Presentation plumbing

FLEA 2010 REVIEW
UTILITIES

SANITARY AND
PLUMBING SYSTEMS

Introduction
PLUMBING
P Is the art and technique of installing pipes,
L fixtures & other apparatuses in buildings &
for bringing the supply, liquids, substances
U &/or ingredients & removing them;
M from the Latin plumbum for lead as pipes
B were once made from lead.
I refers to a system of pipes and fixtures
installed in a building for the distribution
N of potable water and the removal of
G waterborne wastes.

Introduction - history
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
P Birth of plumbing profession traced back to the 17th century

L
as Spaniards established Walled City known as Intramuros
as a model community.

U In 1902, the PLUMBING TRADE was duly recognized by the
government.
M Master Plumber John F. Hass became the 1st Chief of Division
of Plumbing Construction and Construction. A plumbing code
B based on the Plumbing Code of the US was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.
I In 1935 the National Master Plumbers Association of the
N Philippines (NAMPAP) was organized and registered with
the SEC.
G

Introduction - history
PRACTICE OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
P City Ordinance 2411 known as “The Plumbing Code for the
City of Manila” was enacted with the consultation of
L NAMPAP

U In 1954, the 3rd Congress of the Republic of the Philippines
approved after the third reading House Bill No. 962. This
M became Republic Act No. 1378.
On June 28, 1955, R.A. 1378 known as the “Plumbing Code of
B the Philippines was signed by President Ramon Magsaysay.

I In December 21, 1999 pursuant t Section 4 of R.A. 1378,
Joseph Ejercito Estrada approved the Revised Plumbing

N Code of 1999.

G

Plumbing System - Fundamentals

PLUMBING SYSTEM
P System includes all potable water supply and distribution
pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all sanitary and
L storm drainage systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders
U and downspouts; and all building drains and sewers,
including their respective joints and connections;
M devices, receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises; potable, tap, hot
B and chilled water piping; potable water treating or using
I equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents for
same.
N
SUPPLY DRAINAGE
G PIPE
FIXTURE
PIPE


PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
P WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
L
SANITARY DRAINAGE AND DISPOSAL SYSTEM
U
M STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

B PLUMBING FIXTURE
I
N FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

G
FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM


PLUMBING CYLE
P S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E
L Water Mains,
Pressure,
Plumbing
U
Piping
Storage Tanks Fixtures
Networks

M S O U R C E COLLECTION

B Lakes, Rivers,
Reservoirs
Gravity,
Piping
Networks
I TREATMENT DISPOSAL

N Treated water
returned to the
Sewage Plants,
Natural
Sanitary and
Storm Sewers
original source Purification
G

P WATER SUPPLY
L AND
U
DISTRIBUTION
M
B SYSTEM
I
N
G

Water Supply and Distribution System

definition
Carries water from the water source, street main or a
P pump to the building and to various points in the
L building at which water is used.
COLD WATER SUPPLY
U HOT WATER SUPPLY
M
WATER
B plays an important part in the plumbing system
I Providing water is one of the most critical utility requirement

N “Universal Solvent”

G


WATER CYCLE
3 MAJOR STAGES
P EVAPORATION
L
U CONDENSATION

M
B PRECIPITATION

I
N
G


SOURCES OF WATER
P RAIN WATER
L Collected from roofs of buildings and special water sheds and
stored in cisterns or ponds.

U ADVANTAGE
M Water is soft & pure and is suitable for the hot water
supply system
B DISADVANTAGE

I Only a source during the wet season

N Storage becomes a breeding place for mosquitoes

G Roofs may not be clean


SOURCES OF WATER
P GROUND WATER
The portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to
L form underground deposits called aquifers (water- bearing soil
formation).
U From springs and wells and is the principal source of water for
domestic use in most rural areas.
M ADVANTAGE
Usually has an abundant supply;
B requires less treatment because of natural filtering.

I DISADVANTAGE

N May have organic matter & chemical elements usually
treatment is suggested.

G


SOURCES OF WATER
P NATURAL SURFACE WATER
A mixture of surface run-off and ground water. Surface sources
L includes rivers, lakes, ponds and impounding reservoirs.

U ADVANTAGE
Usually easy to acquire and in large quantities.
M Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and, when treated,
B for community water supply.

I DISADVANTAGE
Contains a large amounts of bacteria, organic, & inorganic
N substances; Purification & treatment is necessary.

G


USES OF WATER
P NOURISHMENT
L CLEANSING AND HYGIENE
U
CEREMONIAL USES
M
TRANSPORTATIONAL USES
B
I COOLING MEDIUM

N ORNAMENTAL ELEMENT

G PROTECTIVE USES


PHYSICAL PROPETIES OF WATER
P SURFACE TENSION
L The ability to stick itself together and pull itself together

U HEAT ABSOPTION/CAPACITY
M The ability to absorb heat without becoming warmer

B CAPILLARITY
I The ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity

N DISSOLVING ABILITY
Known as the “Universal Solvent”
G


WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION
P PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

L 1. Acidity Contains
carbon dioxide
Corrosion of
non-ferrous
Passing the water
through a bed of

U pipes
Rusting &
crushed marble or
limestone to
achieve alkalinity,
M clogging of
steel pipes
or adding sodium
silicate.)

B 2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of
magnesium and pipes
Boiling
Introduction of
I calcium salts Impaired
laundry and
water softeners
made up of

N 3. Turbidity Silt or mud in
cooking
Discoloration
Zeolite
Filtration

G surface or in
ground
Bad taste


WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AND THEIR CORRECTION
P
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION
L 4. Color Presence of  Discoloration of Chlorination or
U Iron and
manganese
fixtures
and laundry
ozonation and file
filtration
M
B 5. Pollution Contamination
by organic
Disease Chlorination

I matter or
sewage

N
G


Water treatment and purification
is any method that will remove one or more materials that make
P the water unsuitable for a given use

L AERATION
Water is sprayed into the air to release any trapped gases and absorb
U additional oxygen for better taste.

M
B
I
N
G


COAGULATION - FLOCCULATION
P process by which small sediment particles which do not settle well combine
together to form larger particles which can be removed by sedimentation
L COAGULATION chemical process in which the coagulant reacts
with the sediment to make it capable of
U combining into larger particles.
FLOCCULATION physical process in which the sediment particles
M collide with each other and stick together.

B
I
N
G


SEDIMENTATION
P suspended solids are removed from the water by gravity settling and
deposition
L water is passed through basins so sediments can settle through a
period of time
U
M
B
I
N
G


FILTRATION
P water is passed through layers of sand and gravel in concrete basins in order
to remove the finer suspended particles.
L
U
M
B
I DISINFECTION/ CHLORINATION
N method of introducing a controlled amount of chlorine to the water in
order to attain a desired degree of disinfection.
G


WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
P
L
U
M
B
I
N
G


WELLS
P Wells are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be
withdrawn using manual or mechanical means such as draw
L bucket, pump, etc.
GENERAL TYPES OF WELL
U SHALLOW WELL
DEEP WELL
M
B TYPES OF WELL
(ACCORDING TO METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION)
I DUG WELLS

N can be constructed with hand tools or power tools
depth of about 15 meters (50 ft)
G can have the greatest diameter that a space
may allow


DUG WELL
P
L
U
M
B
I
N
G


DRIVEN WELLS
P A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section

L
and driven into the earth. The point may be driven into the
ground to a depth of up to 15 meters (50 ft).

U
M
B
I
N
G


BORED WELLS
P These are dug with earth augers are usually less than 30 meters
(100 ft) deep. The diameter ranges from 2 to 30 inches. The well
L is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.

U
M
B
I
N
G


DRILLED WELLS
P Requires more elaborate equipment depending on the geology of
the site.
L Used for drilling oil and can reach up to 1000 meters in depth.

U
M
B
I
N
G


JETTED WELLS
P Use extreme water pressure so as not to affect existing
foundation in the vicinity. It makes use of a suction pump above,
L while casing acts as the pump riser.

U
M
B
I
N
G


PUMPS
A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids or slurries.
P A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.

L CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

U RECIPROCATING PUMP
Pump having a plunger that move back and forth within a cylinder
M equipped with check valves. The cylinder is best located near or below
the ground level.
B
I
N
G


CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

P It contains an impeller mounted on a rotating shaft. The rotating
impeller increases the water velocity while forcing the water into a
L casing thus converting the water’s velocity into higher pressure.

U
M
B
I
N
G


TURBINE PUMP

P A turbine pump has a vertical turbine located below groundwater
levels and a driving motor located at ground
L
U
M
B
I
N
G


SUBMERSIBLE PUMP

P Is basically a centrifugal pump complete with electric motors which
are positioned underwater in a suitable bored hole that delivers the
L water to the surface

U
M
B
I
N
G


JET (EJECTOR) PUMP

P Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water
up from a well.
L
U
M
B
I
N
G


PISTON PUMP

P Is a positive displacement reciprocating pump in which a plunger is
driven backwards and forwards, or up and down by a mechanical
L working head.

U
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston.

M
B
I
N
G


SUMP PUMP

P Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
L a pump used to remove water that has accumulated in a water
collecting sump pit,
U
M
B
I
N
G


WATER STORAGE FOR DOMESTIC USE
P OVERHEAD TANK/ GRAVITY SUPPLY TANK

L Does not have any pressure concerns
but relies on gravity to supply water to

U fixtures below.
Use in overhead feed system
M
COMPONENTS
B Supply Pipe
I Inlet
Overflow Pipe
N Drip Pan
G Gate Valves


CISTERN
P Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump.
L PNEUMATIC WATER TANK
U Used in the air pressure system and
often used with a pump.
M Make use of pressure relieve valve to
release excess pressure if necessary
B
I
N
G


HOT WATER TANK

P Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm

L diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
U copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi
M Storage Boiler

B Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)

I Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
N Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
G


VALVES AND CONTROLS
P FUNCTION OF VALVES
Control of the water system
L -
-
Start or shut down a system
Regulate pressure
U -
-
Check backflow
Control the direction of water
M
TYPES OF VALVES
B GATE VALVE (Full-way Valve)
I Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line (does

N not control flow of water).
Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc Valve
G Double Disc Valve


GLOBE VALVE
Controls the flow of water with a
P movable spindle. Can reduce water
pressure (throttling).
L
3 types
U Plug Type Disc Valve
M
B Conventional Disc Valve

I
N Composition Disc Valve

G


CHECK VALVE
Main function is to prevent reversal of
P flow (backflow) in the line.

L 4 types

U Swing Check Valve

M Lift Check Valve
B
I Vertical Check Valve

N
G Horizontal Check valve


ANGLE VALVE

P Used to make a 90° turn in a line.

L
U FOOT VALVE
Located at the lower end of the pump. Used
M mainly to prevent loss of priming of the pumps.

B
I SAFETY VALVE

N Used on water systems, heating systems,
compressed air lines & other pipe lines

G
with excessive pressure.


TYPES OF FAUCETS

P COMPRESSION COCK
Operates by the compression of a soft
L packing upon a metal sheet.

U KEY COCK
Operates with a round tapering plug
M ground to fit a metal sheet.

B BALL FAUCET

I
Constructed with a ball connected to the
handle.

N HOSE BIBB

G
A water faucet made for the threaded
attachment of a hose.


WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The water service pipe, water distribution pipes, and the necessary
P connecting pipes, fittings, control valves and all appurtenances in or

L
adjacent to the structure or premises.

PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
U SERVICE PIPE
M The pipe from the water main or other source of potable water supply
to the water distribution system of the building served.
B WATER METER

I Device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service.

N DISTRIBUTION PIPE/ SUPPLY PIPE
A pipe within the structure or on the premises which conveys water
G from the water service pipe or meter to the point of utilization.


P RISER

L A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey
water to branches or to a group of fixtures.

U
M FIXTURE BRANCH
The water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water

B distributing pipe.

I FIXTURE SUPPLY
N A water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.

G


COLD WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
P TYPES OF WATER DISTRIBUTION
DIRECT (UPFEED)
L INDIRECT
- Down feed or Gravity System
U - Hydro pneumatic System ( Air Pressure System)

DIRECT (UPFEED)
M Water is provided by the city water companies using normal
pressure from public water main
B
I
N
G


DOWNFEED or
P GRAVITY SYSTEM

L Water is pumped into a large
tank on top of the building and

U
is distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.

M
B
I
N
G


HYDRO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM/
AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM
P
L
When pressure supplied
by city water supply is not
strong enough
U
M
Compressed air is used to
raise and push water into
the system
B
I
N
G


ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
P Upfeed System
L 1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & 1. Pressure from water main is
tanks. inadequate to supply tall buildings.
U 2. Water supply is affected during peak
load hour.

M Air Pressure System

B 1. With compact pumping unit.
2. Sanitary due to air tight water
1. Water supply is affected by loss of
pressure inside the tank in case of

I chamber.
3. economical (smaller pipe diam)
power interruption.

N
4. less initial construction &
maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air serves

G as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of about 10
stores intervals.


P
L ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

U Overheadfeeed System

M 1. Water is not affected by peak load
hour.
1.
2.
Water is subject to contamination.
High maintenance cost.

B
2. Not affected by power interruptions. 3. Occupies valuable space.
3. Time needed to replace broken parts 4. Requires stronger foundation and
does not affect water supply. other structure to carry additional
I load of tank and water.

N
G


Types of the Hot Water Distribution Systems
P Upfeed and Gravity Return System

L With a continuing network of
pipes to provide constant
U circulation of water
Hot water rises on its own &
M does not need any pump for
circulation
B Hot water is immediately

I
drawn form the fixture any time
Provided economical circulating

N return of unused hot water

Larger pipe is installed at the
G top of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the lower
floors of the building


Downfeed and Gravity Return System
P Hot water rises on to
L the highest point of
the plumbing system

U and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)
M Water distribution is
B dependent on the
expansion of hot
I water & gravity.
Larger pipe is installed
N at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing
G sizes passes
through the upper
floors of the building


P Pump Circuit System
L For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels
of multi-storey buildings

U
M
B
I
N
G

FLEA 2010 REVIEW

SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS

Sanitary Drainage System

P General Rules in designing
the Sanitary system:
L The pipes should take the shortest possible route to

U the house sewer or the terminating point of the
Sanitary system

M Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and
vents, should be located strategically so as to ensure
B efficient circulation

I Subsystems of the
Sanitary System:
N Waste Collection System
G Ventilation System

Waste Pipe
conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of fecal matter.
P Vent Pipe
L used for ensuring the circulation of air in a plumbing system and
for relieving the negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
U Trap
M a fitting or device designed and constructed to provide, when
properly vented, a liquid seal which prevents the backflow of foul
B air or methane gas without materially affecting the flow of
sewage or wastewater through it.
I Stack
N the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the
G roof.
Branch
any part of the piping system other than a main, riser or stack.


House/Building Drain
P
part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which
L receives the discharges from the soil, waste and other drainage
pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer outside
U of the building.

M
B House/Building Sewer

I extends from the house drain at a point 0.60 meters from the
outside face of the foundation wall of a building to the junction with
N the street sewer or to any point of discharge, and conveying the
drainage of one building site.
G


CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF SANITARY
P DRAINAGE LINES
L
Horizontal to Horizontal change in direction
U
use 45° wye branches, combination wye – 1/8 bend
M branches, or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep

B
I Vertical to Horizontal change in direction
N 45° wye branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweep

G


P Horizontal to vertical change in direction
L use 45° or 60° wye branches, combination wye -1/8 bend
U branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or
other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.
M No fitting having more than one inlet at the same level
B shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the
I fitting is at least two pipe (2) sizes larger than the largest
inlet, (pipe sizes recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76,
N 89, 102, 114, 127, & 152 mm dia.)

G


P MINIMUM SLOPE OF
L SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
U
Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage pipe – 2% or
M 20mm/m (¼” per foot).

B Exception: Where it is impracticable due to depth of street
sewer, adverse structural features and irregular building plans,
I pipes 102 mm dia or larger may have a slope of not less than
1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approved by the Administrative
N Authority

G


Types of Permissible Traps:
P The Common P-Trap

L Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks,
laundry tubs, & urinals
U Materials commonly used for the
M P-trap: nickel, chrome plated brass,
Galvanized malleable copper, & PVC.
B The Deep Seal P-Trap
I
Water seal is about twice the size of
N The common P-trap

G Used for extreme conditions because
resealing quality is greater


The Stand Trap
P
L Used for fixtures such as slop sinks
that are usually built low in the
U ground, leaving very little space for a
foundation & a trap
M Serves as a water seal & structural
B support for the fixture

I The Running Trap

N Used within the line of
the house drain
G


P The Drum Trap

L Has a large diameter (around 0.16 m)
Used for fixtures that discharge large amount of water
U (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)

M
B
I
N
G


REQUIREMENTS:
P Traps REQUIRED
L Each plumbing fixture, except those with integral traps, shall be
separately trapped with an approved-type waterseal trap.
U
M Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm (portion of a fixture drain
between a trap and the vent)
B
I One trap, centrally located, may serve three single compartment sinks
or laundry tubs or lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the same
N room, where their waste outlets are not more than 0.75 m apart.

G


SIZE OF TRAPS:
P
The trap shall be the same size as the trap arm to which it is
L connected.

U Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of water of not less than
51 mm and not more than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal
M is found necessary by the Administrative Authority for special
conditions.
B
I
N
G


INSTALLATION OF TRAPS:
The vertical distance between a fixture outlet tailpiece and the
P trap weir shall not exceed 0.60 m in length.

L Horizontal Distance of Trap Arms

U TRAP ARM
DIAMETER
DISTANCE
TO VENT
M
Note: In no case shall the
32 mm 0.76 m trap distance be less than 2
times the diameter of the
B 38 mm
51 mm
1.07 m
1.52 m
trap arm.

I 76 mm
102 mm & larger
1.83 m
3.05 m

N The developed length of the trap arm (measured from the top of
closet ring to inner edge of vent ) of a water closet or similar
G fixture shall not exceed 1.8 m.
For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout is required for a
change of direction of greater than 22 ½ °.


P REQUIREMENTS:
Clean-outs REQUIRED
L
at the upper terminal of every horizontal sewer or waste line
U at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 feet) in total

M developed length
at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length or a fraction
B thereof
additional clean-out shall be provided on a horizontal line with an
I aggregate offset angle exceeding 135°
inside the building near the connection between the building
N drain and the building sewer or installed outside the building at
the lower end of the building drain and extended to grade.
G


P
L Clean-outs NOT REQUIRED
U on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length unless such line is
serving sinks or urinals.
M on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at a slope of 72 deg or
less from the vertical line (or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
B
I
N
G


P VENTILATION
L Portion of the drainage pipe installation intended to maintain a
U balanced atmospheric pressure inside the system

M
B Vent Pipe- a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
I circulation of air in a plumbing system and for relieving the
negative pressure exerted on trap seals.
N
G


VENTS
Main Types:
P Main Soil & Waste Vent
L
U
the ‘backbone’ of the entire sanitary
M system
Connected to the Main Soil & Waste
B Stack
The portion where waste does not
I travel through
Continues to the roof; the portion
N penetrating the roof is called the
Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR)
G


Main Vent
P the principal artery of the venting
L system to which vent branches are
connected.
U a.k.a. ‘Collecting Vent Line’
serves as support to the Main Soil &
M Waste Vent

B
I
N
G


Individual Vent or Back Vent
P
L
U
M
B
I
a pipe installed to vent a fixture trap, that
N connects with the vent system above the
fixture served or terminates in the open air.
G


P Unit, Common, or Dual Vent

L
U
M
B
I
N an arrangement of venting so
installed that one vent pipe
G serve two (2) traps.


Relief Vent
P
L a vertical vent line that provides
U additional circulation of air between
the drainage and vent systems or to
M act as an auxiliary vent on a specially
designed system such as a
B “yoke vent” connection between the
soil and vent stacks.
I
N
G


Yoke or By-pass Vent
P
L
U a pipe connecting upward from a soil
or waste stack below the floor and
M below horizontal connection to an
adjacent vent stack at a point above
B the floor and higher than the highest
spill level of fixtures for preventing
I pressure changes in the stacks.

N
G


Circuit Vent
P
L
U
M
B a group vent pipe which starts in front of the
I extreme (highest) fixture connection on a
horizontal branch and connects to the vent stack.
N a.k.a. ‘Loop Vent’

G Serves a battery of fixtures


Looped Vent
P
L
a vertical vent connection on a
U horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream
M of the last fixture connection
and turning to a horizontal line
B above the highest overflow
level of the highest fixture
I connected there

N Used in spaces without partitions

G


Wet Vent
P that portion of a vent pipe through which wastewater also
L flows through.

U
M
B
I
N
G


P Local Vent
L a pipe or shaft to convey foul air
U from a plumbing fixture or a room
to the outer air.
M
B
Dry Vent
I
N a vent that does not carry liquid or
water-borne wastes.
G


Stack Vent
P
L the extension of a soil or waste stack
above the highest horizontal drain
U connected to the stack.

M Vent Stack
B
the vertical vent pipe installed
I primarily for providing circulation of
air to and from any part of the soil, waste
N of the drainage system. The uppermost
end above the roof has traditionally been
G referred to as Vent Stack Through Roof (VSTR).


REQUIREMENTS:
P Vents REQUIRED
L Each trap shall be protected against siphonage and back-pressure
U through venting.

M Vents NOT REQUIRED

B on a primary settling tank interceptor which discharges through a
horizontal indirect waste pipe into a secondary interceptor. The
I secondary interceptor shall be properly trapped and vented.

N Traps serving sinks in an island bar counter. Such sink shall
discharge by means of an approved indirect waste pipe into a
G floor sink or other approved type receptor.


SANITARY SYSTEM PROBLEMS:
P Trap Seal Loss
- Direct effect of the Minus & Plus Pressure inside the system due
L to inadequate ventilation of traps
- Attributed to the following conditions:
U Siphonage- direct and momentum

M
B
I
N
G


Back Pressure

P
L
U
M
B Evaporation- caused by extreme temperatures, idleness

I
Wind Effects- strong winds blow the trap seal

Retardation of flow
N - Due to the effect of atmospheric pressure and/or gravity

G Deterioration of the Materials
- Due to the formation of acids


P
L
U
M
B
I Indirect Waste Pipe
– is a pipe that does not connect directly with the
N drainage system but conveys liquid wastes by
discharging into a plumbing fixture, interceptor or
G receptacle directly connected to the drainage system.


DISPOSAL PHASE- the final stage of the plumbing process; where
P used water and water-carried wastes are brought to various
disposal outlets
L SEPTIC TANKS
Definition:
U
A watertight covered receptacle designed and constructed to
M receive the discharge of sewage from a building sewer,
B separate solids from the liquid, digest organic matter and
store digested solids through a period of detention, and allow
I the clarified liquids to discharge for final disposal
SLUDGE- solid organic matter that are denser than water and
N settle at the bottom of the septic tank

G SCUM- lighter organic material that rise to the surface of the
water
EFFLUENT- liquid content of sewage


P
L Bacteria in septic tank
U to encourage decomposition:

M Aerobic bacteria- relies on oxygen to survive
Anaerobic bacteria- can survive in places without
B oxygen

I
N
G


P
L Minimum
dimensions-
U L= 1500mm
W=900mm
M D=1200mm

B
I
N
G


COMPARTMENTS:
have a minimum of 2 compartments:
P First compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of the total
L capacity of tank; not less than 2 cum liquid capacity; shall be
at least 0.9 m width and 1.5 m long; Liquid depth not less
U than 0.6 m nor more than 1.8 m.
Secondary compartment: maximum capacity of 1/3 total
M capacity of tank; minimum of 1 cum liquid capacity
In septic tanks having over 6 cum capacity, the secondary
B compartment should be not less than 1.5 m in length.
maintain a slope of 1:10 at the bottom of the digestion chamber
I to collect the sludge and make it easily accessible from the
manhole
N MANHOLES:

G with at least two (2) manholes, 508 mm in min dimension; one
over inlet, other over outlet. Wherever first compartment
exceeds 3.7 m in length, an additional manhole required over the
baffle wall.


P SIZES OF PIPE INLET & OUTLET & THEIR VERTICAL LEGS:

L Inlet and Outlet pipes – diameter size not less than the sewer

U pipe
Vertical legs of inlet and outlet pipes – diameter size not less than
M the sewer pipe nor less than 104.6 mm.
LENGTH AND LOCATION OF INLET & OUTLET:
B Shall extend 101.6 mm above and at least 304.8 mm below the
I water surface
Invert of the inlet pipe shall be at a level not less than 50.8 mm
N above the invert of the outlet pipe.

G


AIR SPACE:
P Side walls shall extend 228.6 mm above liquid depth.
Cover of septic tank shall be at least 50.8 mm above the back
L vent openings.

U PARTITION (between compartments):

M An inverted fitting equivalent in size to the tank inlet, but in no
case less than 104.6 mm in diameter, shall be installed in the inlet
B compartment side of the baffle with the bottom of the fitting
placed midway in the depth of the liquid. Wooden baffles are
I prohibited.

N STRUCTURE:

G Shall be capable of supporting an earth load of not
less than 14.4 kPa


P CAPACITY:

L The capacity of septic tanks is determined by the number of
bedrooms or apartment units in dwelling occupancies; by the
U estimated waste/sewage design flow rate for various building
occupancies; or by the number of fixture units of all plumbing
M fixtures; whichever is greater.
The capacity of any one septic tank and its drainage system shall
B also be limited by the soil structure classification in its drainage
field.
I
N LOCATION:
Should not be located underneath the house
G At least 15 meters from the water distribution system


CLASSIFICATION OF SEWERS:
P Combination Public Sewers
L Oldest variety
Carries both storm & sanitary wastes
U
Storm Sewers
M
B Sanitary Sewers
I Carries regular sanitary wastes only
Terminates in a modern sewage disposal plant for
N treatment
G Built at a depth of 3 meters (tributaries)

FLEA 2010 REVIEW

STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS

Storm Drainage System

3 Major Systems of
P Collecting Storm Water:
L The Independent System

U a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’
M Brings collected water directly
to the water reservoirs
B
I
N
G


The Combined System
P Combines storm water

L with sanitary wastes

U
M
B
I
N
G


The Natural System
P Without using any roof gutters or downspouts
L Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns

U Storm Drain Locations
M
B
I
N
G

Roofing Elements to
Collect Rainwater:
P
L The Gutter
Usually located along the
U entire perimeter of the roof

M
The Downspout
B
Located every 8 to 10 meters
I & at every corner of the roof
(but, to avoid clogging of pipes,
N it is best to locate them every
4 to 6 m)
G


P The Strainer or Roof Drain
L Drain designed to receive water collecting on
U the surface of a roof and to discharge it into a
downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.
M
B
The Shoe
I
At the bottom of the roof leader to direct rain-
N water towards the nearest catch basin

G


The Catch Basin
P Downspouts should terminate in a catch basin (can serve more than one
L downspout)
Delivers water to the sewers in the street via gravity
U Area-Drain-Catch-Basin: also collects surface water

M
B
I
N
The Storm Line
G Connects to each catch basin

FLEA 2010 REVIEW

END

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