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Mark Scheme January 2009



GCE




GCE Geography (6GE01)




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January 2009
Publications Code UA020904

All the material in this publication is copyright

© Edexcel Ltd 2009
6GE01 Mark Scheme

 Question             Answer                                                   Mark
 Number
 1(a)                 West coast
                      Very high
                      Do not accept high
                      South coast
                      Accept: very low / low / quite low overall
                      Do not accept: medium / uneven
                                                                                        (2)


 Question             Answer                                                   Mark
 Number
 1(b)                 •   EQs associated with plate boundary areas where
                          movement is occurring
                      •   Simply lists the three types: constructive,
                          destructive, conservative (or synonyms)
                      •   Conservative plate boundaries where tension builds
                             e.g San Andreas Fault
                      •   Subduction at destructive boundaries      e.g.
                          Philippines trench
                      •   Constructive boundaries where faulting / rifting
                          e.g. the Mid-Atlantic ridge
                      •   Minor EQs are possible wherever deep fault lines
                          occur    e.g. under UK     or in areas of volcanic
                          activity   e.g. Hawaii
                                                                                        (4)


 Question             Answer                                                   Mark
 Number
 1 (c)                El Nino
                      Cyclone
                                                                                      (2)




8GE01 GCE Geography                                  5
0901
Question          Answer                                                    Mark
Number
1 (d)             •   Hotspot is a place where two+ hazard risks found
                  •   California    has fire and tectonics amongst others
                      while Philippines     has tectonics and cyclones
                      amongst others      pr other valid hotspot e.g. New
                      Orleans     has river flooding and hurricanes
                  •   The disaster occurs when vulnerable people
                      encounter a hazard and suffer losses (Philippines)
                      or experience losses despite the precautions they
                      have taken (California)
                  •   More specific details (of the vulnerable people or
                      names of plate boundaries, etc.) should be credited
                      for the named example.

                  Only credit one example.
                  Point mark but only award up to three marks if the
                  human disaster element is omitted.
                                                                                   (4)




8GE01 GCE Geography                               6
0901
Question          Answer                                                            Mark
Number
2 (a)             D (8.3)
                                                                                           (1)

Question          Answer                                                            Mark
Number
2 (b)             •       Recognition of overall increase in rate / more
                          losses
                  •       Levels off after 2005
                  •       Uses data / quantification of trend
                                                                                           (2)



Question          Answer                                                            Mark
Number
2 (c)             •       Climate change is causing ice melt / ablation     and
                          may know facts / data
                  •       Rising greenhouse gas emissions are almost certainly
                          the cause of enhanced global warming       and
                          additional detail may be credited (e.g. types of
                          radiation or names different gases)
                  •       Global warming is more pronounced in Arctic areas
                          because they are at higher latitude    due to wind
                          patterns / warming of water as sea ice melts
                  •       As ice melts, albedo falls meaning less light is
                          reflected so problem worsens     and this is a positive
                          feedback / a possible tipping point
                  •       Permafrost melting       releasing GHG methane
                  •       Credit unexpected but relevant ideas

                  Max 3 if no reference made to Arctic areas. Do not
                  credit ozone hole explanation (very minor role)
                   2+2                                                                     (4)


 Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 2(d)                 •    Species diversity changes    may offer e.g.
                      •    Biomes / treeline shift pole-wards   and may offer
                           e.g.
                      •    Loss of polar bear habitats   e.g. hunt seals at air
                           holes on sea ice
                      •    Marine food webs modified     e.g. describes how
                           tropic levels affected
                      •    New species colonise and area         has e.g.
                      •    Any other genuinely ecological impact

                      Do not credit non-ecological impacts (e.g. shipping
                      routes) . If two distinct ideas appear anywhere in the
                      answer space, give credit.
                                                                                            (4)




8GE01 GCE Geography                                    7
0901
Question             Answer                                                       Mark
 Number
 3(a)                 3 metres
                      5 metres
                                                                                          (2)


 Question             Answer                                                       Mark
 Number
 3(b)                 •   Businesses damaged / cease trading
                      •   Transport services / infrastructure disrupted
                      •   Tourists may stop visiting
                      •   Housing damage / costs of re-building
                      •   Costs for insurance industry
                      •   Medical costs for possible flood victims
                      •   Any other sensible economic suggestion

                      Point mark. Do not accept non-economic statements
                      (e.g. ‘lives are lost’)
                                                                                          (3)


 Question             Answer                                                       Mark
 Number
 3(c)                 •   More storms and extreme events / risks increase over
                          time    and links can be made with climate change
                      •   General rise in sea-level e.g. due to thermal
                          expansion, melting land ice
                      •   Knowledge was imperfect when first walls built /
                          people did not know how high walls needed to be
                          due to a lack of data showing possible extremes /
                          return periods
                      •   More property is also at risk as time passes in London
                            so value of possible damage has increased
                      •   In some places, risk risen due to population growth
                          worsened by urbanisation / coastal migration
                      •   Additional ideas could apply for Thames or other
                          regions including the role of storm surges    or
                          isostatic processes causing land subsidence
                                                                                          (5)




8GE01 GCE Geography                                   8
0901
Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 4 (a)                North America
                                                                                           (1)


 Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 4 (b)                Overall profit of $45 billion for China
                                                                                           (1)


 Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 4 (c)                Point mark from: migration, TNC investment, capital
                      flows, aid, information, internet, air travel, shipping,
                      tourism, media (music and cultural exchanges), oil, food,
                      any other sensible suggestion can be viewed as a flow, or
                      movement, or type of migration, or exchange.

                      Do not accept: any manufactured goods (e.g. toys). Max
                      2 for a list of similar types (e.g. all are types of
                      transport, all are communications, all foods, etc.)
                                                                                           (3)


 Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 4 (d)                •   Low costs of labour e.g. Malaysia attracts Dyson
                      •   Other workforce qualities e.g. English spoken in India
                          or child labour allowed
                      •   EPZ policies of governments and may offer e.g.
                      •   Other detail of attractive regime for foreign investors
                          e.g. trade unions banned in Indonesia or relaxed
                          environmental laws
                      •   Emerging markets in Asia that firms can to sell goods
                          direct to, e.g. Tesco in Thailand
                      •   Physical resources may have aided growth of
                          manufacturing, e.g. China has coal supplies
                      •   Good global location / global hub location e.g. Pacific
                          Rim aids exports
                      •   Infrastructure has been improved in NICs, e.g. with
                          WB/IMF loans
                      •   External factors such as US investment (in Cold War)

                      Award mark for each basic idea or marks for a point
                      that is extended or exemplified using named NICs / TNCs
                                                                                           (5)




8GE01 GCE Geography                                    9
0901
Question             Answer                                                       Mark
 Number
 5(a)                 •   Foreign players have risen over time
                      •   Little change since 2002
                      •   Quotes data (rises by 100)
                      •   By 2007, more foreign than UK players
                                                                                          (2)


 Question             Answer                                                       Mark
 Number
 5 (b)                B (economic migrant)
                                                                                          (1)


 Question             Answer                                                       Mark
 Number
 5(c)                 •   Employment contribution; may give a specific
                          example of unpopular work
                      •   Specific skills shortages also exist e.g. NHS recruits
                          Polish dentists
                      •   Taxes are also paid by migrants
                      •   They are consumers of services
                      •   Elite groups e.g. foreign club owners make very high
                          tax / consumption contribution
                      •   Migrants replace falling population numbers / help
                          tackle rising dependency; extended ideas may be
                          offered e.g. keep schools open
                      •   Social benefits include the positive contribution made
                          to sports, arts and cultural life; examples may be
                          offered
                      •   Any other sensible suggestion (including possible
                          impacts for source region)

                      Award mark for each basic idea or       marks for a point
                      that is extended or exemplified
                                                                                          (4)




8GE01 GCE Geography                                  10
0901
Question             Answer                                                         Mark
 Number
 5(d)                 •   Europeans have right of entry to UK due to EU       this
                          explains the freedom of movement seen
                      •   Dating from 2004 for the A8 / eastern nations and
                          for western Europe since 1993
                      •   Migrants had a preference for UK because of booming
                          economy     e.g. house-building in early 2000s
                      •   Exchange rate encouraged migrants
                      •   UK has specific job vacancies and may encourage
                          migration NHS needs Polish dentists
                      •   The pull of UK cultural life and may have e.g.
                      •   Push factors from countries like Poland include high
                          unemployment
                      •   Free movement of students under various sponsored
                          schemes
                      •   UK did not exercise right to restrict entry in 2004

                      For full marks expect some reference to ‘recent years’
                      (e.g. mentions 2004). Do not credit non-European
                      examples. Max 2 for list of generic pull factors.
                                                                                            (4)




8GE01 GCE Geography                                   11
0901
Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 6(a)                 A firm operating in more than one country / many
                      countries / spread across borders / operating
                      internationally / working globally
                                                                                           (1)


 Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 6(b)                 •   Cheaper to transport goods shorter distances
                      •   Perishable goods e.g. salad needed locally
                      •   Might avoid import tariffs (or similar)
                      •   Builds local goodwill, helping sales
                      •   Local sourcing good PR

                      Do not accept “cheaper”.
                                                                                           (2)


 Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 6(c)                 • Tastes differ from place to place   may provide
                        example(s)
                      • Religious / cultural objections   may provide an e.g.
                        such as religious diet pork, beef
                      • No market advantage in offering a uniform product if
                        people don’t like it / they make more money this way

                      • Climatic variability could affects availability of food
                        ingredients and may have example
                      • Safety or design issues    and has example
                      • Any other sensible suggestion and example -
                                                                                           (4)


 Question             Answer                                                        Mark
 Number
 6(d)                 •   Jobs / better wages an improvement on days of
                          low-paid primary / subsistence work
                      •   Wages boost local consumption / sales of goods     this
                          is a multiplier effect
                      •   Local suppliers benefit from linkages and other supply
                          chain ideas     may quote an example of assembly
                          industries
                      •   Business taxes can be levied, allowing investment in
                          health and education     thereby improving human
                          resources for the region / virtuous circle
                      •   Direct investment in a nation’s welfare or
                          infrastructure may have example
                      •   Foreign investment reflects well / gives prestige and
                          might spark further investment e.g. McDonald’s
                          Golden Arches become a desirable acquisition
                                                                                           (4)




8GE01 GCE Geography                                  12
0901
Question Number      Indicative content

 7(a)                 Droughts – Figure 7 provides details of one example, but good
                      answers are likely to use others (e.g. California) and detailed
                      definitions of drought provided (note these are not a requirement for
                      a Level 3 mark).
                      People – Specific sectors of activity (agriculture and tourism) may be
                      directly affected; other sectors may be unaffected or indirectly
                      affected (e.g. if transport is interrupted). Health and mortality may
                      be discussed and / or any underlying vulnerability.
                      Environment – hydrosphere and biosphere are connected, many
                      examples can be given. Recovery times vary, some species may be
                      more resilient than others.
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     Little structure. One or two general ideas about the impact of
                      drought on people or the environment. Mostly repeats content from
                      Figure 7.
 Level 2      5-7     Provides some structure. May lack balance describing impacts on
                      people and the environment but begins to explain impacts.
 Level 3      8-10    Well-structured and balanced account. Good explanation of how
                      drought affects both people and the environment. Likely to be well
                      exemplified.


 Question Number      Indicative content

 7 (b)                Hydro-met hazards – there are several to possibly discuss (floods,
                      hurricanes / cyclones, storms, droughts, etc.)
                      Increased frequency– may quote database evidence for trends (e.g.
                      CRED, Munich Re)
                      Explanation – there is evidence of climate change bringing greater
                      unpredictability / extreme events may be the rise (warmer water for
                      hurricanes); population growth has put more people at risk; El Nino /
                      La Nina ideas
                      Reported frequency – media makes it all seem to be getting worse
                      due to increased reportage
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     Little structure. Descriptive account with a few general reasons for
                      increasing frequency or mentions some hazards.
 Level 2      5-8     Some structure. Describes different hazard types and asserts that
                      they have increased due to climate change or identifies some of the
                      causes for increasing frequency. Any details or examples likely to be
                      generalised.
 Level 3      9-12    Structured answer that describes and attempts to explain increasing
                      frequency. Likely to consider several reasons and be supported by
                      examples. At the top end, shows sound understanding of the hazard
                      concept (may mention and / or improved reporting). Examples are
                      specific or help explanation.
 Level 4      13-15   Well structured, covering a range of hazards and factors. Explanation
                      is offered of increasing frequency. Recognises the issue is complex.
                      Good details and /or examples.




8GE01 GCE Geography                             13
0901
Question Number      Indicative content

 8 (a)                Needs to be taken – evidence suggests we cannot continue to rely
                      on existing fossil fuel supplies and hope to slow rates of warming
                      Different scales - Figure 8 shows no mitigation technology is
                      universally appropriate / possible / cheap / reliable / popular – thus
                      a range will be needed for most societies, introduced across a range
                      of scales for action. May quote ‘think global, act local’ rationale.
                      Give appropriate credit to responses that include a range of
                      mitigation strategies other than the ones shown.
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     Little structure. A few general ideas on why action needs to be
                      taken. Unlikely to develop idea of scale. Or recognises climate
                      change needs fighting.
 Level 2      5-7     Offers some reasons for action at a range of scales. Some structured
                      use of Figure 8 likely. May develop own ideas at top end.
 Level 3      8-10    Well structured with a range of reasons for actions / responses
                      linked to different needs. Recognition offered that geographical
                      contexts and scales vary and that no single ‘silver bullet’ solution
                      yet exists.


 Question Number      Indicative content

 8 (b)                Governments – key players who need to work together if a global
                      agreement is to be effective. EU, US, China, Bangladesh are likely to
                      feature in students answers, as well as Kyoto. Urgency for Maldives,
                      etc.
                      More willing than others – not all nations have agreed to act to the
                      same level; economic growth is a priority (e.g. China); credit
                      crunch; financial resources to act may be lacking; possible regional
                      bias within the scientific community (US research community has big
                      business / TNC funding); the complexities are an issue / evidence
                      remains controversial for some governments and their people;
                      accept other reasons
                      Tackle – there is a difference between adaptation and mitigation
                      and the paths different governments favour.
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     One or two statements about how not everyone agrees climate
                      change is that big a problem (or exists at all). Lacks examples.
 Level 2      5-8     Some structure, with some reasons why governments differ in their
                      responses. Generalised examples, details lacking.
 Level 3      9-12    Structured account dealing with the reasons for the different views
                      and actions of a range of governments. At top end may address
                      meaning of “tackle” (adaptation or mitigation). Examples are more
                      detailed.
 Level 4      13-15   Structured explanation of how a range of governments (regional,
                      national and supranational e.g. EU) are responding to climate
                      change, and why willingness to act varies. Uses detailed examples
                      and real-world knowledge.




8GE01 GCE Geography                             14
0901
Question Number      Indicative content

 9 (a)                Changing distribution of world billionaires– invites discussion of the
                      places in the world where they are starting to be found in greater
                      numbers - notably the rise in Asia. However, north American
                      continues to dominate and best answers should distinguish between
                      absolute and relative rises in numbers shown. NB knowledge of
                      credit crunch changes not essential but reward if there.
                      Reasons – the global economy / globalisation / new technology all
                      provide great opportunities for wealth creation and investment.
                      Many billionaires are owners of large TNCs who are going “from
                      strength to strength”. Rise of middle-classes in Asia has boosted
                      consumerism there, making indigenous business community richer
                      (best answers may recognise not all modern TNCs have their origins
                      in Europe and America). Russian oil billionaires may feature in some
                      accounts.
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     Little structure. A series of statements which describe the resource
                      or generalise about globalisation creating more money.
 Level 2      5-7     Some structure in a descriptive account which begins to explain
                      rising wealth on a regional basis (may mention Asian ‘miracle’). Can
                      identify different general factors (e.g. likely to mention role of TNCs
                      and new technology).
 Level 3      8-10    Well-structured answer that suggests reasons for rising wealth in
                      different regions using a range of factors with some detailed
                      supporting knowledge.




8GE01 GCE Geography                              15
0901
Question Number      Indicative content

 9 (b)                Globalisation – globalisation integrates societies into the global
                      economy but has social / cultural effects too
                      Moral and social consequences – worker exploitation (sweat-shops
                      and agricultural sector, and even call centres); threat to cultural
                      diversities; possible adverse impacts on families, individuals (e.g.
                      girls in prostitution), credit moral concerns for the environment /
                      sustainable futures; accept other moral / social ideas [Do not expect
                      distinction to always be made between moral and social even in top
                      band].
                      Concern – a more equitable world is seen as desirable by many
                      people but may be difficult to achieve. Individuals, societies,
                      businesses can all show concern and for different reasons e.g.
                      businesses have image to uphold.
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     Little structure. One or two statements about sweatshops with a few
                      generalised details.
 Level 2      5-8     Some structure and has some ideas about how globalisation has
                      moral / social consequences for some people. Examples named but
                      not detailed.
 Level 3      9-12    Structured account that explains moral / social consequences
                      globalisation in different contexts. At the top end, may broaden to
                      include more than one industrial sector or more than one
                      interpretation of social (e.g. impact on indigenous cultures).
                      Examples have some details.
 Level 4      13-15   Structured thoughtful explanatory account that moral / social
                      consequences of globalisation within a broader context. Well-
                      supported by detailed examples.


 Question Number      Indicative content

 10 (a)               Urgent need to improve - conditions are famously poor. The
                      illustration suggests a range of problems, all of which it may be
                      asserted are a cause for concern. Recognition may be shown that
                      this is a destination for rural-urban newcomers – and that problems
                      are likely to worsen if solutions are not found.
                      Residential slums – the political and economic reality for many
                      megacities is that the slums need to be ‘up-graded’ rather than
                      replaced with formal housing (due to costs). Residents are also the
                      life-blood of the city – providing workers for TNCs, etc.
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     Some problems are described using information from map.
 Level 2      5-7     Some structure – can offer categories for concern(e.g. health,
                      services, education and the legality of activity). At top end may
                      begin to recognise that developing these areas into ‘sustainable’
                      housing is a good management solution for lower-income nations /
                      is required for further economic progression.
 Level 3      8-10    Structured examination of a range of problems and the need to
                      tackle them either in Mumbai or elsewhere. At this level, the
                      context of a megacity under pressure is made explicit –




8GE01 GCE Geography                             16
0901
acknowledging that numbers will continue to rise, and that money
                      may not actually be available to replace slums with formal housing
                      for the city’s workers.


 Question Number      Indicative content

 10 (b)               Megacity – accept definitions of cities or urban conurbations in the
                      range 8 to 10 million and upwards
                      Explanation of growth– rural push factors (population growth in
                      rural areas, agricultural modernisation, lack of opportunities) and
                      urban pull factors (TNC / global hub ideas / development schemes);
                      also credit importance of technology and transport.
                      Many – not all megacities are growing as rapidly as others(e.g. New
                      York), and good answers may pick up on this. Treat London
                      conurbation as a megacity but not as an example of rapid growth.
 Level        Mark    Descriptor
 Level 1      1-4     One or two statements about why cities grow. Lacks examples.
 Level 2      5-8     Some structure in a description of growth that relies on generic
                      urban push and pull factors. Context of megacity may not be
                      explicitly addressed. Names some cities but little detail.
 Level 3      9-12    Structured examination that includes a range of push and pull
                      factors with details appropriate to the study of megacities (e.g.
                      hubs for major TNC investment). Examples are detailed.
 Level 4      13-15   Structured thoughtful account that provides excellent details of
                      push-pull mechanisms. May show heightened awareness of local
                      conditions(e.g. relaxation of migration laws in China or slower
                      growth in some OECD megacities). Examples or details impress.




8GE01 GCE Geography                             17
0901

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Jan 2009 Global Challenges Mark Scheme

  • 1. Mark Scheme January 2009 GCE GCE Geography (6GE01) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH
  • 2. Edexcel is one of the leading examining and awarding bodies in the UK and throughout the world. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. Through a network of UK and overseas offices, Edexcel’s centres receive the support they need to help them deliver their education and training programmes to learners. For further information please call our Customer Services on + 44 1204 770 696, or visit our website at or visit our website at www.edexcel.com. If you have any subject specific questions about the content of this Mark Scheme that require the help of a subject specialist, you may find our Ask The Expert email service helpful. Ask The Expert can be accessed online at the following link: http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/contact-us/Pages/home.aspx January 2009 Publications Code UA020904 All the material in this publication is copyright © Edexcel Ltd 2009
  • 3. 6GE01 Mark Scheme Question Answer Mark Number 1(a) West coast Very high Do not accept high South coast Accept: very low / low / quite low overall Do not accept: medium / uneven (2) Question Answer Mark Number 1(b) • EQs associated with plate boundary areas where movement is occurring • Simply lists the three types: constructive, destructive, conservative (or synonyms) • Conservative plate boundaries where tension builds e.g San Andreas Fault • Subduction at destructive boundaries e.g. Philippines trench • Constructive boundaries where faulting / rifting e.g. the Mid-Atlantic ridge • Minor EQs are possible wherever deep fault lines occur e.g. under UK or in areas of volcanic activity e.g. Hawaii (4) Question Answer Mark Number 1 (c) El Nino Cyclone (2) 8GE01 GCE Geography 5 0901
  • 4. Question Answer Mark Number 1 (d) • Hotspot is a place where two+ hazard risks found • California has fire and tectonics amongst others while Philippines has tectonics and cyclones amongst others pr other valid hotspot e.g. New Orleans has river flooding and hurricanes • The disaster occurs when vulnerable people encounter a hazard and suffer losses (Philippines) or experience losses despite the precautions they have taken (California) • More specific details (of the vulnerable people or names of plate boundaries, etc.) should be credited for the named example. Only credit one example. Point mark but only award up to three marks if the human disaster element is omitted. (4) 8GE01 GCE Geography 6 0901
  • 5. Question Answer Mark Number 2 (a) D (8.3) (1) Question Answer Mark Number 2 (b) • Recognition of overall increase in rate / more losses • Levels off after 2005 • Uses data / quantification of trend (2) Question Answer Mark Number 2 (c) • Climate change is causing ice melt / ablation and may know facts / data • Rising greenhouse gas emissions are almost certainly the cause of enhanced global warming and additional detail may be credited (e.g. types of radiation or names different gases) • Global warming is more pronounced in Arctic areas because they are at higher latitude due to wind patterns / warming of water as sea ice melts • As ice melts, albedo falls meaning less light is reflected so problem worsens and this is a positive feedback / a possible tipping point • Permafrost melting releasing GHG methane • Credit unexpected but relevant ideas Max 3 if no reference made to Arctic areas. Do not credit ozone hole explanation (very minor role) 2+2 (4) Question Answer Mark Number 2(d) • Species diversity changes may offer e.g. • Biomes / treeline shift pole-wards and may offer e.g. • Loss of polar bear habitats e.g. hunt seals at air holes on sea ice • Marine food webs modified e.g. describes how tropic levels affected • New species colonise and area has e.g. • Any other genuinely ecological impact Do not credit non-ecological impacts (e.g. shipping routes) . If two distinct ideas appear anywhere in the answer space, give credit. (4) 8GE01 GCE Geography 7 0901
  • 6. Question Answer Mark Number 3(a) 3 metres 5 metres (2) Question Answer Mark Number 3(b) • Businesses damaged / cease trading • Transport services / infrastructure disrupted • Tourists may stop visiting • Housing damage / costs of re-building • Costs for insurance industry • Medical costs for possible flood victims • Any other sensible economic suggestion Point mark. Do not accept non-economic statements (e.g. ‘lives are lost’) (3) Question Answer Mark Number 3(c) • More storms and extreme events / risks increase over time and links can be made with climate change • General rise in sea-level e.g. due to thermal expansion, melting land ice • Knowledge was imperfect when first walls built / people did not know how high walls needed to be due to a lack of data showing possible extremes / return periods • More property is also at risk as time passes in London so value of possible damage has increased • In some places, risk risen due to population growth worsened by urbanisation / coastal migration • Additional ideas could apply for Thames or other regions including the role of storm surges or isostatic processes causing land subsidence (5) 8GE01 GCE Geography 8 0901
  • 7. Question Answer Mark Number 4 (a) North America (1) Question Answer Mark Number 4 (b) Overall profit of $45 billion for China (1) Question Answer Mark Number 4 (c) Point mark from: migration, TNC investment, capital flows, aid, information, internet, air travel, shipping, tourism, media (music and cultural exchanges), oil, food, any other sensible suggestion can be viewed as a flow, or movement, or type of migration, or exchange. Do not accept: any manufactured goods (e.g. toys). Max 2 for a list of similar types (e.g. all are types of transport, all are communications, all foods, etc.) (3) Question Answer Mark Number 4 (d) • Low costs of labour e.g. Malaysia attracts Dyson • Other workforce qualities e.g. English spoken in India or child labour allowed • EPZ policies of governments and may offer e.g. • Other detail of attractive regime for foreign investors e.g. trade unions banned in Indonesia or relaxed environmental laws • Emerging markets in Asia that firms can to sell goods direct to, e.g. Tesco in Thailand • Physical resources may have aided growth of manufacturing, e.g. China has coal supplies • Good global location / global hub location e.g. Pacific Rim aids exports • Infrastructure has been improved in NICs, e.g. with WB/IMF loans • External factors such as US investment (in Cold War) Award mark for each basic idea or marks for a point that is extended or exemplified using named NICs / TNCs (5) 8GE01 GCE Geography 9 0901
  • 8. Question Answer Mark Number 5(a) • Foreign players have risen over time • Little change since 2002 • Quotes data (rises by 100) • By 2007, more foreign than UK players (2) Question Answer Mark Number 5 (b) B (economic migrant) (1) Question Answer Mark Number 5(c) • Employment contribution; may give a specific example of unpopular work • Specific skills shortages also exist e.g. NHS recruits Polish dentists • Taxes are also paid by migrants • They are consumers of services • Elite groups e.g. foreign club owners make very high tax / consumption contribution • Migrants replace falling population numbers / help tackle rising dependency; extended ideas may be offered e.g. keep schools open • Social benefits include the positive contribution made to sports, arts and cultural life; examples may be offered • Any other sensible suggestion (including possible impacts for source region) Award mark for each basic idea or marks for a point that is extended or exemplified (4) 8GE01 GCE Geography 10 0901
  • 9. Question Answer Mark Number 5(d) • Europeans have right of entry to UK due to EU this explains the freedom of movement seen • Dating from 2004 for the A8 / eastern nations and for western Europe since 1993 • Migrants had a preference for UK because of booming economy e.g. house-building in early 2000s • Exchange rate encouraged migrants • UK has specific job vacancies and may encourage migration NHS needs Polish dentists • The pull of UK cultural life and may have e.g. • Push factors from countries like Poland include high unemployment • Free movement of students under various sponsored schemes • UK did not exercise right to restrict entry in 2004 For full marks expect some reference to ‘recent years’ (e.g. mentions 2004). Do not credit non-European examples. Max 2 for list of generic pull factors. (4) 8GE01 GCE Geography 11 0901
  • 10. Question Answer Mark Number 6(a) A firm operating in more than one country / many countries / spread across borders / operating internationally / working globally (1) Question Answer Mark Number 6(b) • Cheaper to transport goods shorter distances • Perishable goods e.g. salad needed locally • Might avoid import tariffs (or similar) • Builds local goodwill, helping sales • Local sourcing good PR Do not accept “cheaper”. (2) Question Answer Mark Number 6(c) • Tastes differ from place to place may provide example(s) • Religious / cultural objections may provide an e.g. such as religious diet pork, beef • No market advantage in offering a uniform product if people don’t like it / they make more money this way • Climatic variability could affects availability of food ingredients and may have example • Safety or design issues and has example • Any other sensible suggestion and example - (4) Question Answer Mark Number 6(d) • Jobs / better wages an improvement on days of low-paid primary / subsistence work • Wages boost local consumption / sales of goods this is a multiplier effect • Local suppliers benefit from linkages and other supply chain ideas may quote an example of assembly industries • Business taxes can be levied, allowing investment in health and education thereby improving human resources for the region / virtuous circle • Direct investment in a nation’s welfare or infrastructure may have example • Foreign investment reflects well / gives prestige and might spark further investment e.g. McDonald’s Golden Arches become a desirable acquisition (4) 8GE01 GCE Geography 12 0901
  • 11. Question Number Indicative content 7(a) Droughts – Figure 7 provides details of one example, but good answers are likely to use others (e.g. California) and detailed definitions of drought provided (note these are not a requirement for a Level 3 mark). People – Specific sectors of activity (agriculture and tourism) may be directly affected; other sectors may be unaffected or indirectly affected (e.g. if transport is interrupted). Health and mortality may be discussed and / or any underlying vulnerability. Environment – hydrosphere and biosphere are connected, many examples can be given. Recovery times vary, some species may be more resilient than others. Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 Little structure. One or two general ideas about the impact of drought on people or the environment. Mostly repeats content from Figure 7. Level 2 5-7 Provides some structure. May lack balance describing impacts on people and the environment but begins to explain impacts. Level 3 8-10 Well-structured and balanced account. Good explanation of how drought affects both people and the environment. Likely to be well exemplified. Question Number Indicative content 7 (b) Hydro-met hazards – there are several to possibly discuss (floods, hurricanes / cyclones, storms, droughts, etc.) Increased frequency– may quote database evidence for trends (e.g. CRED, Munich Re) Explanation – there is evidence of climate change bringing greater unpredictability / extreme events may be the rise (warmer water for hurricanes); population growth has put more people at risk; El Nino / La Nina ideas Reported frequency – media makes it all seem to be getting worse due to increased reportage Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 Little structure. Descriptive account with a few general reasons for increasing frequency or mentions some hazards. Level 2 5-8 Some structure. Describes different hazard types and asserts that they have increased due to climate change or identifies some of the causes for increasing frequency. Any details or examples likely to be generalised. Level 3 9-12 Structured answer that describes and attempts to explain increasing frequency. Likely to consider several reasons and be supported by examples. At the top end, shows sound understanding of the hazard concept (may mention and / or improved reporting). Examples are specific or help explanation. Level 4 13-15 Well structured, covering a range of hazards and factors. Explanation is offered of increasing frequency. Recognises the issue is complex. Good details and /or examples. 8GE01 GCE Geography 13 0901
  • 12. Question Number Indicative content 8 (a) Needs to be taken – evidence suggests we cannot continue to rely on existing fossil fuel supplies and hope to slow rates of warming Different scales - Figure 8 shows no mitigation technology is universally appropriate / possible / cheap / reliable / popular – thus a range will be needed for most societies, introduced across a range of scales for action. May quote ‘think global, act local’ rationale. Give appropriate credit to responses that include a range of mitigation strategies other than the ones shown. Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 Little structure. A few general ideas on why action needs to be taken. Unlikely to develop idea of scale. Or recognises climate change needs fighting. Level 2 5-7 Offers some reasons for action at a range of scales. Some structured use of Figure 8 likely. May develop own ideas at top end. Level 3 8-10 Well structured with a range of reasons for actions / responses linked to different needs. Recognition offered that geographical contexts and scales vary and that no single ‘silver bullet’ solution yet exists. Question Number Indicative content 8 (b) Governments – key players who need to work together if a global agreement is to be effective. EU, US, China, Bangladesh are likely to feature in students answers, as well as Kyoto. Urgency for Maldives, etc. More willing than others – not all nations have agreed to act to the same level; economic growth is a priority (e.g. China); credit crunch; financial resources to act may be lacking; possible regional bias within the scientific community (US research community has big business / TNC funding); the complexities are an issue / evidence remains controversial for some governments and their people; accept other reasons Tackle – there is a difference between adaptation and mitigation and the paths different governments favour. Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 One or two statements about how not everyone agrees climate change is that big a problem (or exists at all). Lacks examples. Level 2 5-8 Some structure, with some reasons why governments differ in their responses. Generalised examples, details lacking. Level 3 9-12 Structured account dealing with the reasons for the different views and actions of a range of governments. At top end may address meaning of “tackle” (adaptation or mitigation). Examples are more detailed. Level 4 13-15 Structured explanation of how a range of governments (regional, national and supranational e.g. EU) are responding to climate change, and why willingness to act varies. Uses detailed examples and real-world knowledge. 8GE01 GCE Geography 14 0901
  • 13. Question Number Indicative content 9 (a) Changing distribution of world billionaires– invites discussion of the places in the world where they are starting to be found in greater numbers - notably the rise in Asia. However, north American continues to dominate and best answers should distinguish between absolute and relative rises in numbers shown. NB knowledge of credit crunch changes not essential but reward if there. Reasons – the global economy / globalisation / new technology all provide great opportunities for wealth creation and investment. Many billionaires are owners of large TNCs who are going “from strength to strength”. Rise of middle-classes in Asia has boosted consumerism there, making indigenous business community richer (best answers may recognise not all modern TNCs have their origins in Europe and America). Russian oil billionaires may feature in some accounts. Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 Little structure. A series of statements which describe the resource or generalise about globalisation creating more money. Level 2 5-7 Some structure in a descriptive account which begins to explain rising wealth on a regional basis (may mention Asian ‘miracle’). Can identify different general factors (e.g. likely to mention role of TNCs and new technology). Level 3 8-10 Well-structured answer that suggests reasons for rising wealth in different regions using a range of factors with some detailed supporting knowledge. 8GE01 GCE Geography 15 0901
  • 14. Question Number Indicative content 9 (b) Globalisation – globalisation integrates societies into the global economy but has social / cultural effects too Moral and social consequences – worker exploitation (sweat-shops and agricultural sector, and even call centres); threat to cultural diversities; possible adverse impacts on families, individuals (e.g. girls in prostitution), credit moral concerns for the environment / sustainable futures; accept other moral / social ideas [Do not expect distinction to always be made between moral and social even in top band]. Concern – a more equitable world is seen as desirable by many people but may be difficult to achieve. Individuals, societies, businesses can all show concern and for different reasons e.g. businesses have image to uphold. Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 Little structure. One or two statements about sweatshops with a few generalised details. Level 2 5-8 Some structure and has some ideas about how globalisation has moral / social consequences for some people. Examples named but not detailed. Level 3 9-12 Structured account that explains moral / social consequences globalisation in different contexts. At the top end, may broaden to include more than one industrial sector or more than one interpretation of social (e.g. impact on indigenous cultures). Examples have some details. Level 4 13-15 Structured thoughtful explanatory account that moral / social consequences of globalisation within a broader context. Well- supported by detailed examples. Question Number Indicative content 10 (a) Urgent need to improve - conditions are famously poor. The illustration suggests a range of problems, all of which it may be asserted are a cause for concern. Recognition may be shown that this is a destination for rural-urban newcomers – and that problems are likely to worsen if solutions are not found. Residential slums – the political and economic reality for many megacities is that the slums need to be ‘up-graded’ rather than replaced with formal housing (due to costs). Residents are also the life-blood of the city – providing workers for TNCs, etc. Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 Some problems are described using information from map. Level 2 5-7 Some structure – can offer categories for concern(e.g. health, services, education and the legality of activity). At top end may begin to recognise that developing these areas into ‘sustainable’ housing is a good management solution for lower-income nations / is required for further economic progression. Level 3 8-10 Structured examination of a range of problems and the need to tackle them either in Mumbai or elsewhere. At this level, the context of a megacity under pressure is made explicit – 8GE01 GCE Geography 16 0901
  • 15. acknowledging that numbers will continue to rise, and that money may not actually be available to replace slums with formal housing for the city’s workers. Question Number Indicative content 10 (b) Megacity – accept definitions of cities or urban conurbations in the range 8 to 10 million and upwards Explanation of growth– rural push factors (population growth in rural areas, agricultural modernisation, lack of opportunities) and urban pull factors (TNC / global hub ideas / development schemes); also credit importance of technology and transport. Many – not all megacities are growing as rapidly as others(e.g. New York), and good answers may pick up on this. Treat London conurbation as a megacity but not as an example of rapid growth. Level Mark Descriptor Level 1 1-4 One or two statements about why cities grow. Lacks examples. Level 2 5-8 Some structure in a description of growth that relies on generic urban push and pull factors. Context of megacity may not be explicitly addressed. Names some cities but little detail. Level 3 9-12 Structured examination that includes a range of push and pull factors with details appropriate to the study of megacities (e.g. hubs for major TNC investment). Examples are detailed. Level 4 13-15 Structured thoughtful account that provides excellent details of push-pull mechanisms. May show heightened awareness of local conditions(e.g. relaxation of migration laws in China or slower growth in some OECD megacities). Examples or details impress. 8GE01 GCE Geography 17 0901