In most major aquafeed–based intensive aquaculture production systems there is a high reliance on nutritionally balanced complete aquafeeds. In situations where on–farm feeds are made, farmers attempt to produce a balanced feed using vitamin and mineral premixes. In all regions of the world, the increase in the cost of raw ingredients for commercially manufactured or on–farm aquafeeds resulted in an increase in aquafeed prices from 20 to 40 percent, thus forcing farmers to adopt alternative strategies to secure feeds.
2. Feed Management Feed Management
Impact of rising feed ingredient
prices on aquafeeds and
aquaculture production:
Potential impact of nutrient substitutes in
aquafeeds on fish health and on the food
safety of aquaculture products
by Krishen J Rana, Sunil Siriwardena and Mohammad R Hasan
The forth article in a series, taken from a new aquaculture book
I
n most major aquafeed–based of interventions to mitigate against rising substitutes for fish protein and oil in aqua- tries, where quality control of feeds may centrations of 75 ppb have been demonstrated ingredients. Effective methods of reducing
intensive aquaculture pro- feed costs will compromise fish growth, feeds increases the risk of contamination not be as high as in developed countries, are to significantly reduce growth performance in the effects of mycotoxins using mycotoxin–
duction systems there is a health and welfare and could reduce fish by mycotoxins (fungal toxins produced more likely to acquire contaminated feeds. pre–adult shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Bautista adsorption agents such as Mycosorb®
high reliance on nutrition- productivity and production. by naturally occurring filamentous fungi Further, the recent increase in prices of feed et al., 1994). (Alltech, Inc.) are available, but such addi-
ally balanced complete aquafeeds. In As prices of raw ingredients increase, or moulds). To date, several potent myco- ingredients is likely to drive poor farmers The condition, aflatoxicosis, caused by tives will increase feed costs further.
situations where on–farm feeds are farmers have to travel farther distances to toxins have been identified and those of to look for cheaper sources and run the such contami-
made, farmers attempt to produce obtain cheaper and alternative feedstuffs, serious concern, based on their toxic- risk of purchasing rejected or contaminated nation could be
a balanced feed using vitamin and incurring longer transport times under ity and ubiquity, are aflatoxin, ochratoxin ingredients and feeds. minimized by
mineral premixes. In all regions of suboptimal conditions of heat and humidity, A, the trichothecenes (DON, T–2 toxin), Mycotoxins pose a serious threat to fish enforcing strict
the world, the increase in the cost and store greater than normal quantities of zearalenone, fumonisin, and moniliformin health and well being. For example, aflatoxins regulations Are you a Perendale bookworm?
of raw ingredients for commercially ingredients under suboptimal storage con- (Bhatnagar et al., 2004). are known to suppress the immune system and for screening Perendale Publishers Ltd, the publishers of Grain &
manufactured or on–farm aquafeeds ditions, resulting in spoilage, and fungal and Mycotoxin producing moulds can infect growth and increase mortality (Lim and Webster, aquafeed ingre- Feed MiIling Technology, has set up an online Amazon-
resulted in an increase in aquafeed bacterial contamination.These contaminants agricultural crops, particularly cereals and 2001). Studies on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis dients, such as based ‘Book Shop’ that lets you browse a wide range of
prices from 20 to 40 percent, thus are pathogenic to fish as well as humans. oilseeds, during crop growth, harvest, stor- niloticus) fed diets containing 1.8 mg of aflatoxin/ oilseeds, corn recently-published reports and books on Grain & Feed
forcing farmers to adopt alternative The subsequent use of such ingredients or age, processing or during the storage of the kg of feed for 75 days showed reduced growth and other feed relaed topics. You will soon be able to read an extended
strategies to secure feeds. contaminated diets could reduce growth manufactured compounded feed. Suitable rates (Tuan et al., 2002). Impaired immune ingredients, for review before making your selection and purchasing
and reduce survival. Aquafeeds conditions for fungal growth, in terms function has been observed in Indian major aflatoxins. As directly from Amazon.
can serve as a carrier for a range of warm temperature and moisture, pro- carp (Labeo rohita) subjected to as low as 1.25 the principal We will undertake to put forward for your consideration
of microbial contaminants such as mote mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin, mg of aflatoxin B1/kg body weight in the feed route of such the most recent publications and as a result become a
"In the light of such price increases, farmers reference point for your reading and research.
moulds, mycotoxins and bacteria a ubiquitious mycotoxin, which is produced (Sahoo and Mukherjee, 2001). Aflatoxin B1 con- contamina-
are increasingly looking for alternative (Maciorowski et al., 2007). primarily by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a tion is through
Bacterial contamination of major concern because of its carcinogenic- ingredients of
sources of feeds such as trash fish, animal feed ingredients or diets with ity, especially in warm and humid climates.
Coming in the next issue of The
plant origin, the
International
by–products and grain by–products, or are potential pathogens such as The production of aflatoxins increases effects of such
Aquafeed Of course you will be charged for any books purchased,
Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococcus, at temperatures above 27°C, humidity lev- contamination
magazine but you will be dealing directly with Amazon, which has
reverting to the use of single ingredient Streptococcus, Pasteurella, els above 62 percent and moisture levels on cultured
(September/ a world-class ordering/payment gateway, packaging and
Pseudomonas, and Clostridia above 14 percent in the feed. For the main warm–water mailing service.
supplementary feeding regimes, reduced October
will compromise fish and human aquaculture producing regions of the world, fishes, such as
issue) will be
feeding frequency and ration" health. Its impact may be relevant notably Asia, these climatic factors increase tilapia, carps,
the next part
across the whole aquaculture the risk of such contamination. The extent milkfish and
of the book.
sector, because the route of of contamination will further be affected by catfishes
The full publi-
In the light of such price increases, farm- such contamination can be through both ingredient and feed storage practices and (Pangasius
cation can be
ers are increasingly looking for alternative plant and rendered animal protein sources processing methods. spp.), may be
found at:
sources of feeds such as trash fish, animal (Barakat, 2004; PDV, 2007). Additionally, long duration of transport more significant
http://www.fao.org/
by–products and grain by–products, or are under poor conditions and improper storage because their
docrep/012/i1143e/i1143e00.htm
reverting to the use of single ingredient 3.1.1 Implications of fungal are crucial factors favouring the growth of diets contain
supplementary feeding regimes, reduced contamination in aquafeeds aflatoxin–producing moulds. Consequently, more plant
feeding frequency and ration. These types The use of plant–based ingredients as poorer aquafarmers in developing coun- than animal
38 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2011 July-August 2011 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 39