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Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems
The “Virtual” Dairy Herd
Virginia Ishler, Heather Karsten,
Glenna Malcolm and Tim Beck
Objective
• This project takes an interdisciplinary approach to
develop sustainable dairy cropping systems and
monitor multiple indicators of systems performance.
• Today’s presentation is to compare 2 diverse
cropping approaches and their impact on feed
inventory, feed quality, and economics.
Red clover green manure Rye cover crop IPM Perennial alfalfa crop.
BMP and BMP-Enhanced have: BMP-Enhanced also has:
Cover & green manure crops Small grains for silage
Alfalfa and alfalfa & orchard grass mix Only alfalfa & orchard grass mix
Integrated pest management Reduced herbicide
Canola for feed and fuel Manure Injection (vs. surface
application)
Injecting manureSmall grains (triticale & peas) with
alfalfa + orchardgrass vs. pure alfalfa
Cultivating weeds between
row crops
PSU Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems:
Goal: Produce the forage, feed, and fuel for a 65
lactating cow, 240-acre* dairy farm in PA while
minimizing off-farm inputs
*We grow these crops at 1/20th
the size with farm-scale equipment.
The Sustainable Dairy Farm: 240 acres, 65 milking cows
Forage Crops:
- alfalfa mixtures
- corn silage
Grain Crops:
- corn
- soybeans
- canola
- wheat
Cover Crops:
- rye
- red clover
Acres:
100
40
20
20
40
20
Crop Yields
Crop Quality
Dairy &
Nutrition
Models
Milk Production
Manure Production
The Dairy Herd-
( a start-up herd)
• 65 milking cows – 590 kg
– 34 kg w/3.8% fat and 3.1% protein
– 22.5 kg dry matter intake
• 10 dry cows – 614 kg
• 12 calves birth-6 months – 114 kg
• 20 heifers 7- 11 months – 273 kg
• 32 heifers 12-24 months – 409 kg
Herd Officially Started Rations on November 1, 2010
The Dairy Herd
• Tie-stall barn – TMR fed to milk cows
• Dry cows and heifers – partial TMR
• Five upright silos
– 16’ x 50’ –Hay-crop
– 18’ x 60’ – Hay-crop
– 18’ x 60’ (3) – Corn Silage
Note: Upright tonnage has storage loss figured
at 6% for CS and 8% for haycrop silage
Rations
• Milk cow rations formulated for 65% forage /
35% concentrate.
– Dry cows – 82% forage
– Heifers – 70-89% forage
• Milk cow rations formulated for metabolizable
protein
– Comes to 15.5% CP
Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems: The Virtual Dairy Farm
Analyses of Canola Meal and Soybeans
Canola Meal Roasted Beans
2010 2011 2012 Typical 2010 2011 2012 Typical
Crude protein 31.8 36.8 39.8 40.8 31.6 41.8 39.8 41.8
Crude fat 19.2 11.3 11.8 4.0 15.4 20.8 21.2 18.3
%DM
%DM
SoybeansCanola meal
Analyses of Corn Silage
Broadcast Manure Injected Manure
2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012
Dry Matter, % 39.8 30.9 36.7 41.1 30.4 36.7
Crude protein, % DM 8.2 8.7 7.6 8.2 8.9 8.0
Neutral detergent
fiber, % DM 32.7 38.8 35.6 31.6 40.6 36.2
Starch, % DM 44.8 37.9 42.1 47.8 35.1 40.6
Forage quality did not differ between manure management strategies
Monthly Events
• Formulate diets for all animal groups
– Track inventory
• Calculate grain mix costs
• Track Income Over Feed Costs
Monthly Income Over Feed Cost/cow/day
IOFC = Milk Income – Feed cost
Example factors affecting IOFC
• Forage quality
– Weather challenges with the alfalfa/grass silage
quality in the BMP-Enhanced scenario – had to
feed 40-43% concentrate and heavier CS (2011)
• Forage inventory
– No carry over of corn silage for the BMP scenario
fall 2012 – had to feed fresh – negative impact on
milk production
– Two month carry over of corn silage for BMP-
Enhanced scenario – increased milk production
Cost prices for crops grown in 2010 in the Best Management Practices and BMP-Enhanced
scenarios.
Home raised ingredients Market price1
BMP cost2
BMP-Enhanced cost2
$/ton $/ton $/ton
Corn silage 33.10 29.78 32.07
Alfalfa/grass silage 64.18 219.56 88.32
Alfalfa/grass hay 134.33 260.92 177.95
Alfalfa silage 85.21 72.68 -
Small grain silage 48.21 - 67.51
Corn grain 269.01 63.92 58.10
Soybeans 437.72 216.50 157.79
Canola 308.743
622.84 559.79
1
Market price is the average price of home raised feeds for 2011 and they are from the Penn State
Feed Price List that is published monthly.
2
Cost is the price to raise the feeds on farm including prices for seed, chemicals, fertilizer,
custom hire and the related operating costs.
3
The market price is for canola meal, the price for the two scenarios represents the cost of
producing the seed (oil and the meal).
Cost prices for crops grown in 2011 in the Best Management Practices and BMP-Enhanced
scenarios.
Home raised ingredients Market price1
BMP cost2
BMP-Enhanced cost2
$/ton $/ton $/ton
Corn silage 40.80 38.96 39.57
Alfalfa/grass silage 77.64 55.24 49.68
Alfalfa/grass hay 162.50 147.77 119.14
Alfalfa silage 98.95 31.39 -
Small grain silage 58.32 - 154.56
Corn grain 268.68 69.92 62.75
Soybeans 469.75 184.15 194.36
Canola 379.243
473.93 442.32
1
Market price is the average price of home raised feeds for 2012 and they are from the Penn State
Feed Price List that is published monthly.
2
Cost is the price to raise the feeds on farm including prices for seed, chemicals, fertilizer,
custom hire and the related operating costs.
3
The market price is for canola meal, the price for the two scenarios represents the cost of
producing the seed (oil and the meal).
How does the “Virtual Dairy Start-Up Farm” compare to
Established Pennsylvania dairy operations?
Pennsylvania summary data from cash flow plans versus the “Virtual Dairy Farm”.
Summary data1
BMP2
BMP-Enhanced2
Purchased feed cost/cow
2011 $1259 $571 $503
2012 $1487 $609 $532
Breakeven income over feed cost/cow
2011 $7.54 $10.50 $10.04
2012 $7.76 $10.14 $9.97
1
Summary data is from 78 dairy operations in Pennsylvania
2
Best Management Practices and BMP-Enhanced scenarios.
Monthly Income Over Feed Cost/cow/day
IOFC = Milk Income – Feed cost
Using Market Prices for Home-raised feeds
$10.14
$9.97
Breakeven
IOFC - 2012
Breakeven
IOFC - 2011
$10.50
$10.04
Virtual Dairy Farm IOFC based on COSTS to
produce all home raised feeds
Virtual Dairy Farm IOFC based on costs to produce all home raised feeds
Dollars above/(below) breakeven IOFC/cow/day
BMP BMP-Enhanced
2011 $0.42 $1.51
2012 $1.72 $2.18
Conclusions
• The value of this project is evaluating the
sustainability of the practices over time.
• Economic analysis includes both the whole
farm system and the dairy enterprise only.
• Generating canola meal and straight
vegetable oil as fuel source is a novel concept.
• This project can be scaled down to evaluate
herds that have a limited land base.
Thank You!
In the Proceedings Paper:
Detailed information about this project as well as publications and other resources can be
found at http://plantscience.psu.edu/research/areas/crop-ecology-and-management/cropping-systems
A link to our 2012 Project summary report on the NESARE website.
http://mysare.sare.org/mySARE/ProjectReport.aspx?do=viewRept&pn=LNE09-291&y=2012&t=0
Yields – Best Management Practices (BMP) Scenario
2010 2011 2012
Total Tons
Corn silage - ensiled 774 670 634
Alfalfa - ensiled 415 468 583
Alfalfa – dry hay 53 90 66
Alfalfa – wet wrap 110 80 60
Alfalfa + grass - ensiled 85 - -
Alfalfa + grass – Ag Bag - 168 -
Alfalfa + grass – dry hay - 100 57
Alfalfa + grass – wet wrap 93 84 108
Sorghum sudan grass – Ag Bag - - 128
Sorghum sudan grass – ensiled - - 197
Total 756 990 1199
Canola meal 14 22 15.6
Corn grain 113 117 92
Roasted soybeans 31 37 37.7
Canola
Soybeans
Yields – BMP-Enhanced Scenario
2010 2011 2012
Total Tons
Corn silage - ensiled 747 674 691
Small grain silage – Ag Bag 124 - 118
Small grain silage – wet wrap - 47 -
Alfalfa + grass – ensiled 535 611 440
Alfalfa + grass – dry hay 145 201 149
Alfalfa + grass – wet wrap - 155 -
Sorghum sudan grass – Ag Bag - - 276
Total 804 1014 983
Canola meal 15 21 19.9
Corn grain 116 121 88.8
Roasted soybeans 32 26 22.7
Feeding the small grain
silage (2010) extended
the CS inventory thru
the fall – this had a
positive economic
impact.
Canola
Soybeans

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Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems: The Virtual Dairy Farm

  • 1. Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems The “Virtual” Dairy Herd Virginia Ishler, Heather Karsten, Glenna Malcolm and Tim Beck
  • 2. Objective • This project takes an interdisciplinary approach to develop sustainable dairy cropping systems and monitor multiple indicators of systems performance. • Today’s presentation is to compare 2 diverse cropping approaches and their impact on feed inventory, feed quality, and economics. Red clover green manure Rye cover crop IPM Perennial alfalfa crop.
  • 3. BMP and BMP-Enhanced have: BMP-Enhanced also has: Cover & green manure crops Small grains for silage Alfalfa and alfalfa & orchard grass mix Only alfalfa & orchard grass mix Integrated pest management Reduced herbicide Canola for feed and fuel Manure Injection (vs. surface application) Injecting manureSmall grains (triticale & peas) with alfalfa + orchardgrass vs. pure alfalfa Cultivating weeds between row crops
  • 4. PSU Sustainable Dairy Cropping Systems: Goal: Produce the forage, feed, and fuel for a 65 lactating cow, 240-acre* dairy farm in PA while minimizing off-farm inputs *We grow these crops at 1/20th the size with farm-scale equipment.
  • 5. The Sustainable Dairy Farm: 240 acres, 65 milking cows Forage Crops: - alfalfa mixtures - corn silage Grain Crops: - corn - soybeans - canola - wheat Cover Crops: - rye - red clover Acres: 100 40 20 20 40 20 Crop Yields Crop Quality Dairy & Nutrition Models Milk Production Manure Production
  • 6. The Dairy Herd- ( a start-up herd) • 65 milking cows – 590 kg – 34 kg w/3.8% fat and 3.1% protein – 22.5 kg dry matter intake • 10 dry cows – 614 kg • 12 calves birth-6 months – 114 kg • 20 heifers 7- 11 months – 273 kg • 32 heifers 12-24 months – 409 kg Herd Officially Started Rations on November 1, 2010
  • 7. The Dairy Herd • Tie-stall barn – TMR fed to milk cows • Dry cows and heifers – partial TMR • Five upright silos – 16’ x 50’ –Hay-crop – 18’ x 60’ – Hay-crop – 18’ x 60’ (3) – Corn Silage Note: Upright tonnage has storage loss figured at 6% for CS and 8% for haycrop silage
  • 8. Rations • Milk cow rations formulated for 65% forage / 35% concentrate. – Dry cows – 82% forage – Heifers – 70-89% forage • Milk cow rations formulated for metabolizable protein – Comes to 15.5% CP
  • 10. Analyses of Canola Meal and Soybeans Canola Meal Roasted Beans 2010 2011 2012 Typical 2010 2011 2012 Typical Crude protein 31.8 36.8 39.8 40.8 31.6 41.8 39.8 41.8 Crude fat 19.2 11.3 11.8 4.0 15.4 20.8 21.2 18.3 %DM %DM SoybeansCanola meal
  • 11. Analyses of Corn Silage Broadcast Manure Injected Manure 2010 2011 2012 2010 2011 2012 Dry Matter, % 39.8 30.9 36.7 41.1 30.4 36.7 Crude protein, % DM 8.2 8.7 7.6 8.2 8.9 8.0 Neutral detergent fiber, % DM 32.7 38.8 35.6 31.6 40.6 36.2 Starch, % DM 44.8 37.9 42.1 47.8 35.1 40.6 Forage quality did not differ between manure management strategies
  • 12. Monthly Events • Formulate diets for all animal groups – Track inventory • Calculate grain mix costs • Track Income Over Feed Costs
  • 13. Monthly Income Over Feed Cost/cow/day IOFC = Milk Income – Feed cost
  • 14. Example factors affecting IOFC • Forage quality – Weather challenges with the alfalfa/grass silage quality in the BMP-Enhanced scenario – had to feed 40-43% concentrate and heavier CS (2011) • Forage inventory – No carry over of corn silage for the BMP scenario fall 2012 – had to feed fresh – negative impact on milk production – Two month carry over of corn silage for BMP- Enhanced scenario – increased milk production
  • 15. Cost prices for crops grown in 2010 in the Best Management Practices and BMP-Enhanced scenarios. Home raised ingredients Market price1 BMP cost2 BMP-Enhanced cost2 $/ton $/ton $/ton Corn silage 33.10 29.78 32.07 Alfalfa/grass silage 64.18 219.56 88.32 Alfalfa/grass hay 134.33 260.92 177.95 Alfalfa silage 85.21 72.68 - Small grain silage 48.21 - 67.51 Corn grain 269.01 63.92 58.10 Soybeans 437.72 216.50 157.79 Canola 308.743 622.84 559.79 1 Market price is the average price of home raised feeds for 2011 and they are from the Penn State Feed Price List that is published monthly. 2 Cost is the price to raise the feeds on farm including prices for seed, chemicals, fertilizer, custom hire and the related operating costs. 3 The market price is for canola meal, the price for the two scenarios represents the cost of producing the seed (oil and the meal).
  • 16. Cost prices for crops grown in 2011 in the Best Management Practices and BMP-Enhanced scenarios. Home raised ingredients Market price1 BMP cost2 BMP-Enhanced cost2 $/ton $/ton $/ton Corn silage 40.80 38.96 39.57 Alfalfa/grass silage 77.64 55.24 49.68 Alfalfa/grass hay 162.50 147.77 119.14 Alfalfa silage 98.95 31.39 - Small grain silage 58.32 - 154.56 Corn grain 268.68 69.92 62.75 Soybeans 469.75 184.15 194.36 Canola 379.243 473.93 442.32 1 Market price is the average price of home raised feeds for 2012 and they are from the Penn State Feed Price List that is published monthly. 2 Cost is the price to raise the feeds on farm including prices for seed, chemicals, fertilizer, custom hire and the related operating costs. 3 The market price is for canola meal, the price for the two scenarios represents the cost of producing the seed (oil and the meal).
  • 17. How does the “Virtual Dairy Start-Up Farm” compare to Established Pennsylvania dairy operations? Pennsylvania summary data from cash flow plans versus the “Virtual Dairy Farm”. Summary data1 BMP2 BMP-Enhanced2 Purchased feed cost/cow 2011 $1259 $571 $503 2012 $1487 $609 $532 Breakeven income over feed cost/cow 2011 $7.54 $10.50 $10.04 2012 $7.76 $10.14 $9.97 1 Summary data is from 78 dairy operations in Pennsylvania 2 Best Management Practices and BMP-Enhanced scenarios.
  • 18. Monthly Income Over Feed Cost/cow/day IOFC = Milk Income – Feed cost Using Market Prices for Home-raised feeds $10.14 $9.97 Breakeven IOFC - 2012 Breakeven IOFC - 2011 $10.50 $10.04
  • 19. Virtual Dairy Farm IOFC based on COSTS to produce all home raised feeds Virtual Dairy Farm IOFC based on costs to produce all home raised feeds Dollars above/(below) breakeven IOFC/cow/day BMP BMP-Enhanced 2011 $0.42 $1.51 2012 $1.72 $2.18
  • 20. Conclusions • The value of this project is evaluating the sustainability of the practices over time. • Economic analysis includes both the whole farm system and the dairy enterprise only. • Generating canola meal and straight vegetable oil as fuel source is a novel concept. • This project can be scaled down to evaluate herds that have a limited land base.
  • 21. Thank You! In the Proceedings Paper: Detailed information about this project as well as publications and other resources can be found at http://plantscience.psu.edu/research/areas/crop-ecology-and-management/cropping-systems A link to our 2012 Project summary report on the NESARE website. http://mysare.sare.org/mySARE/ProjectReport.aspx?do=viewRept&pn=LNE09-291&y=2012&t=0
  • 22. Yields – Best Management Practices (BMP) Scenario 2010 2011 2012 Total Tons Corn silage - ensiled 774 670 634 Alfalfa - ensiled 415 468 583 Alfalfa – dry hay 53 90 66 Alfalfa – wet wrap 110 80 60 Alfalfa + grass - ensiled 85 - - Alfalfa + grass – Ag Bag - 168 - Alfalfa + grass – dry hay - 100 57 Alfalfa + grass – wet wrap 93 84 108 Sorghum sudan grass – Ag Bag - - 128 Sorghum sudan grass – ensiled - - 197 Total 756 990 1199 Canola meal 14 22 15.6 Corn grain 113 117 92 Roasted soybeans 31 37 37.7 Canola Soybeans
  • 23. Yields – BMP-Enhanced Scenario 2010 2011 2012 Total Tons Corn silage - ensiled 747 674 691 Small grain silage – Ag Bag 124 - 118 Small grain silage – wet wrap - 47 - Alfalfa + grass – ensiled 535 611 440 Alfalfa + grass – dry hay 145 201 149 Alfalfa + grass – wet wrap - 155 - Sorghum sudan grass – Ag Bag - - 276 Total 804 1014 983 Canola meal 15 21 19.9 Corn grain 116 121 88.8 Roasted soybeans 32 26 22.7 Feeding the small grain silage (2010) extended the CS inventory thru the fall – this had a positive economic impact. Canola Soybeans

Editor's Notes

  1. The highlighted and orange words – I will explain that these are not common practices on a typical dairy operation, while the others are.
  2. Will mention that the first year canola, the moisture was too high and that resulted not being able to press out enough oil (cold pressing – dry extraction). The following years the canola was dryer and resulted in better oil extraction. With the beans, the first year we were short on potash which resulted in the low protein and fat content.