc, lead, tin, Uranium (fuel for reactors)
Precious Metals- Gold, Silver, Platinum

Minerals
Valuable Minerals:
Precious Stones- (rare, valuable)
Diamonds (hardest substance known to man), ruby, Corundum, sapphire, emerald, aquamarine
Semi-Precious Stones- (not as rare or as valuable)
Red Spinel, amethyst, zircon, tourmaline, opal, lapis lazuli, turquoise, chalcedony, jade

9th Grade Chapter 9 Lesson 1

by MRS.KDUNCAN

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