This document provides an overview of various biological processes including passive transport, active transport, cell metabolism, protein synthesis, and growth. It explains these concepts through definitions, examples, and diagrams. The purpose is to educate students on how different cellular functions work at a basic level.

1. How does It Work?
Grade Level: 12 Subject: Anatomy Prepared By: Sharetha, Victoria, Alexis, Erycha
Overview & Purpose Education Standards Addressed
Passive Transport, Active Transport, Cell Metabolism, Protein synthesis, Growth
This covers “How does it work?” artifact.
Teacher Guide Student Guide
Passive Transport · Diffusion- Often molecules simply Osmosis, passive- Diffusion of water Materials:
spread or “diffuse” through the through a selectively permeable membrane Body
membranes. The term “diffusion” refers to in the presence of at least one impairment
a natural phenomenon caused by the solute.
Cells
tendency of small particles to spread out · Facilitated diffusion, passive- Diffusion Anatomy book
evenly within any given space. All of particles through a membrane by means DNA
molecules in a solution bounce around in of carrier molecules; also called “carrier- RNA
short, chaotic paths. As they collide with mediated passive transport”. Sugar
one another, they tend to spread out, or
diffuse.
· Simple diffusion, passive- Movement
of particles through the phospholipid
bilayer or through channels from an area of
high concentration to an area of low
concentration that is down the
concentration gradient.
· Dialysis, passive- Diffusion of small
solute particles. But not larger solute
particles, through a selectively permeable
membrane; results In separation of large
and small solutes.
·

2. Active Transport Active Transport- the movement of solute Pinocytosis, active- Movement of fluid and
particles from an area of low concentration dissolved molecules into a cell by trapping
to an area of high concentration (up the them in a section of plasma membrane that
concentration gradient) by means of carrier pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle;
molecule type of “endocytosis”
· Phagocytosis, active- Movement of Exocytosis, active- Movement of proteins or
cells or other large particles into cell by other cell products out of cell by fusing a
trapping it in a section of plasma secretory vesicle with the plasma
membrane that pinches off to form an membrane.
intracellular vesicle; type of “endocytosis”
Cell Metabolism What is a Cell Metabolism? The Role of Enzymes in Cell Metabolism Other Resources
It’s the set of chemical reactions in a cell -Enzymes are chemical catalysts, reducing
How Is It Made? Lesson
activation energy needed for reaction Coach Gatlin
Two different types of Cell Metabolism Anatomy and
-Chemical structure of enzymes Physiology Book
1. Catabolism- breaks large
molecules into smaller ones; a) proteins of a complex shape
usually releases energy
2. Anabolism- builds large b) the active site is where the enzyme
molecules from smaller ones; molecule fits the substance molecules
usually consuming energy
Protein Synthesis Transcription—synthesis of a mRNA Translation—process in which mRNA is used
molecule by ribosomes in the synthesis of a protein
1. mRNA forms along a segment of 1. After leaving the nucleus and being
one strand of DNA edited, mRNA associates with a
2. Noncoding introns are removed ribosome in the cytoplasm
and remaining exons are spliced 2. tRNA molecules bring specific
together to form the final, editing amino acids to the mRNA at the
version of the mRNA copy of the ribosome; the type of amino acid is
DNA segment determined by the fit of a specific
tRNA’s anticodon with mRNA’s
codon
3. As amino acids are brought into
place, peptide bonds join them—
eventually producing an entire
polypeptide chain

3. Growth Cell growth—a newly formed cell produces Cell Reproduction—cells reproduce by Additional Notes
a variety of molecules and other structures splitting themselves into two smaller WE LOVE ANATOMY!
necessary for growth using the information daughter cells
contained in the genes of DNA molecules; 1. Mitotic cell division—the process
this stage is known as interphase of organizing and distributing
1. Production of cytoplasm—more nuclear DNA during cell division
cell material is made, including has four distinct phases
growth and/or replication of a. Prophase—“before-
organelles and plasma membrane; phase”
a largely anabolic process. b. Metaphase—“position-
2. DNA replication changing phase”
3. Growth phase of the cell life cycle c. Anaphase—“apart phase
can be subdivided into the first d. Telophase—“end phase”
growth phase (G1), the [DNA] 2. Meiosis –nuclear division in which
synthesis phase (S), the second the number of chromosomes is
growth phase (G2) reduced to half their original
number through separation of
homologous pairs; produces
gametes