3. • Established in 1985 by leading scientists at
Harvard and MIT together with executives
from the food industry
• Shipment of first mycotoxin testing product
line - 1987
• Shipment of first microbiological testing
product line - 1991
• Established distribution in 97 countries
worldwide - 1999
VICAM HISTORY
4. VICAM CORPORATE MISSION
• Committed to innovative, rapid tests for
the food industry
• Design tests with superior quality,
value, reliability, ease-of-use and
performance
• Customer Service
• Seek our customer’s input
5. Product Line History
AflaTest
1987 1988 1991 1992 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Coming Soon
AflaTip
Afla B
DONtest HPLC
OchraTest
ListerTest Afla M1
DONtest TAG
AlfaOchra
T-2 TAG
Salmonella Screen/
Salmonella Verify
Salmonella Screen/
SE Verify
Mold Tests
Patulin TestFumoniTest
ZearalaTest
AflaTest WB
ZearalaTest WB
OchraTest WB
AOZ WB
T-2 HPLC
Amylease Test
2002 2003
6. New Products
AOZ column for HPLC
Wide bore AflaTest, OchraTest,
FumoniTest, and ZearalaTest columns
for HPLC
T-2 HPLC column
8. Regulatory Relationships with:
•AOAC
•FDA
•FGIS
•USDA
•Laboratoire de Médecine
Vétérinaire, France
•Laboratórios de Veterinária de
Portugal
•Agriculture Laboratory,
Netherlands
•Insituto Superiore di Sanita,
Italy
•FDA, Taiwan
•Ministerio de Salud, Chile
•Ministerio de Salud, Colombia
•Health Canada
•Veterinary lab, South Africa
•Ministère de I’Agriculture,
France
• EECC
•Ministère de I’Agriculture,
Belgium
•Agri-Food & Veterinary
Authority of Singapore,
Singapore
•Health Sciences Authority,
Singapore
•Australian Government
Analytical Laboratories,
Australia
•National Standard Method of
China
12. Mycotoxins of economic, health
and agricultural significance
Mycotoxins are metabolic products of food
spoilage fungi that induce toxic responses when
consumed by animals or people.
Hundreds of mycotoxins have been identified;
They will fall into many different chemical
classes, and induce a wide variety of toxic
responses.
13. Figure 6.1. Factors affecting mycotoxin occurrence in the food chain (Pestka and Casale, 1989).
Mycotoxins economic
and health risks
Biological Factors
Susceptible Crop +
Compatible, Toxigenic Fungus
Environmental Factors
Temperature
Moisture
Mechanical Injury
Insect/Bird Damage
Fungus
Harvesting
Crop Maturity
Temperature
Moisture
Detection/Diversion
Storage
Temperature
Moisture
Detection/Diversion
Distribution-Processing
Detection/Diversion
Animal ProductsHumans Animals
15. Adverse economic effects of
mycotoxins producer costs
LIVESTOCK
(beef, swine, poultry) and dairy
• Higher mortality rates
• Reproductive failures
(abortions)
• Reduced feed efficiency
• Overall quality loss
• Lower milk production
• Nonmarketable milk
CROPS
• Yield Losses
• Restricted Markets
• Increased production
costs
• Increased post
harvest costs
16. Aflatoxin
• Produced by Aspergillus flavus and
A. parasiticus
• Five key aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1, G2
and M1
• Found in corn, grains, cottonseed,
peanuts, tree nuts, spices, milk
• Liver damage
• IARC- class 1 human carcinogen
17. Aspergillus flavus
Figure 4.1 Growth of
Aspergillus flavus
(yellow-green fungus) from
two of five surface sterilized
peanuts placed on a nutrient
culture medium.
Photograph courtesy of R.J. Cole, USDA, ARS, National Peanut Research Laboratory, Dawson, Georgia.
19. Effects of aflatoxins
Figure 2.2 Livers from
guinea pigs given increasing
doses of aflatoxins over the
same period of time. From left
to right beginning in the upper
left corner to the lower right
corner with a liver from a
guinea pig given the greatest
dose of aflatoxins. Note the
increasingly pale livers with
increasing dose of aflatoxins.
Photograph courtesy of J.L. Richard, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa.
20. Aflatoxin B1
Courtesy of D.P.H. Hsieh, University of California, Davis.
Drawing by G. Hedberg, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa.
Aflatoxin B1 binds to DNA
at the guanine base in liver
cells, corrupting the genetic
code that regulates cell growth.
Out-of-control cells grow into
tumors that eventually become
cancerous.
21. U.S. federal government
action level for aflatoxin
Food for human consumption 20 ppb
Milk for human consumption 0.5 ppb
Dairy, immature pigs and poultry 20 ppb
Breeding Animals 100ppb
Finishing Swine 200ppb
Beef Cattle 300 ppb
22. Aflatoxin EC Regulation
Commodity B1 Total M1
Cereals for human consumption 2ppb 4ppb
Baby food, formula and dietary
supplyment
0.1ppb 0.025
ppb
Nuts and dried fruit for human
consumption
2ppb 4ppb
Chilies, cayenne and paprika, pepper,
Nutmeg, Ginger, and Turmeric
5ppb 10ppb
Milk 0.05ppb
23. Ochratoxin
• Produced by Aspergillus ochraceus and
Penicillium viridicatum
• Found in cereal grains, coffee,
dried vine fruit, wine
• Nephrotoxin (kidney toxin)
• Linked to Balkan endemic nephropathy
• Found in blood of most Europeans
• IARC—possible human carcinogen
24. Ochratoxin EC Regulation
Cereals and
raw cereal grains
5ppb
Products derived from cereals for
Human consumption
3ppb
Dried Vine fruit (currants, raisins
and sultanas)
10ppb
Roasted coffee beans and ground 5ppb
Soluble coffee (instant coffee) 10ppb
Wine and/or grape must based beverages 2ppb
Baby food or Dietary supplement 0.5ppb
26. Fumonisin
Produced by Fusarium verticillioides
Found in corn and maize
Equine Leukoencephalomalacia
• liquefaction of brain matter in horses
• aimless circling, abnormal movements,
lameness, death
Porcine pulmonary edema
• pig lungs fill with fluid
Human esophageal cancer in South Africa
Cancer promoting activity in rats and mice
27. U. S. federal government guidance levels
for total fumonisins (FB1+FB2+FB3)
Corn products for 2-4 ppm
human consumption
Horses and Rabbit 5 ppm
Swine and catfish 10ppm
Breeding animal 30ppm
Ruminants for slaughter 60ppm
Poultry for slaughter 100ppm
28. Fumonisin EC Regulation
unprocessed maize 2ppm
maize flour, maize meal, maize grits
and refined maize semolina 1ppm
maize based foods
for direct consumption 0.4ppm
maize based foods for infants
and young children and baby food 0.2ppm
29. Zearalenone
Produced by Fusarium molds
Found in cereal grains (corn, wheat, barley)
Estrogenic effects, especially in pigs
• male pigs show feminization
• decreased litter size, abortions
• interferes with conception, ovulation and
implantation of fetus
IARC-possible human carcinogen
30. Zearalenone EC regulation
Unprocessed cereals other than maize 100ppb
Unprocessed maize 200ppb
Cereal flour except maize flour 75ppb
Maize flour, maize meal, maize grits and
refined maize oil
200ppb
Bread, pastries, biscuits, maize snacks
and maize-based breakfast cereals
50ppb
processed cereal-based foods for infants
and young children and baby food
20ppb
31. Deoxynivalenol
• Also known as Vomitoxin and DON
• Produced by Fusarium molds
• Found in cereal grains (wheat, corn,
barley and oats)
• Intestinal disorders, vomiting, diarrhea
• Feed refusal
• Reproductive disorders
• Increased susceptibility to disease
32. U. S. federal government
advisory level for deoxynivalenol
Wheat products for 1 ppm
human consumption
Grain for swine and other 5 ppm
animal species (not cattle
or chickens)
Grain for cattle and 10 ppm
chickens
33. E.U. Advisory level for
Deoxynivalenol
Cereal products for 0.5 ppm
direct consumption
Flour used as 0.75 ppm
raw material in food
34. E.U. Advisory level for
Deoxynivalenol
Unprocessed cereals other than durum wheat, oats
and maize
1250ppb
Unprocessed durum wheat and oats 1750ppb
Unprocessed maize 1750 ppb *
Cereal flour, including maize flour, maize grits ands
maize meal
750 ppb
Bread, pastries, biscuits, cereal snacks and
breakfast cereals
500 ppb
Pasta (dry) 750 ppb
Processed cereal-based food for infants and young
children and baby food
200 ppb
35. T-2
• Produced by Fusarium molds
• Found in cereal grains (wheat, corn, rye)
• Alimentary Toxic Aleukia
• Burning in mouth, throat and stomach
• vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain
• bone marrow destruction/decreased
blood production
• hemorrhaging in mucous membranes and organs
• Isolated from ―yellow rain‖
• Immunosuppressive
36. E.U. Advisory for T-2 and HT-2
• A maximum level (refers to the sum of T-2
and HT-2 toxin.) will be fixed, if appropriate,
before 1 July 2007.
• T-2 and HT-2 in cereal and cereal products
particularly in oats and oat products is
necessary and of high priority.
37. T-2 effects
Figure 2.1 Effects of dietary
T-2 mycotoxin on growth of
turkey poults. The turkey poult
on the left was given normal
ration, and the poult on the right
was given a ration containing
10ppm of T-2 mycotoxin for
three weeks.
Photograph courtesy of J.L. Richard, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa.
38. Effects of T-2 (continued)
Figure 2.3 Severe oral
lesion in a turkey poult that
consumed a ration
containing 10 ppm T-2
mycotoxin for 3 weeks.
Photograph courtesy of J.L. Richard, USDA, ARS, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa.
40. Team Medical & Scientific Sdn. Bhd.
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40460 Shah Alam, Selangor
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