Slides from History of Interaction Design course at SVA.
Slides from History of Interaction Design course at SVA.
information architecture user experience usability computing interaction design history ixd interaction design ui ux history
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André Malheiro
, Interaction Designer
at freelance consultancy
1 year ago
pasionmarilou
2 years ago
Yury Vetrov
, Head of UX
at Mail.Ru
Tags ui ux history
2 years ago
Mael Poulain
, web designer
at Linearis
Tags history ixd
2 years ago
Doug Stringham
, User Experience Designer & Interpreter Educator
at Utah Valley University
Tags design ixd interaction
2 years ago
In June 1954 IBM patent attorney A.J. Etienne sought Atanasoff's help in breaking an Eckert-Mauchly patent on a revolving magnetic memory drum, having been alerted by Clifford Berry that the ABC's revolving capacitor memory drum may have constituted prior art. Atansoff agreed to assist the attorney, but IBM ultimately entered a patent-sharing agreement with Sperry Rand, the owners of the Eckert-Mauchly memory patent, and the case was dropped.[3]
On May 26, 1967, computer manufacturer Honeywell Inc. filed a lawsuit against Sperry Rand in U.S. District Court in Minneapolis, Minnesota challenging the validity of the ENIAC patent. The trial, one of the longest and most expensive in the federal courts to that time, began on June 1, 1971, lasted until March 13, 1972, had 77 witnesses, plus 80 depositions and 30,000 exhibits. Atanasoff's machine was introduced as prior art.
The case was legally resolved on October 19, 1973 when U.S. District Judge Earl R. Larson held the ENIAC patent invalid, ruling that the ENIAC derived many basic ideas from the Atanasoff-Berry Computer. Judge Larson explicitly stated, "Eckert and Mauchly did not themselves first invent the automatic electronic digital computer, but instead derived that subject matter from one Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff".
Sperry declined to appeal the decision in Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, but the decision received little publicity at the time, perhaps because it was overshadowed by the Watergate era "Saturday Night Massacre" firing of special prosecutor Archibald Cox by President Richard Nixon the next day. Despite the uncontested legal decision, some computer history publications continued to represent the ENIAC, rather than the ABC, as the first electronic digital computer.
[edit]
All interaction with these machines was intimately connected to the nature of the hardware, namely the handling of data in aggregates called files, which consisted of records stored sequentially on reels of tape. Although tape offered many advantages over punched cards, it resembled cards in the way it stored records one after the other in sequence. In order to use this data, one frequently had to sort it into an order (alphabetic, or based on a certain binary operator) that would allow one to find a specific record. Sorting data dominated early commercial computing, and as late as 1973 was estimated to occupy 25% of all computer time.
Among the processing functions was a program to sort a file and print out various reports sorted by one or more keys. These reports were bound into folders and it was from these printed volumes that people in an organization had access to corporate data. For example, if a customer called an insurance company with question about his or her account, an employee would refer to the most recent printout, probably sorted by customer number. Sorting and merging records into a stored file dominated data processing until disks were developed that allowed access to a specific record.
As had happened with BINAC, EMCC's estimates of delivery dates and costs proved to be optimistic, and the company was soon in financial difficulty again. In early 1950, the company was for sale; potential buyers included National Cash Register and Remington Rand. Remington Rand made the first offer, and purchased EMCC on February 15, 1950, whereupon it became the UNIVAC division of Remington Rand. The first UNIVAC was not delivered until March 1951, over a year after EMCC was acquired by Remington Rand, and too late to help much for the 1950 census.
The pieces modeled are a Uniprinter (2 pieces), a tape to card converter (3 pieces), a high-speed printer (4 pieces), 8 Uniservo tape drive units (1 L-shaped piece), the supervisory control with typewriter (2 pieces) and a chair, a Unityper II with chair, a verifier with chair, the central processing unit (CPU), and a card to tape converter (3 pieces).
However, upon acceptance at the company premises, truck load after truck load of punched cards arrived to be recorded on tape (by what was called jokingly the card to pulp converters) for processing by UNIVAC. The Census Bureau used the prototype UNIVAC on EMCC premised for months. Mauchly resigned from Remington Rand in 1952; his 10-year contract with them ran until 1960, and prohibited him from working on other computer projects during that time. Remington Rand merged with Sperry Corporation in 1955, and in 1975, the division was renamed Sperry UNIVAC.[1] The company's corporate descendant today is Unisys.
The most famous UNIVAC product was the UNIVAC I mainframe computer of 1951, which became known for predicting the outcome of the U.S. presidential election the following year.
In 1953 or 1954 Remington Rand merged their tabulating machine division in Norwalk, Connecticut, the Engineering Research Associates "scientific" computer division, and the UNIVAC "business" computer division into a single division under the UNIVAC name.
In 1955 Remington Rand merged with Sperry Corporation to become Sperry Rand. The UNIVAC division of Remington Rand was renamed the Univac division of Sperry Rand. General Douglas MacArthur was chosen to head the company. Around 1975, to assist "corporate identity" the name was changed to Sperry Univac, along with "Sperry Remington", "Sperry New Holland" etc.
In the 1960s, UNIVAC was one of the eight major computer companies in an industry then referred to as "Snow White and the seven dwarfs"—IBM, the largest, being Snow White and the others being the dwarfs: Burroughs, NCR, Control Data Corporation, General Electric, RCA and Honeywell. (Another industry player, albeit much smaller, was Scientific Data Systems). In the 1970s, after GE sold its computer business to Honywell and RCA sold its to Univac, the analogy to the seven dwarfs of legend became less apt and the remaining small firms became known as the "BUNCH" (Burroughs, Univac, NCR, Control Data, and Honeywell).
With a stored program computer, a sequence of instructions that would be needed more than once could be stored on a tape. When a particular problem required that sequence, the computer could read the tape, store the sequence in memory, and then insert the sequence into the proper places in the program. By building up a library of sequences representing the most frequently used operations of a computer, a programmer could write a sophisticated and complex program without constant recourse to binary.
Mauchley persuaded her to work on programming the UNIVAC.
It was from Grace Hopper that COBOL acquired its most famous attribute, namely the ability to use long character names that made the resulting language look like ordinary English. In FORTRAN one might write IF A>B, but in COBOL the statement might read IF employee-hours IS GREATER THAN maximum.
Gave the illusion that comptuers understood more than they do. Getting computers do what you mean, not what you say, is still a problem.
Identified the information storage and retrieval problem: new knowledge does not reach the people who could benefit from it
“publication has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record”
Time sharing
Electronic I/O
Interactive real-time system
Large scale information storage and retrieval
Combined speech recognition, character recognition, light-pen editing
Natrual language understanding, speech recognition and heuristic programming
As one of the celebrity industrial designers of the 1930s and 1940s, Dreyfuss dramatically improved the look, feel, and usability of dozens of consumer products. As opposed to Raymond Loewy and other contemporaries, Dreyfuss was not a stylist: he applied common sense and a scientific approach to design problems. His work both popularized the field for public consumption, and made significant contributions to the underlying fields of ergonomics, anthropometrics, and human factors.
An excellent case study for interaction designers today, as his industrial design work was in the heyday of that discipline, and his accounts provide a good foundation for designers who seek ways to negotiate with management, marketing, customer service, and technology.
magnetic-core memory
graphical output terminal to display results
light pen for operator interaction
software aids
diagnostic routines
data communications over telephone lines
computer-run air-traffic control (SAGE)
automatic control of machine tools
time sharing
The typing model was the path of least resistance . It was much less demanding for technologists because they could build on the powerful machines like ENIAC that were already normal in the industry.
The path to the GUI was based on the mouse. A pointing device lets you choose commands from menus, which means you can move from recall to recognition. This road combined a display and pointing device, leading to the desktop and the mouse.
The Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) was an automated control system for tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by NORAD from the late 1950s into the 1980s.
Enabled real-time operation by multiple users.
The PDP-8 was the first successful commercial minicomputer, produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the 1960s. DEC introduced it on 22 March 1965, and sold more than 50,000 systems, the most of any computer up to that date.[1] It was the first widely sold computer in the DEC PDP series of computers (the PDP-5 was not originally intended to be a general-purpose computer).
Great photo of this computer on the back of a potato picker in the fields
Large mainframe computers with terminals attached
Gave the illusion that you were operating your own computer
“Computer utility” like an electric power utility
Shift from timesharing of mainframe or minicomputers to personal computers
The SABRE reservation system for airline passengers was the first large, high-speed commercial computer/communications network that operated in "real time" -- handling transactions at the time they occurred. It was developed by IBM for American Airlines over six years of joint research and became operational in 1962. (VV3072)
Although computer usage was no longer in batches of cards, some of the basic structure of a punched card installation remained.
Sometimes called “dumb terminals” or “glass teletypes”
Offered little beyond data entry and viewing
Operated on the assumption that the user would be keying information into selected fields
That the same fields (name, DOB) would be repeated over and over
Therefore terminal did not transmit information as it was keyed in, but waited until the entire screen/record was finished
Typically used in rooms near the mainframe (replacing keypunch rooms?)
Rarely in private offices
This was the era where software costs started to exceed hardware costs
IBM lost $50 million on developing a time sharing system for its mainframes
GE launched an early timesharing system at Dartmouth
The founders of Project MAC envisioned the creation of a computer utility whose computational power would be as reliable as an electric utility. To this end, Corbató brought the first computer time-sharing system, CTSS, with him from the MIT Computation Center, using the DARPA funding to purchase an IBM 7094 for research use. One of the early focuses of Project MAC would be the development of a successor to CTSS, Multics, which was to be the first high availability computer system, developed as a part of an industry consortium including General Electric and Bell Laboratories.
GE Partnered with MIT Project MAC and Bell Labs to develop MULTICS
Wholly unprepared for the magnitude of how hard it is to develop software
GE exited the computer business as a result
Because of software problems, believed that only small, specialized systems would be viable. Niche markets for science, engineering, and business computing with a max of 30-50 users, not the computer utility imagined.
Led systems designers to explore a small, minimalist design
UNIX was frugal in the extreme: two and three letter commands
Output of any process was usable for the input of another
Meant that nothing was formatted with page breaks or status info, reduced clutter
“Wanted to build not just a good environment for programming, but a system around which a fellowship could form”
UNIX was well positioned to take advantage of a mood swing in computer usage in the early 1970s caused by a growing exasperation with large, centralized mainframe computers and the failure of the large computer utility. Users were beginning to reject the centralized mainframe in favor of a decentralized small computer in their own department. Few manufacturers offered suitable operating systems, and UNIX filled the void.
Bell Labs offered it to colleges and universities at low cost, and the framework organic growth easy. It enabled programmers to stand on the shoulders of others.