J na i Go le
a d nza z-Lord

Q: What is matter?
Ma r isa
tte nythingthat
o c ie s a ea ha
c up s p c nd s
ms
as

what is meant by a
state?
"s te m a "p ic l
ta " e ns hys a
s te - s m thingtha
ta ” o e t
yo c n s ea /o fe l
u a e nd r e
m in s te o m tte o
a ta s f a r r
p s - s lid liq a
ha e o , uid nd
gs
a
s s nc o c ng sits
ub ta e nly ha e
p s , no itss ture
ha e t truc

Properties of states or phases of
matter

Or
W t ism tte m d upo
ha a r ae f?

Huh?
Brownian motion Wha s
this
t’
?
Ab ut 2 0ye rsa o aBritis
o 0 a g, h
b ta t b thena eo Ro e
o nis y m f b rt
Bro n, w slo kinga s m
w a o t o e
p lle g insthro h his
o n ra ug
m ro c p a re lis d tha the
ic s o e nd a e t y
w rem vinga o Furthe
e o b ut. r
inve tig tio s w d tha isw s
s a n ho e t a
thew te m le ule tha w re
a r o c s t e
b tingthep lle g insa o
uffe o n ra b ut!
Thisra o m tio o p rtic s
nd m o n f a le
w nt o to b kno n a Brownian
e n e w s
motion.

Importance of Brownian motion
Ma r ism d
tte ae
up o p rtic s
f a le
in c ns nt,
o ta
ra o m tio
nd m o n

Further investigation led to
Kinetic
Mo c r
le ula
The ry
o

Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
 Kine Ene y = m vinge rg
tic rg o ne y
 All m tte m d o p rtic s(m le ule , io o a m )
a r a e f a le o c s ns r to s
 P rtic sin c ns nt m tio tova
a le o ta o n ryingd g e
e re s
 All p rtic sha kine e rg to va
a le ve tic ne y ryingd g e
e re s
 Thed g eo m tio isd p nd nt o thee rg o the
e re f o n e e e n ne y f
p rtic s
a le
 Thee rg o thep rtic sd te ine thes teo m tte
ne y f a le e rm s ta f a r

Key Assumptions of KMT
 Thevo eo c ie b the
lum c up d y
Thefirs 2p intsa n’
t o re t m le ule isd tothes a ein
o c s ue pc
s tly true–s
tric hhh!
b tw e them le ule a no the
e en o c s nd t
m le ule the s lve .
o c s me s
 Noe rg islo t w n them le ule
ne y s he o c s
c llid w e c o r o thew lls
o e ith a h the r a
o the c nta r.
f ir o ine
 Sta o m tte isd p nd nt o b th
te f a r ee e n o
thekine e rg o them le ule
tic ne y f o c s
a w ll a thea c
s e s ttra tivefo e
rc s
b tw e m le ule .
e en o c s

Ho d e KMT e la s lid , liq s
w os xp in o s uid
a gss
nd a e ?

Ho d e KMT e la w w g t fro
w os xp in ho e e m
s lid to liq to g s
o uid a?

Phase changes
n
aio
t
Me
im
Fre
t n
aio
ltin
ul
sb
ei
zn
lim
g
De
g
Sub
Boiling
C nd ns tio
o e a n

What are heating/cooling curves?
Heating Curve Cooling Curve
 Gra hic l re re e tio o
p a p s nta n f  Gra hic l re re e tio o
p a p s nta n f
w t ha p nsw n as s nc
ha p e he ub ta e w t ha p nsw n as s nc
ha p e he ub ta e
ishe te upo r tim
a d ve e isc o do r tim
o le ve e
 Y-a –Te p ra
xis m e ture  Y-a –Te p ra
xis m e ture
 X-a –Tim
xis e  X-a –Tim
xis e
 Sho sm ltinga b iling
w e nd o  Sho sc nd ns tio a
w o e a n nd
p ints
o fre zingp ints
e o
 Sho s3p s s
w ha e  Sho s3p s s
w ha e

Heating curves
s
Ga
Ab ve m ltingp int,
o e o
Liq to g s
uid a g s isfo e
a rm d
Bo iling
p int
o
m e ture
Be e n m ltinga b ilingp ints
tw e e nd o o ,
uid
Te p ra
Liq
s s nc re a liq
ub ta e m ins uid
So toliq
lid uid
Me lting
p int
o Be wm ltingp int, s lid isfo e
lo e o o rm d
lid
So
Time

Heating curve for water
am
Ste
Ab ve 10 °C g s
o 0 , a
At 10 °C w te turnsto
0 , a r w te tos a
a r te m
10 ° C
0 (s a ) isfo e
te m rm d
s a
te m
Be e n 0 C a 10 °C w te re a
tw e ° nd 0 , a r m ins
tr
ae
At 0 C s lidturning
° , o
liq uid
W
c m le ly toliq
o p te uid
p s
ha e
Ic tow te
e a r
0 C
°
Be w0 C s lid (ic ) isfo e
lo ° , o e rm d Time
I ce

Cooling curves
Ab vec nd ns tio
o o e a n
Ga
s p int, g se ts
o a xis .
C nd ns tio
o e a n
Ga toliq
s uid p int
o
Li
qu
Be e n c nd ns tio
tw e o e a n id
m e ture
a fre zingp ints
nd e o ,
s s nc re a liq
ub ta e m ins uid
Te p ra
Fre zing
e Liq to s lid
uid o
So
p int
o lid
Be wfre zingp int,
lo e o
s lid isfo e
o rm d
Time

Cooling curve for water
St
e Ab vec nd ns tio
o o e a n
am
p int, g se ts
o a xis .
C nd ns tio
o e a n
Ste mto w te
a a r p int
o
10 ° C
0
W
at
Be e n c nd ns tio
tw e o e a n er
a fre zingp ints
nd e o ,
w te e ts
a r xis
W te toic
a r e
0 C
° Ice
Fre zing
e
Be wfre zingp int,
lo e o
p int
o
ic isfo e
e rm d