Foundations of Interaction Design

FOUNDATIONS OF INTERACTION DESIGN Smart Experience

IN THE SAME WAY THAT INDUSTRIAL DESIGNERS HAVE SHAPED OUR EVERYDAY LIFE THROUGH OBJECTS THEY DESIGN FOR OUR OFFICES AND FOR OUR HOMES, INTERACTION DESIGN IS SHAPING OUR LIFE WITH INTERACTIVE TECHNOLOGIES — COMPUTERS, TELECOMMUNICATIONS, MOBILE PHONES, AND SO ON. — GILLIAN CRAMPTON SMITH INTERACTION DESIGN INSTITUTE, IVREA Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

MACHINES SHAPE US WE SHAPE THE MACHINES Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

Goals Intention Evaluation Gulf of Execution Gulf of Evaluation Action Speciﬁcation Interpretation Execution Perception INPUTS THE MACHINE DISPLAY

TIMELINE OF ADOPTION Professional Use Personal Use (AND ADAPTATION!) Cards / Switches Keyboard Graphical User Interface Hypertext Networks Mobility 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

WORLD WAR II AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY (1940s) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

ENIAC (1943) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

SWITCHES, TAPE & PUNCH CARDS (1940s–1960s) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 9

“MAN-COMPUTER SYMBIOSIS” (1950s) “The hope is that, in not too many years, human brains and computing machines will be coupled together very tightly and that the resulting partnership will think as no human brain has ever thought and process data in a way not approached by the information-handling machines we know today.” — J.R. Licklider Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

BINAC (1949) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 11

IBM ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS 12 (1950s) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

UNIVAC (1956) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 13

TIMELINE OF ADOPTION Professional Use Personal Use (AND ADAPTATION!) Cards / Switches ? Keyboard Graphical User Interface Hypertext Networks Mobility 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

MITS ALTAIR 8800 (1975) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 15

Typing Interaction Pointing Interaction Whirlwind NLS LINC Xerox ALTO and STAR Apple II Apple Lisa and Mac IBM PC Windows 3.1

WHIRLWIND (1951) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

LINC (1962) Designer Wesley A. Clark shown with the first Laboratory Instrument Computer (LINC) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

HOME COMPUTERS (70s) Apple II IBM 5150 Commodore PET Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80 Commodore VIC-20 Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 20

PERSONAL COMPUTING (1975) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

APPLICATION INTERFACES (70s) WordStar Command Line VisiCalc Hierarchical Menus Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES Windows Icons Pointers Menus Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 24

WINDOWS Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 25

26 ICONS Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

MENUS Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 27

28 POINTERS Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

Typing Interaction Pointing Interaction Whirlwind LINC NLS Xerox ALTO and STAR Apple II Apple Lisa and Mac IBM PC Windows 3.1

IVAN SUTHERLAND AND SKETCHPAD (1963) The Sketchpad system makes it possible for a man and a computer to converse rapidly through the medium of line drawings. Heretofore, most interaction between man and computers has been slowed down by the need to reduce all communication to written statements that can be typed; in the past, we have been writing letters to rather than conferring with our computers. The Sketchpad system, by eliminating typed statements (except for legends) in favor of line drawings, opens up a new area of man-machine communication. Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

X/Y POSITION INDICATOR (THE MOUSE) (1964) “By augmenting man's intellect we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems. One objective is to develop new techniques, procedures, and systems that will better adapt people's basic information-handling capabilities to the needs, problems, and progress of society.” —Douglas Englebart Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

NLS – ONLINE SYSTEM (60s) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

XEROX ALTO (1973) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

XEROX STAR (1981) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

APPLE LISA (1983) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

APPLE MACINTOSH (1983) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007 Page 39

Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

MICROSOFT SOFTWARE IN A BOX (1990s) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

43 VANNEVAR BUSH AND MEMEX (1945) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

44 ARPANET AND USENET (1980s) ARPANET 1977 USENET 1980 USENET 1993 Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

WORLD WIDE WEB (1990s) First Web Browser/Editor, 1990 Netscape, 1994 Yahoo, 1994 Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

XEROX DYNABOOK (1968) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

MOBILE COMPUTING (1990s) Osborne 1 (1981) Apple Powerbook (1991) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

MOBILE DEVICES (2000s) Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

51 Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

51 LET’S RECAP. Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

51 LET’S RECAP. _ Who’s the user? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

51 LET’S RECAP. _ Who’s the user? _ What’s the interface? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

51 LET’S RECAP. _ Who’s the user? _ What’s the interface? _ How is it used? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

51 LET’S RECAP. _ Who’s the user? _ What’s the interface? _ How is it used? _ Who can afford it? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

BEFORE 1945: THE NEW INVENTION Who’s What’s the user? the interface? How Who can is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

BEFORE 1945: THE NEW INVENTION Who’s What’s the user? the interface? THE INVENTOR HIMSELF How Who can is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

BEFORE 1945: THE NEW INVENTION Who’s What’s the user? the interface? THE INVENTOR HIMSELF MOVING CABLES AROUND How Who can is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

BEFORE 1945: THE NEW INVENTION Who’s What’s the user? the interface? THE INVENTOR HIMSELF MOVING CABLES AROUND How Who can is it afford used? them? BRUTE FORCE ARITHMETIC Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

BEFORE 1945: THE NEW INVENTION Who’s What’s the user? the interface? THE INVENTOR HIMSELF MOVING CABLES AROUND How Who can is it afford used? them? BRUTE FORCE ARITHMETIC THE MILITARY Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1945 –1955: THE CALCULATOR Who’s What’s the the user? interface? How is it Who can used? afford them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1945 –1955: THE CALCULATOR Who’s What’s the the user? interface? EXPERTS AND PIONEERS How is it Who can used? afford them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1945 –1955: THE CALCULATOR Who’s What’s the the user? interface? EXPERTS AND PIONEERS PUNCH CARDS AND SWITCHES How is it Who can used? afford them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1945 –1955: THE CALCULATOR Who’s What’s the the user? interface? EXPERTS AND PIONEERS PUNCH CARDS AND SWITCHES How is it Who can used? afford them? HIGH SPEED CALCULATIONS Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1945 –1955: THE CALCULATOR Who’s What’s the the user? interface? EXPERTS AND PIONEERS PUNCH CARDS AND SWITCHES How is it Who can used? afford them? HIGH SPEED CALCULATIONS ROCKET SCIENTISTS Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1955 –1965: THE GIANT BRAIN What’s the Who’s the interface? user? Who can How is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1955 –1965: THE GIANT BRAIN What’s the Who’s the interface? user? PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS Who can How is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1955 –1965: THE GIANT BRAIN What’s the Who’s the interface? user? PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS TELETYPE AND TERMINAL Who can How is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1955 –1965: THE GIANT BRAIN What’s the Who’s the interface? user? PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS TELETYPE AND TERMINAL Who can How is it afford used? them? COMMAND LINE INTERFACE Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1955 –1965: THE GIANT BRAIN What’s the Who’s the interface? user? PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS TELETYPE AND TERMINAL Who can How is it afford used? them? COMMAND LINE INTERFACE INFORMATION INTENSIVE BUSINESSES Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1965 –1980: WHITE COLLAR LABOR What’s the Who’s the interface? user? Who can How is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1965 –1980: WHITE COLLAR LABOR What’s the Who’s the interface? user? SPECIALIZED COMPUTER OPERATORS Who can How is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1965 –1980: WHITE COLLAR LABOR What’s the Who’s the interface? user? GREEN-SCREEN ALPHANUMERIC SPECIALIZED COMPUTER OPERATORS Who can How is it afford used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1965 –1980: WHITE COLLAR LABOR What’s the Who’s the interface? user? GREEN-SCREEN ALPHANUMERIC SPECIALIZED COMPUTER OPERATORS Who can How is it afford used? them? BATCH PROCESSING Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1965 –1980: WHITE COLLAR LABOR What’s the Who’s the interface? user? GREEN-SCREEN ALPHANUMERIC SPECIALIZED COMPUTER OPERATORS Who can How is it afford used? them? BATCH PROCESSING MOST LARGE BUSINESSESInteraction Design Foundations of September 2007

1980 –1995: PRODUCTIVITY TOOL Who’s What’s the the user? interface? Who can How is afford it used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1980 –1995: PRODUCTIVITY TOOL Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GEEKS Who can How is afford it used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1980 –1995: PRODUCTIVITY TOOL Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GEEKS GUIs Who can How is afford it used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1980 –1995: PRODUCTIVITY TOOL Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GEEKS GUIs Who can How is afford it used? them? SHRINK-WRAPPED SOFTWARE Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1980 –1995: PRODUCTIVITY TOOL Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GEEKS GUIs Who can How is afford it used? them? SHRINK-WRAPPED SOFTWARE UPWARDLY MOBILE HOME USERS Interaction Design Foundations of September 2007

1995 – ?: NETWORKED UBIQUITY Who’s What’s the the user? interface? Who can How is afford it used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1995 – ?: NETWORKED UBIQUITY Who’s What’s the the user? interface? EVERYONE. Who can How is afford it used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1995 – ?: NETWORKED UBIQUITY Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GUIs EVERYONE. Who can How is afford it used? them? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1995 – ?: NETWORKED UBIQUITY Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GUIs EVERYONE. Who can How is afford it used? them? WEB-ENABLED TOOLS Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

1995 – ?: NETWORKED UBIQUITY Who’s What’s the the user? interface? GUIs EVERYONE. Who can How is afford it used? them? WEB-ENABLED TOOLS THEY’RE CHEAP! BUY SEVERAL! of Interaction Design Foundations September 2007

WHAT NEXT? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

TOUCHSCREEN INTERFACES BLUR THE LINES BETWEEN INPUT AND DISPLAY Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

60 NEW “VERBS” ARE A REALITY Bi-touch Pinch Voice Recognition Gestures Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

APPLICATIONS, DATA, CONTENT AND PROFILES ARE MOVING TO THE CLOUD. Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

62 “The application model is constraining to users who have integrated tasks that require multiple applications to solve.” —Jakob Nielsen Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

64 WHAT DO YOU THINK IS NEXT? Foundations of Interaction Design September 2007

65 THANKS TO: Michael Wesch, “The Machine is Us/ing Us” Mike Tuck, “The Real History of the GUI” Jakob Nielsen, “Noncommand User Interfaces” Richard T. Griffiths, “History of the Internet for Historians (and just about everyone else)” Brad Myers, “A Brief History of Human Computer Interaction Technology” Saul Greenberg, “History of Human Computer Interaction” Mark Rettig, “Interaction Design History In A Teeny Little Nutshell” Bill Moggridge, Designing Interactions Donald Norman, The Design of Everyday Things Digibarn Computer Museum Wikipedia Google Images Foundations of Interaction Design September 2008

THANKS! 38 West 21st Street 3rd Floor New York, NY 10010 212-226-6344 main 212-898-0369 fax www.bondartscience.com info@bondartscience.com

Foundations of Interaction Design

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