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July | August 2011
Feature title: Feed Management - Potential impact of nutrient substitutes in
  aquafeeds on fish health and on the food safety of aquaculture products
                 International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
                 All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies,
                 the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
                 information published.
                 ©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form
                 or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058




     The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
Feed Management                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Feed Management

                                          Impact of rising feed ingredient
                                                  prices on aquafeeds and
                                                    aquaculture production:
                                              Potential impact of nutrient substitutes in
                                              aquafeeds on fish health and on the food
                                                          safety of aquaculture products
                                                                        by Krishen J Rana, Sunil Siriwardena and Mohammad R Hasan



         The forth article in a series, taken from a new aquaculture book


    I
          n most major aquafeed–based              of interventions to mitigate against rising       substitutes for fish protein and oil in aqua-     tries, where quality control of feeds may               centrations of 75 ppb have been demonstrated       ingredients. Effective methods of reducing
          intensive aquaculture pro-               feed costs will compromise fish growth,           feeds increases the risk of contamination         not be as high as in developed countries, are           to significantly reduce growth performance in      the effects of mycotoxins using mycotoxin–
          duction systems there is a               health and welfare and could reduce fish          by mycotoxins (fungal toxins produced             more likely to acquire contaminated feeds.              pre–adult shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Bautista        adsorption agents such as Mycosorb®
          high reliance on nutrition-              productivity and production.                      by naturally occurring filamentous fungi          Further, the recent increase in prices of feed          et al., 1994).                                     (Alltech, Inc.) are available, but such addi-
    ally balanced complete aquafeeds. In               As prices of raw ingredients increase,        or moulds). To date, several potent myco-         ingredients is likely to drive poor farmers                 The condition, aflatoxicosis, caused by        tives will increase feed costs further.
    situations where on–farm feeds are             farmers have to travel farther distances to       toxins have been identified and those of          to look for cheaper sources and run the                 such contami-
    made, farmers attempt to produce               obtain cheaper and alternative feedstuffs,        serious concern, based on their toxic-            risk of purchasing rejected or contaminated             nation could be
    a balanced feed using vitamin and              incurring longer transport times under            ity and ubiquity, are aflatoxin, ochratoxin       ingredients and feeds.                                  minimized by
    mineral premixes. In all regions of            suboptimal conditions of heat and humidity,       A, the trichothecenes (DON, T–2 toxin),               Mycotoxins pose a serious threat to fish            enforcing strict
    the world, the increase in the cost            and store greater than normal quantities of       zearalenone, fumonisin, and moniliformin          health and well being. For example, aflatoxins          regulations                  Are you a Perendale bookworm?
    of raw ingredients for commercially            ingredients under suboptimal storage con-         (Bhatnagar et al., 2004).                         are known to suppress the immune system and             for screening                 Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of Grain &
    manufactured or on–farm aquafeeds              ditions, resulting in spoilage, and fungal and         Mycotoxin producing moulds can infect        growth and increase mortality (Lim and Webster,         aquafeed ingre-               Feed MiIling Technology, has set up an online Amazon-
    resulted in an increase in aquafeed            bacterial contamination.These contaminants        agricultural crops, particularly cereals and      2001). Studies on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis             dients, such as               based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of
    prices from 20 to 40 percent, thus             are pathogenic to fish as well as humans.         oilseeds, during crop growth, harvest, stor-      niloticus) fed diets containing 1.8 mg of aflatoxin/    oilseeds, corn                recently-published reports and books on Grain & Feed
    forcing farmers to adopt alternative           The subsequent use of such ingredients or         age, processing or during the storage of the      kg of feed for 75 days showed reduced growth            and other feed                relaed topics. You will soon be able to read an extended
    strategies to secure feeds.                    contaminated diets could reduce growth            manufactured compounded feed. Suitable            rates (Tuan et al., 2002). Impaired immune              ingredients, for              review before making your selection and purchasing
                                                              and reduce survival. Aquafeeds         conditions for fungal growth, in terms            function has been observed in Indian major              aflatoxins. As                directly from Amazon.
                                                              can serve as a carrier for a range     of warm temperature and moisture, pro-            carp (Labeo rohita) subjected to as low as 1.25         the principal                We will undertake to put forward for your consideration
                                                              of microbial contaminants such as      mote mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin,          mg of aflatoxin B1/kg body weight in the feed           route of such                the most recent publications and as a result become a
"In the light of such price increases, farmers                                                                                                                                                                                              reference point for your reading and research.
                                                              moulds, mycotoxins and bacteria        a ubiquitious mycotoxin, which is produced        (Sahoo and Mukherjee, 2001). Aflatoxin B1 con-          contamina-
are increasingly looking for alternative                      (Maciorowski et al., 2007).            primarily by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a                                                           tion is through
                                                                 Bacterial contamination of          major concern because of its carcinogenic-                                                                ingredients of
sources of feeds such as trash fish, animal                   feed ingredients or diets with         ity, especially in warm and humid climates.
                                                                                                                                                         Coming in the next issue of The
                                                                                                                                                                                                               plant origin, the
                                                                                                                                                         International
by–products and grain by–products, or are                     potential pathogens such as                 The production of aflatoxins increases                                                               effects of such
                                                                                                                                                         Aquafeed                                                                           Of course you will be charged for any books purchased,
                                                              Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococcus,   at temperatures above 27°C, humidity lev-                                                                 contamination
                                                                                                                                                         magazine                                                                           but you will be dealing directly with Amazon, which has
reverting to the use of single ingredient                     Streptococcus,          Pasteurella,   els above 62 percent and moisture levels                                                                  on      cultured
                                                                                                                                                         (September/                                                                        a world-class ordering/payment gateway, packaging and
                                                              Pseudomonas, and Clostridia            above 14 percent in the feed. For the main                                                                warm–water                   mailing service.
supplementary feeding regimes, reduced                                                                                                                   October
                                                              will compromise fish and human         aquaculture producing regions of the world,                                                               fishes, such as
                                                                                                                                                         issue) will be
feeding frequency and ration"                                 health. Its impact may be relevant     notably Asia, these climatic factors increase                                                             tilapia, carps,
                                                                                                                                                         the next part
                                                              across the whole aquaculture           the risk of such contamination. The extent                                                                milkfish     and
                                                                                                                                                         of the book.
                                                              sector, because the route of           of contamination will further be affected by                                                              catfishes
                                                                                                                                                         The full publi-
       In the light of such price increases, farm- such contamination can be through both            ingredient and feed storage practices and                                                                 (Pangasius
                                                                                                                                                         cation can be
    ers are increasingly looking for alternative   plant and rendered animal protein sources         processing methods.                                                                                       spp.), may be
                                                                                                                                                         found at:
    sources of feeds such as trash fish, animal    (Barakat, 2004; PDV, 2007).                            Additionally, long duration of transport                                                             more significant
                                                                                                                                                         http://www.fao.org/
    by–products and grain by–products, or are                                                        under poor conditions and improper storage                                                                because their
                                                                                                                                                         docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm
    reverting to the use of single ingredient      3.1.1 Implications of fungal                      are crucial factors favouring the growth of                                                               diets contain
    supplementary feeding regimes, reduced         contamination in aquafeeds                        aflatoxin–producing moulds. Consequently,                                                                 more        plant
    feeding frequency and ration. These types          The use of plant–based ingredients as         poorer aquafarmers in developing coun-                                                                    than      animal


                                                   38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2011                                                                                                             July-August 2011 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39
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Feed Management - Potential impact of nutrient substitutes in aquafeeds on fish health and on the food safety of aquaculture products

  • 1. July | August 2011 Feature title: Feed Management - Potential impact of nutrient substitutes in aquafeeds on fish health and on the food safety of aquaculture products International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom. All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2009 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058 The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry
  • 2. Feed Management Feed Management Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on aquafeeds and aquaculture production: Potential impact of nutrient substitutes in aquafeeds on fish health and on the food safety of aquaculture products by Krishen J Rana, Sunil Siriwardena and Mohammad R Hasan The forth article in a series, taken from a new aquaculture book I n most major aquafeed–based of interventions to mitigate against rising substitutes for fish protein and oil in aqua- tries, where quality control of feeds may centrations of 75 ppb have been demonstrated ingredients. Effective methods of reducing intensive aquaculture pro- feed costs will compromise fish growth, feeds increases the risk of contamination not be as high as in developed countries, are to significantly reduce growth performance in the effects of mycotoxins using mycotoxin– duction systems there is a health and welfare and could reduce fish by mycotoxins (fungal toxins produced more likely to acquire contaminated feeds. pre–adult shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Bautista adsorption agents such as Mycosorb® high reliance on nutrition- productivity and production. by naturally occurring filamentous fungi Further, the recent increase in prices of feed et al., 1994). (Alltech, Inc.) are available, but such addi- ally balanced complete aquafeeds. In As prices of raw ingredients increase, or moulds). To date, several potent myco- ingredients is likely to drive poor farmers The condition, aflatoxicosis, caused by tives will increase feed costs further. situations where on–farm feeds are farmers have to travel farther distances to toxins have been identified and those of to look for cheaper sources and run the such contami- made, farmers attempt to produce obtain cheaper and alternative feedstuffs, serious concern, based on their toxic- risk of purchasing rejected or contaminated nation could be a balanced feed using vitamin and incurring longer transport times under ity and ubiquity, are aflatoxin, ochratoxin ingredients and feeds. minimized by mineral premixes. In all regions of suboptimal conditions of heat and humidity, A, the trichothecenes (DON, T–2 toxin), Mycotoxins pose a serious threat to fish enforcing strict the world, the increase in the cost and store greater than normal quantities of zearalenone, fumonisin, and moniliformin health and well being. For example, aflatoxins regulations Are you a Perendale bookworm? of raw ingredients for commercially ingredients under suboptimal storage con- (Bhatnagar et al., 2004). are known to suppress the immune system and for screening Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of Grain & manufactured or on–farm aquafeeds ditions, resulting in spoilage, and fungal and Mycotoxin producing moulds can infect growth and increase mortality (Lim and Webster, aquafeed ingre- Feed MiIling Technology, has set up an online Amazon- resulted in an increase in aquafeed bacterial contamination.These contaminants agricultural crops, particularly cereals and 2001). Studies on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis dients, such as based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of prices from 20 to 40 percent, thus are pathogenic to fish as well as humans. oilseeds, during crop growth, harvest, stor- niloticus) fed diets containing 1.8 mg of aflatoxin/ oilseeds, corn recently-published reports and books on Grain & Feed forcing farmers to adopt alternative The subsequent use of such ingredients or age, processing or during the storage of the kg of feed for 75 days showed reduced growth and other feed relaed topics. You will soon be able to read an extended strategies to secure feeds. contaminated diets could reduce growth manufactured compounded feed. Suitable rates (Tuan et al., 2002). Impaired immune ingredients, for review before making your selection and purchasing and reduce survival. Aquafeeds conditions for fungal growth, in terms function has been observed in Indian major aflatoxins. As directly from Amazon. can serve as a carrier for a range of warm temperature and moisture, pro- carp (Labeo rohita) subjected to as low as 1.25 the principal We will undertake to put forward for your consideration of microbial contaminants such as mote mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin, mg of aflatoxin B1/kg body weight in the feed route of such the most recent publications and as a result become a "In the light of such price increases, farmers reference point for your reading and research. moulds, mycotoxins and bacteria a ubiquitious mycotoxin, which is produced (Sahoo and Mukherjee, 2001). Aflatoxin B1 con- contamina- are increasingly looking for alternative (Maciorowski et al., 2007). primarily by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a tion is through Bacterial contamination of major concern because of its carcinogenic- ingredients of sources of feeds such as trash fish, animal feed ingredients or diets with ity, especially in warm and humid climates. Coming in the next issue of The plant origin, the International by–products and grain by–products, or are potential pathogens such as The production of aflatoxins increases effects of such Aquafeed Of course you will be charged for any books purchased, Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococcus, at temperatures above 27°C, humidity lev- contamination magazine but you will be dealing directly with Amazon, which has reverting to the use of single ingredient Streptococcus, Pasteurella, els above 62 percent and moisture levels on cultured (September/ a world-class ordering/payment gateway, packaging and Pseudomonas, and Clostridia above 14 percent in the feed. For the main warm–water mailing service. supplementary feeding regimes, reduced October will compromise fish and human aquaculture producing regions of the world, fishes, such as issue) will be feeding frequency and ration" health. Its impact may be relevant notably Asia, these climatic factors increase tilapia, carps, the next part across the whole aquaculture the risk of such contamination. The extent milkfish and of the book. sector, because the route of of contamination will further be affected by catfishes The full publi- In the light of such price increases, farm- such contamination can be through both ingredient and feed storage practices and (Pangasius cation can be ers are increasingly looking for alternative plant and rendered animal protein sources processing methods. spp.), may be found at: sources of feeds such as trash fish, animal (Barakat, 2004; PDV, 2007). Additionally, long duration of transport more significant http://www.fao.org/ by–products and grain by–products, or are under poor conditions and improper storage because their docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm reverting to the use of single ingredient 3.1.1 Implications of fungal are crucial factors favouring the growth of diets contain supplementary feeding regimes, reduced contamination in aquafeeds aflatoxin–producing moulds. Consequently, more plant feeding frequency and ration. These types The use of plant–based ingredients as poorer aquafarmers in developing coun- than animal 38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2011 July-August 2011 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39
  • 3. LINKS This digital re-print is part of the July | August 2011 edition of International Aquafeed magazine. Content from the magazine is available to view free-of-charge, both as a full online magazine on our website, and as an archive of individual features on the docstoc website. Please click here to view our other publications on www.docstoc.com. VO L U M E 1 4 I S S U E 4 2 0 1 1 • See the full issue Colombian Tilapia: • Visit the International Aquafeed website Increased fry survivability with Orego-Stim® Breakthrough in Natural Growth Promotion Gustor Aqua: An effective solution to optimise health status and nutrient utilisation Update in Phosphorus Nutrition in Aquaculture • Contact the International Aquafeed Team • Subscribe to International Aquafeed THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR THE AQUACULTURE FEED INDUSTRY To purchase a paper copy of the magazine, or to subscribe to the paper edition please contact our Circulation and Subscriptions Manager on the link above. INFORMATION FOR ADVERTISERS - CLICK HERE www.aquafeed.co.uk