The Biodiversity Heritage Library: A Cornerstone of the Encyclopedia of Life

Slide 1: The Biodiversity Heritage Library A Cornerstone of the Encyclopedia of Life Martin R. Kalfatovic Smithsonian Institution Libraries BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 2: Biodiversity Heritage Library BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 3: Structure of the Encyclopedia of Life BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 4: OH H O H2N OH Serine Molecule BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 5: Synthesis Center Field Museum Biodiversity Heritage Informatics Library Marine Biological Laboratory Secretariat Education & Smithsonian Outreach Smithsonian/Harvard BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 6: Biodiversity Heritage Library • 2003, Telluride. Encyclopedia of Life meeting • February 2005. London. Library and Laboratory: the Marriage of Research, Data and Taxonomic Literature • May 2005. Washington. Ground work for the Biodiversity Heritage Library • June 2006. Washington. Organizational and Technical meeting • August 2006. New York Botanical Garden. BHL Director’s Meeting. • October 2006. St. Louis/San Francisco. Technical meetings • February 2007. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Organizational meeting BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 7: Biodiversity Heritage Library • American Museum of Natural History (New York) • Field Museum (Chicago) • Natural History Museum (London) • Smithsonian Institution (Washington) • Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis) • New York Botanical Garden (New York) • Royal Botanic Garden, Kew • Botany Libraries, Harvard University • Ernst Meyer Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University • Marine Biological Laboratory / Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution James Dwight Dana Zoophytes. Atlas, 1849 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 8: Taxonomic Literature • Over 250 years of systematic description of life • The cited half-life of publications in taxonomy is longer than in any other scientific discipline • The decay rate is longer than in any scientific discipline – Tom Moritz BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 9: Literature Repatriation 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 US & Canada Europe Mexico & C. South America America Biologia Centrali-Americana. Edited by Frederick Ducane Godman and Osbert Salvin. London : Pub. for the editors by R. H. Porter, 1879-1915 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 10: Digital Divide? BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 11: Digital Divide? Vishwas Chavan travels a lot. An informatician based at the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India, he collects data on what types of animal live where in India to enter into a biodiversity database … Much of the information Chavan seeks is in old, out-of-print tomes … To find them, Chavan has spent years trailing around libraries. He dreams of the day when books such as these are scanned and made available as digital files on the Internet. “Science in the Web Age: The Real Death of Print” by Andreas von Bubnoff Nature 438, 550-552 1 December 2005 Henry Walter Bates The Naturalist on the River Amazons, 1863 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 12: Narrowing the Divide BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 13: Biodiversity Heritage Library • Core literature pre-1923: 400,000 (80 million pages) • All pre-1923: 600-750,000 (120-150 million pages) • All literature: 1.4-1.6 million (280-320 million pages) Mass. Zoological and Botanical Survey Reports on the fishes, reptiles and birds of Massachusetts, 1839 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 14: Changing Priorities • Open Access for scientific literature • Encourage re-use and re-purposing of the data in multiple and diverse systems • Work with non- commercial publishers to provide access BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 15: Changing Priorities • BHL has had discussions with various society publishers as well as: – BioOne – JSTOR T.H. Huxley by Leslie Ward (“Spy”) BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 16: Digital Book Creation • Automated structure detection – vital for serials • Taxonomic Intelligence • Digital Identifiers • Scalable mass scanning (outside of the Google environment) Richard Owen by Leslie Ward (“Spy”) BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 17: BHL Structural Metadata First Ingest Bib # Barcode Sub-element 45632 390888343 45632 390888344 Internet Archive 45632 390888345 45632 390888346 45632 390888347 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 18: BHL Structural Metadata Sub-Element Map Bib # Barcode Sub-element 45632 390888343 1 45632 390888343 2 Internet Archive 45632 390888343 3 45632 390888343 4 45632 390888343 5 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 19: BHL Structural Metadata Page Structure Map Image Number 0001 Bib # Barcode Sub-element 45632 390888343 1 0002 0003 0004 Internet Archive XML structure map that delineates the relationships of the images created 0005 automatically BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 20: Taxonomic Intelligence BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 21: Taxonomic Intelligence • 9.4 million name strings in NameBank • Uses sophisticated algorithm (TaxonGrab) to locate likely name strings in OCR text • Iterative processing of BHL texts will both increase the number of name strings in NameBank and increase the accuracy of name string recognition Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon Histoire naturelle : générale et particulière (Oiseaux), 1799-1808 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 22: Digital Identifiers • Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) • Handles • Life Science Identifiers (LSID) • URIs • Etc. Telespiza palmeri Avifauna of Laysan, 1893-1900 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 23: Digital Identifiers • Factors: – Cost per identifier – Community acceptance – Scalability • BHL is working with TDWG and others to come up with the best scheme(s) Moho bishopi Aviafauna of Laysan, 1893-1900 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 24: Scalable Mass Scanning BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 25: The Internet Archive • 501(c)(3) organization • Dedicated to “Universal Access to Human Knowledge” • Founder of the Open Content Alliance • Provides: – Mass scanning – Archival storage of files – Image processing – Technology development BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 26: Internet Archive Scribe Scanner • Single Scribe Machine – Human operated – 200 volumes per shift per week – ~ 70,000 pages from a single machine per week – Cost: $100,000 / year BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 27: Internet Archive Scribe: Boston • Cooperative facility with the Boston Library Consortium (19 New England Libraries) • BHL Members MBL/WHOI and Harvard Libraries will use the facility • Status: In production BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 28: Internet Archive Scribe: Boston BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 29: Internet Archive Scribe: London • Single Scribe in place • Projected 5 unit pod to be located at The Natural History Museum • Status: In production BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 30: Internet Archive Scribe: London BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 31: Internet Archive Scribe: Washington • Single unit arrived May 5 • Funded by Smithsonian Libraries • Projected 5 unit BHL pod in National Museum of Natural History • Projected 10-15 unit pod shared by Smithsonian/BHL and regional Washington libraries • BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 32: Internet Archive Scribe: Washington BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 33: Internet Archive Scribe: New York • Current BHL plans focus on sharing a 10 unit pod located at the New York Public Library • American Museum of Natural History and New York Botanical Garden will use this facility • Status: in planning Carl von Linné (1707 - 1778) BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 34: Internet Archive Scribe: Illinois • Two machines funded by State of Illinois • UIUC scanning Fieldiana (all series) • Arrangement coordinated by Michael Godow, Bryan Heidorn (UIUC/GSLIS), Betsy Kruger (UIUC/Library) • Status: In production BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 35: Internet Archive Scribe: Illinois BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 36: BHL Portal • Library catalog-like interface to BHL literature • Enhanced structural analysis to provide volume/issue/article page access to the literature • Iterative development based on feedback from user community • Provide access to two key audiences: – Humans – Machines BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 37: www.biodiversitylibrary.org BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 38: BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Slide 46: BHL Literature Online 1,291,485 pages 657,310 pages via BHL Portal Yet another physical difficulty is the task of assembling the library and indexes which will enable the student to work under proper conditions…. the beginner must now be prepared to spend liberally, or else must establish himself in an institution where a large library exists; if he work by himself with only a few books, he will have to confine himself to a very narrow specialty indeed. 'The Limitations of Taxonomy' by J.M. Aldrich, Science, April 22, 1927, vol. LXV, no. 1686, p.381 BHL @ Smithsonian Libraries @ ALA Martin R. Kalfatovic 25 June 2007 Smithsonian Institution Libraries

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