SECTION B Ind
Answer ONE question in this section.
Use the evidence provided in the Resource Booklet and your own ideas. Cho
You are advised to spend approximately 30 minutes on Section B.
*7 Study Figure 7.
(a) Suggest why droughts, such as the one shown, have severe impacts on people
and the environment. ........
(10)
........
(b) Explain the increasing frequency of hydro-meteorological hazards (such as
cyclones, storms, droughts or floods). ........
(15)
........
(Total 25 marks)
*8 Study Figure 8. ........
(a) Suggest why action needs to be taken at different scales to reduce the rate of ........
global warming.
(10) ........
(b) Explain why some governments are more willing than others to help tackle
........
climate change.
(15)
........
(Total 25 marks)
........
*9 Study Figure 9.
(a) Suggest reasons why the distribution of world billionaires is changing. ........
(10)
........
(b) Explain why the moral and social consequences of globalisation may be a cause
for concern. ........
(15)
........
(Total 25 marks)
*10 Study Figure 10. ........
(a) Suggest why there is an urgent need to improve residential slums such as Dharavi. ........
(10)
........
(b) Explain why many megacities are currently experiencing rapid rates of growth.
(15)
........
(Total 25 marks)
........
........
........
........
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SECTION A
The following resources relate to Questions 1–6.
Figure 1 Earthquake hazard risk in the United States
N
W E
S
very high
very low
(Source: earthquake.usgs.gov)
Figure 2 Changes in the size of the Gulkana Glacier, Alaska (close to the Arctic circle)
0
(billions of square metres)
Total ice lost since 1985
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Years
2
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Figure 3 A flood wall along the River Thames that has been raised over time
Height
5.4 m
0m
Lower section of wall built to level 1 in the 1880s.
Wall was raised to level 2 in the 1890s.
This defence was lifted again to level 3 in the 1930s
(after the 1928 flood).
It was raised to level 4 after the massive coastal flooding
of the Thames estuary in 1953.
(Source: Environment Agency)
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Figure 4 Flows of manufactured goods between China and selected global regions in 2002
Japan
North 62
America 134
CHINA
Western
Europe 77
EXPORTS
Billions of dollars
Japan
North 53
America 22
CHINA
Western
32
Europe
IMPORTS
Billions of dollars
The arrows represent the value of trade in manufactured goods for 2002
(Source: mondediplo.com)
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Figure 5 British and foreign players in England’s football Premier League
220
200
180
160
NUMBER OF PLAYERS
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
1992 1997 2002 2007
KEY: BRITISH FOREIGN
Figure 6 McDonalds, a TNC, adapting to local conditions in India
Sesame seeds Vegetarian sauce
from Ghaziabad, from Quaker Cremica,
Uttar Pradesh Indian McVeggie Burger Punjab
Buns Batter and
from Shah Bector breadcrumbs
& Sons, from Cremica,
Maharashtra Punjab
Vegetable patty
from Kitran Foods,
Fresh lettuce
Maharashtra
from Trikaya Agriculture, Cheddar cheese
Maharashtra and from Dynamix Dairy,
Meena Arritech, Delhi Maharashtra
(Source: rediff.com)
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SECTION B
The following resources relate to Questions 7–10.
Figure 7 The European drought of 2003
Impacts included:
• 25,000 wildfires, destroying 650,000
hectares of forest
• large reductions in agricultural
production (the drought cost nearly
£7 billion in lost production)
• record low river flows created
problems for river navigation and the
water cooling of power plants
Motorists fled forest fires in
France • the number of tourists visiting Spain
from northern Europe fell by 800,000
as people stayed home to enjoy
warm and sunny local conditions
• groundwater levels reached 100-year
record lows, drying up springs and
wetlands
• the arid conditions resulted in
35,000 heat-related deaths.
Many tree deaths were blamed on
the 2003 drought
In Greece, irrigated crops failed as
rivers dried up
(Source: natural-hazards.jrc.it)
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Figure 8 Selected carbon-reducing energy strategies and their challenges
Strategy Description Challenges
(Scale)
1 Kyoto A political initiative • Not all big countries have
Agreement where many polluting signed up.
(global) nations agreed to • Targets may still be
targets for reducing ignored.
CO2 emissions. • Aims to cut emissions, not
to stop them.
2 Greater use Atomic energy (heat • Nuclear waste must be
of nuclear given off by radioactive disposed of.
power uranium) powers • Possibility of terrible
instead of turbines and generates accidents.
oil electricity. • Strong NIMBY* feelings
(national) aroused.
3 Greater Wind energy is used • Propellers are a threat to
use of wind to turn giant propellers bird-life.
turbines that can generate • Propellers can modify
instead of electricity. local climate.
oil • Strong NIMBY* feelings
(national) aroused.
4 Ethical Consumers boycott • Not all products carry
purchasing products labelled mileage labels.
to reduce as having been air- • Hard to monitor restaurant
food miles freighted very long meals.
(personal) distances. • Many people ignore the
labels.
*NIMBY = “not in my back yard” (meaning local people will object)
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8
Figure 9
Citizenship of the world’s 15 richest
Billionaires in 2003 and 2008
Rank 2003 2008
1 USA USA
2 USA Mexico
3 Germany USA
4 USA India
5 Saudi Arabia India
6 USA India
7 USA Switzerland
8 USA India
9 USA Russia
10 USA Germany
11 USA China
12 France USA
13 USA France
14 Sweden USA
15 Sweden Russia
Changes in the number and location of billionaires (2003–2008)
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Figure 10 Dharavi, an inner city slum in the Indian megacity of Mumbai
Areas where housing
has improved and
services have been
provided since 1991
Areas that were
improved during the
1980s
Undeveloped shanty
town area lacking
many services
Barely 10 per cent
of the commercial
activity here is
legal.
There is just one
lavatory for every
1,500 residents,
not a single public
hospital and only
a dozen municipal
schools.
Taps run dry most of the Open drains run thick with
time and tankers bring in untreated human and
water once a fortnight. industrial waste - cholera,
typhoid and malaria are
common.
Many of the buildings are
constructed illegally on However, the average household
Government land. wage in Dharavi is well above that
in rural areas of India and some
parts of Dharavi have bars, beauty
parlours, clothing boutiques and
even a cash machine.
(Source: National Geographic)
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