Монгол хэлний хараал, ерөөл үгийг харьцуулан үзэх нь

1. DR.J.BAT-IREEDUI
THE INSTITUTE FOR MONGOLIAN
STUDIES
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF
MONGOLIA
STUDY OF MONGOLIAN
BLESSINGS AND CURSE WORDS

2. Why study blessings and curse words jointly?
Blessings and curse words are generally opposite
in nature, and to study both of them together make
each of its meanings clearer and more precise in
meaning.

3. J.Bat-Ireedui, “Vocabulary of Mongolian Blessings
and Curse Words”, 2009, Mon Education Press

4. What are blessings?
 Every language has blessings and curse words and
phrases.
 Blessings are a type of corporeal symbolic item that
forms itself from sacramental notions.
 Blessings are basically words and phrases with
positive meanings, words that wish and bless for
good. The main factors that represent these positive
meanings are words of goodness and greatness and
suffixes of blessing meaning. As a result, blessings
are formed.

5. The story of blessings
 Mongolians have a rich number of blessings, and
sacramental phrases. Sacramental phrases are even a
separate phenomenon itself in folklore. Because
Mongolian blessings are sacramental in meaning
they always hope and wish for good to come in the
future and differ from other phrases in this nature.
 Researchers have termed blessings in many kinds,
such as sacramental phrases, omen phrases, blessing
words and so on. We have chosen to use the term
“blessing sacramental phrases” as per used in the
book.

6. Who studied Mongolian blessing words?
 Dr. Sh. Gaadamba and D.Tserensodnom stated :
“Folk sacramental phrases are the shortest type of a
blessing. Sacramental phrases have not yet been
specifically studied yet.”
 Acad. D.Tserensodnom stated :
“Sacramental phrases are in origin a type of a small
literate act that wishes for the success and
accomplishment of ones actions and work by the
force of the power of words.”

7.  Mongolians have a deep understanding of the power
and magic of words and, thus, use the conflict of
opposites in everyday life. Hence, they widely use
blessings and wishful phrases as well as swear words
and curses. Sacramental words are the shortest
version of a blessing. A blessing wishes for good and
is positive in meaning.
Meanings of Mongolian blessings and curse words

8. Prof. S.DULAM
 “Sacramental phrases or blessings show that
Mongolian folklore types are cultural and symbolic
in nature. A traditional Mongolian saying that
Mongolians commonly use are “амны бэлгээс
ашдын бэлгэ”, “ам алдуурснаас ашдын бэлгэ
хазайх”. It is a special type of folklore that comes
from the symbolic mentality. This is an inseparable
part of Mongolian people’s mentality and what
distinguishes Mongolian culture from others...”

9. Does it have a modal meaning or not?
 Most of the researchers who studied the meaning of
blessings have attributed them as modal.
 For example, Dr. Yu. Munkh-Amgalan attributed
blessings into the section of additional modals and even
into the “evaluative modal that evaluates the narrator’s
state of positive soul”. This additional modal “...бодит
байдалд холбогдох өгүүлэмжийн агуулгын харьцаа
бодит шинжтэй байдаг бол уг өгүүлэмжийн агуулгад
өгүүлэгчээс хандах үнэлэмжийн харьцаа нь нэмэлт
юм уу аль эсвэл хийсвэр маягтай...” байдгийг онцлоод
ерөөх утга “... нь өгүүлэгчийн гадагш хандсан эерэг
сэтгэлийн байдал илтгэж харилцагч этгээдэд сайн
сайхан, өөдрөг бэлгэтэй зүйл хүсэн илэрхийлдэг.”

10. Prof. Dr. D.Badamdorj
 “To use the term blessing and to define it as “words
and phrases that are sending a good and positive
message from the sender to the receiver”, and that
the “meaning of such phrase is defined not by each
single word but as the phrase altogether,”. He also
divided blessings into three categories: blessings
wishing for the goodness of nomadism and nomadic
life, blessings wishing for herders to increase the
benefits that come from the five kinds of herd, and
blessings that wish for happiness and joy.

11. Classification of blessings
Blessings towards persons are a majority.
Towards nature Towards persons
Есөн ес наян нэгэн
тэнгэр өршөө,
овооны их танд, олзны
их маньд
Бат орших болтугай,
бурхан өршөөг, зуу
наслаг, өндөр болоорой,
насаа нэм, заяа нь
дэлгэр, урт насла,
удаан жарга

12. Vocabulary formation
Positive nouns, adjectives, and numerical nouns
алт, ачлал, аялгуу эгшиг, арвин, ах зах, баатар, бат, баян,
буман, бурхан, буян, буянтай, дардан, дүүрэн, дэвжээ, дээж,
ерөөл, ерэн ес, заяа, зөөлөн, зуу, их, лус, мөнх, манлай, мянга,
мяндас, навч, найр, найр хөөр, нар, нас, ная, од, олз,өглөг,
өлзий, өлмий, өн, өнгөлөг, өндөр, өнөр, өнтэй, өргөө, өргөн,
савдаг, сайн, сайхан, сүлд, тавин тав, торго, тос, тэгш,
тэнгэр, удаан, түмэн, унага даага, уран, урт, үйлс, хамба,
хайр, хатуу, хийморь, хонь хурга, хурц, хурц, цагаан, цог,
цуу, шандас, элбэрэл, эрдэнэ,

13. Respectful and positive
verb phrases
аврах, баяжих,
баясгах, дарах,
дэлгэрэх, жаргах,
ивээх, мандах, наслах,
нэмэх, орших, өршөөх,
өсгөх, сунгах, тахих,
түших, хураах,
хүндлэх, хүндлэгдэх,
энэрэх, эрхшээх
Negative words or
suffixes used to negate
meaning
гар нь бүү ядар,
гарах нь бүү багас,
бууршгүй буянтай,
сааршгүй сантай яв
өлмий бат орш,
тосоор гоож, заяа
нь дэлгэр, бурхан
өршөө, буянаар бол,
зуу насла, олз ор,
чих алт бол
Verbs ending in their
root or infinitives
Vocabulary formation

14. Suffix function for blessings
A suffix can transform the meaning of a word into a
blessing. It can be seen that in most cases the usage
of suffixes in blessings end with the following:
wishing and blessing suffix –тугай, -түгэй,
agreeing and wishing suffix –г, advising and
requesting suffix–аарай4. It is also common for
blessings to end in root and in modal verbs such as
бол, багас, гоож, ор, өршөө, нэм, яв, түшиг,
болтугай, болог, байг, оршиг, өршөөг, наслаг,
наслатугай, яв даа, бол гэм,болоорой,
жаргаарай, жаргатугай, яваарай,
наслаарай, оршиг доо, хураагаарай, гэх мэт.

15. The meaning of suffix
 Prof. Ts. O’norbayan stated that the “advising and
requesting –аарай4 suffix can connote meanings
such as requesting, requiring, crusading, allowing,
denying, and blessing depending on the reason, tone,
and reaction one shows when saying it. The agreeing
and wishing suffix –г is used more commonly when
symbolically wishing. The blessing and wishing -
тугай, -түгэй suffixes are used when speaker is
wishing in hopes that a third person will do these
actions.”

16. There are many suffixes such as адил, мэт, чинээ, шиг
that are used to analogize words and hence, develop blessings
адил – наран адил ≈
гэрэлтэй, навчин
адил ≈ дэлгэрэх,
мэт – азаргын саарь мэт
≈ хатуу, бат , бухын
магнай мэт ≈ хатуу, бөх,
гүехэн мэт, намхан мэт,
он мэт ≈ тэгш, од мэт ≈
гэрэлтэй, төмөр мэт ≈
бэрх, хад мэт ≈ их, хайрга
мэт ≈ их, олон,
чинээ – дэлхийн чинээ ≈
их, уулын чинээ ≈ их,
шиг – дун шиг ≈ хатуу,
дурдан шиг ≈ артай,
дэлбээ шиг ≈ цэцэглэх,
мөндөл шиг ≈ олон, мөчир
шиг ≈ дэлгэрэх, өглөөний
нар шиг ≈ мандах, өндөр
хангайн цэцэг шиг ≈
дэлгэрэх, хун шиг ≈
цагаан, цас шиг ≈ цагаан,
гэх мэт.

17. Grammatical features
Blessings are commonly used in Mongolian
literature. For example, өндөр болох, "Тэрбиш
идээ цайг аваад бяцхан хар шургуулганыхаа нүд
татан охинд хоёр ширхэг цаастай чихэр авч
өгөөд, - За өндөөр болоорой гэвэл охин -За гээд
чихрийг хоёр гардан авлаа." (Б.Бааст,"Хаш
аяга"), тосоор гоожих, "За яахав дээ, хүүхээ.
Шар өдөр бор хоног түлхэж л сууна. Тосоор
гоож." (З.Дорж,"Эрдэнэ засгийн унага"),

18. Example from the literature source:
One sentence may have many blessings. For
example: “-Нэхийпүрэвийн минь аян зам
өлзийтэй болтугай. Тэнгэр заяа нь өршөөг!
Үйлс нь дэлгэрч яваг! хэмээн хэдэнтээ давтан
зүүн зүгт цацал сүү өргөөд хэн нэгэн хүний төлөө
анх удаа залбирч байгаадаа сэтгэл нь их
хөдөлжээ.” (Д.Намсрай, “Бор галуутайн талд”),

19. Blissings in compound forms
Sacramental phrases can also be in a compound
sentence form. For example, “Бурхан өршөө,
буянтай айлын бэр бол”, “Арван цагаан буян
чинь дэлгэрч яв, ах дүү олондоо хүндлэгдэж яв”,
“овооны их танд, олзны их манд”, “төрийн сүлд
өршөөж, түмний заяа түшиг”, “урд хормойноос
нь унага даага, хойд хормойноос нь хонь хурга”,
“урт наслах, удаан жаргах”, “хайч нь хурц, ахар
нь арвин” .

20. Curse words ≠Blessings
Researchers have attributed curse words into the
category of impolite and strange words and have
termed curse words as swear words, curse words and
impolite words.
Curse words

21. Studying curse words
 Dr. О.Sаmbuudorj:
“... The tone of curse words depict emotions vividly
and can be impolite, cursing, patronizing, mocking,
ignoring, and ridiculing in meaning.”
 Academician D.Tserensodnom:
“As with devilry and incantation curse words were
formed in early ancient times when people were
starting to believe in the “magic” of words.”

22.  Prof. Yu. Munkh-Amgalan:
“The Mongolian curse word is attributed in the
“meaning of curse” and identified in the speaker’s
negative emotion of evaluative modal notion. It
depicts the speaker’s outward negative emotion and
is cursing and harassing the receiver coldly.”
Studying curse words

23. Prof. D.Badamdorj:
“Impolite words have limitations, express negative
emotions and have inappropriate meanings. Expressions
and phrases used in times of bad karma, emotionally
difficult times, disappointment and embarrassment
cannot altogether be left out from research. Although
these phrases are not commonly used they are required
because of the need to describe people’s temperaments
the way they are” [2006:300]
Studying curse words
Nicknames Rowdy phrases Curses Startles

24.  The power of curse words and phrases are stated in
some research.
 Dr. L.Chuluunbaatar has said that “Curses and swear
words bring ones emotions to dismay and creates a
negative energy. Proof for this can be seen from the
fact that lies, gossip, impudence and chatting are
what make the four sins of language”.
Studying curse words

25. Curses or swear words are known to form the
negative energy of the speaker and is therefore
attributed to the evaluative modal notion of the
speaker.

26. Negative nouns and adjectives
аалз, адаг, адгуус, адсага, баас, бузар, (нүдний)
булай, гайхал, галзуу, гичий, гуйланчин, гуйранч,
гуриа, дамшиг, дух, ёроол, жулдрай, заяагүй,
зовлого, золиг, зөнөг, зулбасга, илжиг, лалар,
луйварчин, лүд, маанаг, мал, моньд, моньш, муу,
муусайн, новш, нохой, нөж, нусгай, нүгэлтэй,
ороолон, өгөр, өлөгчин, өөдгүй, салга, сөлөр, там,
тархи, туучий, тэнэг, үмхий, үхэр, үхээнц, үхээр,
хар, хог, хомхой, хувалз, хувхай, хуухай, хүүр,
цагаач, цус, цустай, чавганц, чөтгөр, шаар, шидэл,
элэнцэг, эрваа, яатуу, янхан,

27. Negative verbs
aлгадах = to slap, бөглөрөх = to obstructed, бузарлах =
to soil, гашлах = to spoil, долоох = to lick, донгосох = to
chatter, дөнгөлөх = to put in a cangue, задрах = to
become loose, залгих = to swallow, золигтох = to use as
ransom, идэх = to eat, навсайх = to become ragged,
салгалах = to suffer from palsy, сэтрэх = to burst open,
үхэх = to die, хатах = to dry, харлах = to become black,
хахах = to choke, хутгах = to stir, хуцах = to bark,
хэвтэх = to lie, цөмрөх = to break down, цуслах = to
bleed, чиргүүлэх = to be pulled

28. Types of curses
Noun curses Verbal curses
муу хар сөлөр, адгын шаар, адсага,
хар тэнэг, босоо ороолон,
гуйлагчин, гуйранч, галзуу золиг,
саарал илжиг, дамшиг, жулдрай,
зулбасга, задарсан тархи, муу
новш, зальтай нохой, заяагүй
амьтан, зөнөг толгойт, мал,
моньш, гичий, луйварчин, муу
нохой, хөсрий, цагаач, нурмайсан
хог, үхэр монгол, хүний шаар, хүүр,
шаар, туучий, яатуу
дөрөөндөө
чиргүүлж үх,
нохой долоо,
нохой долоож үх,
цус нөжийг нь
хутгах, үхсэн
хатсанаа түүх

29. Commanding form is more common!
In comparison to blessings, it is rare for curse words
to have suffixes but rather they end in commanding
and directing modal forms. For example. “битгий
донгос, битгий хуц, дөрөөндөө чиргүүлж үх,
нохой долоо, цусаар тээглэ, чөтгөр ав, үргэх
малгүй, үнсэх үхгүй бол, тэгнэх тэмээ чинь үх,
тэврэх эхнэр чинь үх, явган нүүж, нүцгэн
жарга, даагаа дэлтэй нь ид, даллагаа сумтай
нь хая, буураа зогдортой нь ид, бурханаа
яндартай нь хая”.

30. May use negative suffixes
 Sometimes suffixes are specially used for that
particular phrase. For example, гишгэсэн газар
чинь цөмрөг, нарны бараа бүү үзэг, хэл чинь
сугараг, чих нь бөглөрөг.
 The suffix–мар4 which changes verbs to nouns is
also used widely. For example, буянаа бармар,
хамарт нь хатиг ургамар, хамар нь
сэтэрмэр, хэлээ хазмар, заяа нь
харламар/хаямар, чих нь бөглөрмөр, нохой
идмэр, толгой нь гашламар, цусаар
тээглэмэр, чөтгөр авмар.

31. Continuing:
The use of negating positive words can also be seen
from curses. For example, Амны хишиггүй,
насандаа нарны бараа бүү үзэг, намартаа
тарианы бараа бүү үзэг, өөрөө бүү сур, сурсан
хүний үгэнд бүү ор, хоттой хониноос чинь чоно
битгий сал, хотгор дүүрэн адуунаас чинь
тахар битгий сал, хяр дээр гарах хүнгүй,
хялгана хазах малгүй.

32. Lexical features of Mongolian Curse words
 The meanings of curses can be directly related to
the Mongolian nomadic lifestyle, nature, and the
religion. For example, there are many curses
related to herding and animals such as адсага
(ганц адсага, задарсан адсага, гурван адсага),
илжиг, зулбасга, хувалз, гичий, гуриа,
өлөгчин, мал, моньш, нохой (нохой чи,
нохой долоо, нохой долоож үх, нохой идмэр,
нохойн хоол, муу нохой), сөлөр, умс, чөтгөр.

33. Studying curse words
An average Mongolian uses curses occasionally
in his/her daily talk. This is a characteristic feature
in a way since Mongolians have the mentality of
dispraising themselves in front of others when they
believe they have done something faulty. They will
call themselves “ээ өгөр тархи, тэнэг хог,
буруу хойшоо, -хаа4 ч алд, харламар, өгөр
гуйранч, ээ нүдний булай, ээ хог, нохой
долоо, өө шившиг, хар тэнэг толгой,
хийморио алд, ээ цус гэж”, etc.

34. Studying curse words
Prof. Ts. Sukhbaatar:
“When curses are used in literature they
depict the times of anger, hatred and
impossibility of holding oneself and does not
conform to perfected composition. Curses
are used only when the writer defines the
hero/heroine’s emotional situation,
characteristics and speech features.”

35. Conclusion
 Blessings and curses are both used widely in daily spoken
language whereas they are widely used in written
language in literature to define and emphasize the story’s
character. It is a common phenomenon of vocabulary.
One can find blessings and curses not only from folklore
but also from other sorts of compositions and live spoken
language.
 Studying these blessings and curse words, one can see
that blessings and curse words have the aforementioned
inner structure and meanings. Therefore it is necessary
to further study them from a cultural linguistic
perspective as well as from a mentality perspective.

36. THANK YOU FOR
YOUR
KIND ATTENTION!
БАЯРЛАЛАА