SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 4
Download to read offline
ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2098
www.ijarcet.org

Abstract— In wireless communication systems, path loss
models are used to find out the path loss between transmitter
and receiver. In this paper, Okumura, Cost-231, Hata, ECC 33
and SUI propagation models are discussed. Path losses are
estimated using these models in urban, suburban and rural
areas. The signal strength are then estimated in all the three
environments and also compared with practical data.
Comparison is done to find the best model which shows the
closest value to the measured practical data.
Index Terms— Propagation path loss models, mobile
communication system.
I. INTRODUCTION
Path loss models illustrate the signal attenuation between a
transmitter and a receiver as a function of the propagation
distance and other parameters. Some models consider details
of the terrain profile to estimate the signal attenuation,
whereas others just consider carrier frequency and distance.
Antenna height is another essential parameter [1]. There is
large scale, medium scale shadowing and small scale fading
models on the variability of the signal strength. Large scale
propagation models predict the mean signal strength for an
uninformed transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation distance.
These models are also useful in estimating the radio coverage
area of a transmitter since they distinguish signal strength
over large T-R separation distance. The propagation models
that describe the rapid fluctuations of the received signal
strength over very short travel distances or short time
durations are called small scale models [2]. In this models
field strength variations occur if the antenna is displaced over
distances larger than a few tens or hundreds of meters are
known as medium scale shadowing models.
II. PRPAGATION MODELS FOR COMMUNICATION
Few popular and effective propagation models are
discussed below:
Tilotma Yadav1
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Mody Institute of
Technology & Science (Deemed University) Lakshmangarh, Dist. Sikar,
Rajasthan, Pin – 332311, India.
Partha Pratim Bhattacharya2 Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Mody
Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed University) Lakshmangarh,
Dist. Sikar, Rajasthan, Pin – 332311, India.
A. Okumura Model
The Okumura model is an empirical model which works at
several frequencies having the range of 150 MHz to 1920
MHz [2]. It is the most broadly used model in large urban
macro cell for signal prediction over distances of 1 km to 100
km and it is extrapolated up to 3000 MHz [3]. The range of
base station antenna heights is 30 m to1000 m and a mobile
antenna height of 5 m. Path loss is expressed as:
L50(dB) = Lf + Amu (f,d) – G(hte) – (hre) - Garea (1)
where L50 is the 50th
percentile value of propagation path loss.
Lf is the free space propagation loss and given by the formula:
Lf = 20*log (λ /4πd) (2)
Where, d is the distance between transmitter and receiver,
Amu is the median attenuation relative to free space, G(hte) is
the base station antenna height gain factor, G(hre) is the
mobile antenna height gain factor and Garea is the gain due to
the type of environment. To determine the path loss using
Okumura model, firstly free space path loss between the
points of interest is determined [4]. The values of Garea and
Amu are obtained from empirical plots. G(hte) and G(hre) are
given by the formula as below :
G(hte)= 20*log(hte/200) 1000 m > hte >30 m (3)
G(hre)=10*log(hre/3) hre < 3 m (4)
G(hre)=20*log(hre/3) 3 m < hre <10 m (5)
Furthermore, it is found by Okumura that G(hte) varies at a
rate of 20dB/decade and G(hre) varies at a rate of
10dB/decade for receiver antenna heights less than 3 m.
Correction factors concurrent to terrain are also
developed [4] that increase the model accuracy. Okumura
model has a 10-14 dB standard deviation between path loss
predicted by the model. This model is entirely based on the
measured data and does not give any analytical explanation.
This model served as a base for the Hata model. The major
negative aspect of this model is its slow response to quick
changes in terrain therefore the model is best in urban and
suburban areas, but not as good in rural areas.
Signal Strength Estimation and Comparison with
Measured Signal Strength for Mobile Cellular
Communication
Tilotma Yadav1
, Partha Pratim Bhattacharya2
ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2099
www.ijarcet.org
B. Hata Model
Hata model is the tentative formulation of path loss data
provided by the Okumura model. It is based on the
Okumura’s test field results. It is generally liked in Europe
and North America and developed by the Y. Okumura and M.
Hata at Japan in 1968 [5]. This model is used up to the
frequency range of 150MHz to 1500 MHz. The standard
formula for median path loss is as follows in urban areas:
L50(urban)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log fc - 13.82 log hte - a(hre)
+(44.9-6.55 log hte)(log d) (6)
where, fc is the frequency in MHz from 150 MHz to 1500
MHz, hte is the effective transmitter (base station) antenna
height in meters in between 30 m to 200 m, hre is the effective
receiver (mobile) antenna height in meters ranging from 1m
to 10 m, d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver
in km and a(hre) is the correction factor for effective mobile
antenna height based on the coverage area size.
Hata equations for path loss are classified in three modes:
1. Rural area: open space and no tall buildings or obstacles
in path.
2. Suburban areas: village highway with trees and not very
congested, some obstacles around house.
3. Urban areas: built up city and large area with buildings
and houses [5].
Now the correction factor is given for different areas:
For small to medium sized city:
a(hre) = (1.1log fc - 0.7)hre - (1.56log fc - 0.8) dB (7)
For a large city it is defined for two frequency ranges.
For fc ≤ 300MHz, it is defined as
a(hre)= 8.29(log 1.54hre)2
-1.1 dB (8)
and
for fc ≥ 300MHz, it is given as
a(hre)= 3.2(log 11.75hre)2
- 4.97 dB (9)
The path loss is defined for two different areas as follows:
For suburban area, the path loss is given by
L50(dB)= L50(urban) - 2[log (fc/28)]2
-5.4 (10)
and for open rural areas, it is given by
L50(dB)= L50(urban) - 4.78(log fc)2
+18.33log fc - 40.9 (11)
Hata model gives the best results for first generation
cellular systems but not for personal communication system
It does not propagate well in cellular systems having
smaller size [6]. Hata’s model does not supply for any of the
path specific correction factors as available in Okumura
model [7].
C. Cost – 231 Model
It is the PCS extension to the Hata model which is
developed by the European cooperative for scientific and
technical research (EURO-COST) and extended Hata model
up to 2 GHz. It is mostly used for determining the path loss in
mobile wireless system in frequency range from 500 MHz to
2000 MHz. Although its frequency range is outside that of the
measurements, its simplicity and presence of correction
factors has been used for path loss prediction [8]. The path
loss equation is given as:
PL(dB)= L50(urban) = 46.3+33.9 log fc -13.82 log hte -
a(hre)+(44.9-6.55 log hte) log d +cm (12)
Where, a(hre) is defined for urban areas as:
a(hre) = 3.2(log 11.75 hre)2
- 4.97 dB (13)
f being the frequency in MHz between 1500 MHz to 2000
MHz, d is the separation between AP and CPE antennas in
km ranging from 1 km to 20 km, hte is the AP antenna height
above ground level in meters from 30 m to 200 m and hre is
the CPE antenna height in meters from 1 m to 10 m.
The parameter cm is defined for two environments as follows:
cm = 0 dB for suburban areas
= 3 dB for urban areas (14)
This model has a limitation that it requires the base station
antenna is higher than the all adjacent rooftops.
D. ECC-33 model
The model is developed from original measurements by
Okumura and given by the Electronic Communication
Committee is known as ECC-33 path loss model. In this its
assumptions are modified so that it closely represents a fixed
wireless access system [8]. The path loss for the model is
given as:
PL(dB) = Afs + Abm- Gt - Gr (15)
where Afs is the free space attenuation, Abm is the basic
median path loss, Gt is the base station antenna height gain
factor, Gr is the received antenna height gain factor.
These parameters are individually defined as,
Afs = 92.4+ 20 log (d) + 20 log (f) (16)
Abm = 20.41+ 9.83 log (d) + 7.894 log (f) + 9.56 [log f]
(17)
and
Gt = log (hb/200) [13.98+5.8 (log d)2
] (18)
For median city environments, Gr is given as
Gr = [42.57+13.7 log f] [log hm-0.585] (19)
Where, f is the frequency in GHz, d is the distance between
base station and mobile station in km, hb is the base station
ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2100
www.ijarcet.org
antenna height and hm is the mobile station antenna height in
meters.
For European cities the medium city model is more
appropriate. It is to be noted that the predictions formed by
the ECC-33 model do not lie on straight lines when plotted
against distance having a log scale [8].
E. SUI Model
After developing the standards for fixed wireless
access systems by IEEE working group 802.16 at forefront
of developing technical standards for frequency bands above
11 GHz, they paid a little attention towards the frequency
bands below 11 GHz. They proposed the channel models for
frequency band below 11 GHz and the models are known as
SUI (Stanford University Interim) models as name indicates
that the models developed by the Stanford University [9].
These models are derived for Multipoint microwave
distribution system (MMSD) in the frequency range from 2.5
GHz to 2.7 GHz [3]. These SUI models are categorized into
three types of terrains namely terrain A, terrain B and terrain
C. Terrain A is the hilly area with medium to very large tree
densities in which the path loss is maximum. Terrain C is the
flat or open area with light tree densities having minimum
path loss category. Terrain B is categorized with either
mostly flat terrains with moderate to heavy tree densities or
hilly terrains with light tree densities [10]. The basic path loss
equation is given as:
PL= A+10 γ log10[d/d0] + Xf + Xh+ s for d > d0 (20)
Where, d is the distance between access points and customer
premises equipment antennas in metres, d0 is 100 m, s is a log
normally distributed factor that is used to account for the
shadow fading owing to trees and other clutter and has a
value between 8.2 dB and 10.6 dB. The other parameters are
as follows:
A= 20 log10 (4π d0 / λ) (21)
And
γ= a- bhb+ c/hb (22)
where, hb is the base station height above ground in meters
and the range is from 10 m to 80 m. The constants used for a,
b and c are given in table 1.
Table 1: Numerical values for SUI model parameters
Model parameter Terrain
A
Terrain
B
Terrain
C
A
b (m-1
)
c (m)
4.6
0.0075
12.6
4.0
0.0065
17.1
3.6
0.005
20
The correction factors for the operating frequency and for the
CPE antenna height for the model are given as:
Xf = 6.0 log 10(f/2000) (23)
and
Xh =-10.8 log10(hr/2000) for terrain types A and B (24)
= -20.0 log10 (hr/2000) for terrain type C (25)
Where, f is the frequency in MHz and hr is the CPE
antenna height above ground in meters. The SUI model is
suitable for determining the path loss in all three
environments namely rural, suburban and urban.
III. PATH LOSS ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON
WITH PRACTICAL DATA
Path loss are estimated at 950 MHz for different path loss
models like Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231 and SUI
models in urban, suburban and rural.
The transmitted power is considered as 43 dBm. The
measured data is taken from three different areas namely
Shakti Nagar, Rewari (urban), Kanina Town, Mohindergarh
(suburban) and Duloth Ahir, Mohindergarh (rural). The
practical received signals are taken upto 4.5 km. The antenna
heights are taken as 35 meters for rural area, 37 meters for
suburban area and 25 meters for urban area. Measured data
are taken with the help of TEMS software.
The signal strength obtained from the propagation models
are compared with practical data for all above environments.
The variation of signal strength with distance is shown in
figures below and comparison also shown.
From figure 1, it is shown that practical data has the
highest signal strength and Hata model lie near to it. There is
a slight variation of signal strength in between Hata and
Cost-231 model but Hata model has the highest signal
strength. So, it is concluded that in urban area, Hata model
gives best results nearest to the practical value.
Figure2 shows the signal strength comparison in rural area.
It is seen from the figure that Hata model has the highest
signal strength nearest to the practical data.
The signal strength comparison with practical data in
suburban area is shown in figure 3. It shows the highest signal
strength of Hata model closely to the practical data. So, it is
concluded that Hata model gives the best results.
ISSN: 2278 – 1323
International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET)
Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013
2101
www.ijarcet.org
Fig. 1 Signal Strength Comparison in Urban Area
Fig. 2 Signal Strength Comparison in Rural Area
Fig. 3 Signal Strength Comparison in Suburban Area
III. CONCLUSION
In this paper, different path loss models are discussed. Path
loss and signal strength are estimated at 950 MHz and
compared with practical data. From the results, it can be
concluded that Hata model closely estimates practical data in
urban, rural and suburbanareas. So, it is the most suitable
model for signal strength prediction in all environments.
REFERENCES
[1] Chhaya Dalela, “Propagation Path Loss Modeling for Deployed
WiMax Network”, International Journal of Emerging Technology
and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2012.
[2] T.S Rappaport, “Wireless Communication-Principles and Practice”,
2nd
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
[3] Manju Kumari et al, “Comparative Study of Path Loss Models in
Different Environments”, IJEST, Vol.3, No.4, Apr 2011.
[4] T. Okumura, E. Ohmori, and K. Fukuda, “Field Strength and its
Variability in VHF and UHF Land Mobile Service”, Review
Electrical Communication Laboratory, Vol. 16, No. 9-10, pp.
825–873, Sept.-Oct. 1968.
[5] R. Mardeni and K.F. Kwan, “Optimization of Hata Propagation
Prediction Model in Suburban Area in Malaysia,” progress in
electromagnetics research in C, Vol. 13, 91-106, 2010.
[6] Dinesh Sharma, Purnima K Sharma, Vishal Gupta and R k Singh, “A
Survey on Path Loss Models Used in Wireless Communication
System Design”, IJRTET, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010.
[7] Purnima K Sharma, R.K Singh, “Comparative Analysis of
Propagation Path Loss Models with Field Measured Data”, IJEST,
Vol. 2(6) in 2010 at 2008-2013.
[8] Vivek Kamboj et al. ,“Comparison of Path Loss Models for WiMax in
Rural Environment at 3.5 GHz,” IJEST, Vol.3, No. 2, Feb 2011.
[9] V.S. Abhayawardhana, I.J. Wassell, D. Crosby, M.P. Sellars and M.G.
Brown, “Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for
Fixed Wireless Access Systems”, Vehicular Technology Conference,
2005, IEEE, Date: 30 May-1 ,June 2005, Vol. 1, pp. 73- 77, Vol. 1.
[10]Tilotma Yadav and Partha Pratim Bhattacharya, “Performance
Comparison of Path Loss Models for Different Wireless
Communication Systems”, International Conference on Advanced
Computing and Communication Technologies (ICACCT-2012), Vol.3,
November 2012, pp. 232-235, ISBN: 978-93-82062-69-1.
Tilotma Yadav was born in India on June 5,
1990. She received her B.Tech. degree in
Electronics and Communication from D.A.V
College of Engineering and Technology, Kanina
(Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak), Haryana,
India in 2011 and currently is a M. Tech (Signal
Processing) student in Mody Institute of
Technology and Science (Deemed University),
Rajasthan, India.
Dr. Partha Pratim Bhattacharya was born in
India on January 3, 1971. He has 15 years of
experience in teaching and research. He served
many reputed educational Institutes In India in
various positions starting from Lecturer to
Professor and Principal. At present he is working
as Professor in Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering in the Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, Mody Institute of
Technology and Science (Deemed University), Rajasthan, India. He worked
on Microwave devices and systems and mobile cellular communication
systems. He has published a good number of papers in refereed journals and
conferences. His present research interest includes mobile communication
and cognitive radio. Dr. Bhattacharya is a member of The Institution of
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India and The Institution of
Engineers, India. He is the recipient of Young Scientist Award from
International Union of Radio Science in 2005. He is working as the chief
editor, editorial board member and reviewer in many reputed journals.
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
Distance(Kms)
SignalStrength
Comparison with Actual Data in Urban Area
cost
hata
ecc
sui
oku
actual
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
Distance(Kms)
SignalStrength
Comparison with Actual Data in Rural Area
cost
hata
ecc
sui
oku
actual
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
Distance(Kms)
SignalStrength
Comparison with Actual Data in Suburban Area
cost
hata
ecc
sui
oku
actual

More Related Content

What's hot

Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentse
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseCompared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentse
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseIJECEIAES
 
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded Area
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaEffect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded Area
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaIJEEE
 
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...ijtsrd
 
OKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation Models
OKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation ModelsOKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation Models
OKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation ModelsMohammed Abuibaid
 
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
Path loss correction factor
Path loss correction factorPath loss correction factor
Path loss correction factorNguyen Minh Thu
 
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication System
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemEnergy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication System
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemIJERA Editor
 
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm system
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm systemEffects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm system
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm systemeSAT Journals
 
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...eSAT Publishing House
 
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...journalBEEI
 
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...journalBEEI
 

What's hot (15)

Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentse
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentseCompared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentse
Compared to wireless deployment in areas with different environmentse
 
Ab03301680176
Ab03301680176Ab03301680176
Ab03301680176
 
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded Area
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded AreaEffect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded Area
Effect on Channel Capacity of Multi-User MIMO System in Crowded Area
 
B0340818
B0340818B0340818
B0340818
 
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...
Performance Analysis of CIR and Path Loss Propagation Models in the Downlink ...
 
OKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation Models
OKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation ModelsOKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation Models
OKUMURA, HATA and COST231 Propagation Models
 
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
 
Path loss correction factor
Path loss correction factorPath loss correction factor
Path loss correction factor
 
U0 vqmt qxodk=
U0 vqmt qxodk=U0 vqmt qxodk=
U0 vqmt qxodk=
 
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication System
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication SystemEnergy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication System
Energy Efficiency of MIMO-OFDM Communication System
 
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm system
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm systemEffects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm system
Effects of filtering on ber performance of an ofdm system
 
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...
Survey of analysis and performance of ofdm signals in time and frequency disp...
 
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...
Outage performance users located outside D2D coverage area in downlink cellul...
 
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...
Implementation of Particle Swarm Optimization Technique for Enhanced Outdoor ...
 
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...
Design and analysis of microstrip antenna with zig-zag feeder for wireless co...
 

Similar to Volume 2-issue-6-2098-2101

COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORK
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKCOMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORK
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKijngnjournal
 
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...IJCI JOURNAL
 
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...IJCI JOURNAL
 
Wc nots final unit new 7
Wc nots final unit new  7Wc nots final unit new  7
Wc nots final unit new 7SURESHA V
 
Cellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdf
Cellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdfCellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdf
Cellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdfvpshinde1
 
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...josephjonse
 
Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...
Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...
Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...ssuser793b4e
 
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
 
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban Environment
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentThird Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban Environment
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentEECJOURNAL
 
Cellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptx
Cellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptxCellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptx
Cellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptxJayjeetChakraborty1
 
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
Hata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizad
Hata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizadHata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizad
Hata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizadKhalid Ali
 
2519 7321-1-pb
2519 7321-1-pb2519 7321-1-pb
2519 7321-1-pbDuy Le
 
Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16
Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16
Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16Nguyen Minh Thu
 
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...IRJET Journal
 
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Onyebuchi nosiri
 
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308Editor IJARCET
 
21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)new
21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)new21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)new
21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)newIAESIJEECS
 

Similar to Volume 2-issue-6-2098-2101 (20)

COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORK
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORKCOMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORK
COMPARISON OF RADIO PROPAGATION MODELS FOR LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE) NETWORK
 
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...
AN ANALYTICAL ANALYSIS OF PATH LOSS MODELS FOR MOBILE CELLULAR WIRELESS COMMU...
 
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...
An Analytical Analysis of Path Loss Models for Mobile Cellular Wireless Commu...
 
Wc nots final unit new 7
Wc nots final unit new  7Wc nots final unit new  7
Wc nots final unit new 7
 
Cellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdf
Cellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdfCellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdf
Cellular Network-HATA model & Receiver Noise.pdf
 
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...
Validation Study of Path Loss Models on Wimax At 2.6 Ghz Frequency Band in Su...
 
Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...
Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...
Path Loss Model Predictions for Different Gsm Networks in the UNN Campus Envi...
 
UNIT 2.pptx
UNIT 2.pptxUNIT 2.pptx
UNIT 2.pptx
 
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...
Comparative Study of Path Loss Models for Wireless Communication in Urban and...
 
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)
 
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban Environment
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban EnvironmentThird Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban Environment
Third Generation Wireless Modeling in Urban Environment
 
Cellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptx
Cellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptxCellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptx
Cellular Comm-EC3036-Notes-Module-2.pptx
 
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...
Path Loss Characterization of 3G Wireless Signal for Urban and Suburban Envir...
 
Hata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizad
Hata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizadHata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizad
Hata model + youngs model + okumara model summarizad
 
2519 7321-1-pb
2519 7321-1-pb2519 7321-1-pb
2519 7321-1-pb
 
Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16
Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16
Outdoor path loss models for ieee 802.16
 
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...
IRJET- Statistical Tuning of Hata Model for 3G Communication Networks at 1.85...
 
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
Signal Strength Evaluation of a 3G Network in Owerri Metropolis Using Path Lo...
 
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308
Ijarcet vol-2-issue-4-1304-1308
 
21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)new
21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)new21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)new
21 16133 paper 013 ijeecs(edit)new
 

More from Editor IJARCET

Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturization
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationElectrically small antennas: The art of miniaturization
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationEditor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207
Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207
Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199
Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199
Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204
Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204
Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194
Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194
Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189
Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189
Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185
Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185
Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176
Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176
Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172
Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172
Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164
Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164
Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158
Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158
Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154
Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154
Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147
Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147
Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124
Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124
Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142
Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142
Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138
Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138
Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129
Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129
Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118
Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118
Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113
Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113
Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113Editor IJARCET
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107
Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107
Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107Editor IJARCET
 

More from Editor IJARCET (20)

Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturization
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturizationElectrically small antennas: The art of miniaturization
Electrically small antennas: The art of miniaturization
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207
Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207
Volume 2-issue-6-2205-2207
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199
Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199
Volume 2-issue-6-2195-2199
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204
Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204
Volume 2-issue-6-2200-2204
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194
Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194
Volume 2-issue-6-2190-2194
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189
Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189
Volume 2-issue-6-2186-2189
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185
Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185
Volume 2-issue-6-2177-2185
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176
Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176
Volume 2-issue-6-2173-2176
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172
Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172
Volume 2-issue-6-2165-2172
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164
Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164
Volume 2-issue-6-2159-2164
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158
Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158
Volume 2-issue-6-2155-2158
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154
Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154
Volume 2-issue-6-2148-2154
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147
Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147
Volume 2-issue-6-2143-2147
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124
Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124
Volume 2-issue-6-2119-2124
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142
Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142
Volume 2-issue-6-2139-2142
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138
Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138
Volume 2-issue-6-2130-2138
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129
Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129
Volume 2-issue-6-2125-2129
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118
Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118
Volume 2-issue-6-2114-2118
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113
Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113
Volume 2-issue-6-2108-2113
 
Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107
Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107
Volume 2-issue-6-2102-2107
 

Recently uploaded

3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud Data
3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud Data3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud Data
3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud DataEric D. Schabell
 
Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.
Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.
Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.IPLOOK Networks
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2DianaGray10
 
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfKey Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
 
From the origin to the future of Open Source model and business
From the origin to the future of  Open Source model and businessFrom the origin to the future of  Open Source model and business
From the origin to the future of Open Source model and businessFrancesco Corti
 
Emil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptx
Emil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptxEmil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptx
Emil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptxNeo4j
 
Where developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is going
Where developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is goingWhere developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is going
Where developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is goingFrancesco Corti
 
AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024
AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024
AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024Brian Pichman
 
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...DianaGray10
 
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced ComputingIT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced ComputingMAGNIntelligence
 
The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)
The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)
The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)codyslingerland1
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4DianaGray10
 
How to release an Open Source Dataweave Library
How to release an Open Source Dataweave LibraryHow to release an Open Source Dataweave Library
How to release an Open Source Dataweave Libraryshyamraj55
 
Oracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptx
Oracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptxOracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptx
Oracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptxSatishbabu Gunukula
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3
UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3
UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3DianaGray10
 
Automation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projects
Automation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projectsAutomation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projects
Automation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projectsDianaGray10
 
SIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENT
SIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENTSIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENT
SIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENTxtailishbaloch
 
Q4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdf
Q4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdfQ4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdf
Q4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdfTejal81
 
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0DanBrown980551
 

Recently uploaded (20)

3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud Data
3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud Data3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud Data
3 Pitfalls Everyone Should Avoid with Cloud Data
 
Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.
Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.
Introduction - IPLOOK NETWORKS CO., LTD.
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 2
 
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfKey Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdf
 
From the origin to the future of Open Source model and business
From the origin to the future of  Open Source model and businessFrom the origin to the future of  Open Source model and business
From the origin to the future of Open Source model and business
 
Emil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptx
Emil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptxEmil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptx
Emil Eifrem at GraphSummit Copenhagen 2024 - The Art of the Possible.pptx
 
Where developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is going
Where developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is goingWhere developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is going
Where developers are challenged, what developers want and where DevEx is going
 
AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024
AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024
AI Workshops at Computers In Libraries 2024
 
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
Explore the UiPath Community and ways you can benefit on your journey to auto...
 
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced ComputingIT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
IT Service Management (ITSM) Best Practices for Advanced Computing
 
The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)
The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)
The New Cloud World Order Is FinOps (Slideshow)
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 4
 
How to release an Open Source Dataweave Library
How to release an Open Source Dataweave LibraryHow to release an Open Source Dataweave Library
How to release an Open Source Dataweave Library
 
Oracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptx
Oracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptxOracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptx
Oracle Database 23c Security New Features.pptx
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3
UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3
UiPath Studio Web workshop Series - Day 3
 
Automation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projects
Automation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projectsAutomation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projects
Automation Ops Series: Session 2 - Governance for UiPath projects
 
SheDev 2024
SheDev 2024SheDev 2024
SheDev 2024
 
SIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENT
SIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENTSIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENT
SIM INFORMATION SYSTEM: REVOLUTIONIZING DATA MANAGEMENT
 
Q4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdf
Q4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdfQ4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdf
Q4 2023 Quarterly Investor Presentation - FINAL - v1.pdf
 
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
LF Energy Webinar - Unveiling OpenEEMeter 4.0
 

Volume 2-issue-6-2098-2101

  • 1. ISSN: 2278 – 1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 2098 www.ijarcet.org  Abstract— In wireless communication systems, path loss models are used to find out the path loss between transmitter and receiver. In this paper, Okumura, Cost-231, Hata, ECC 33 and SUI propagation models are discussed. Path losses are estimated using these models in urban, suburban and rural areas. The signal strength are then estimated in all the three environments and also compared with practical data. Comparison is done to find the best model which shows the closest value to the measured practical data. Index Terms— Propagation path loss models, mobile communication system. I. INTRODUCTION Path loss models illustrate the signal attenuation between a transmitter and a receiver as a function of the propagation distance and other parameters. Some models consider details of the terrain profile to estimate the signal attenuation, whereas others just consider carrier frequency and distance. Antenna height is another essential parameter [1]. There is large scale, medium scale shadowing and small scale fading models on the variability of the signal strength. Large scale propagation models predict the mean signal strength for an uninformed transmitter-receiver (T-R) separation distance. These models are also useful in estimating the radio coverage area of a transmitter since they distinguish signal strength over large T-R separation distance. The propagation models that describe the rapid fluctuations of the received signal strength over very short travel distances or short time durations are called small scale models [2]. In this models field strength variations occur if the antenna is displaced over distances larger than a few tens or hundreds of meters are known as medium scale shadowing models. II. PRPAGATION MODELS FOR COMMUNICATION Few popular and effective propagation models are discussed below: Tilotma Yadav1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Mody Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed University) Lakshmangarh, Dist. Sikar, Rajasthan, Pin – 332311, India. Partha Pratim Bhattacharya2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Technology Mody Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed University) Lakshmangarh, Dist. Sikar, Rajasthan, Pin – 332311, India. A. Okumura Model The Okumura model is an empirical model which works at several frequencies having the range of 150 MHz to 1920 MHz [2]. It is the most broadly used model in large urban macro cell for signal prediction over distances of 1 km to 100 km and it is extrapolated up to 3000 MHz [3]. The range of base station antenna heights is 30 m to1000 m and a mobile antenna height of 5 m. Path loss is expressed as: L50(dB) = Lf + Amu (f,d) – G(hte) – (hre) - Garea (1) where L50 is the 50th percentile value of propagation path loss. Lf is the free space propagation loss and given by the formula: Lf = 20*log (λ /4πd) (2) Where, d is the distance between transmitter and receiver, Amu is the median attenuation relative to free space, G(hte) is the base station antenna height gain factor, G(hre) is the mobile antenna height gain factor and Garea is the gain due to the type of environment. To determine the path loss using Okumura model, firstly free space path loss between the points of interest is determined [4]. The values of Garea and Amu are obtained from empirical plots. G(hte) and G(hre) are given by the formula as below : G(hte)= 20*log(hte/200) 1000 m > hte >30 m (3) G(hre)=10*log(hre/3) hre < 3 m (4) G(hre)=20*log(hre/3) 3 m < hre <10 m (5) Furthermore, it is found by Okumura that G(hte) varies at a rate of 20dB/decade and G(hre) varies at a rate of 10dB/decade for receiver antenna heights less than 3 m. Correction factors concurrent to terrain are also developed [4] that increase the model accuracy. Okumura model has a 10-14 dB standard deviation between path loss predicted by the model. This model is entirely based on the measured data and does not give any analytical explanation. This model served as a base for the Hata model. The major negative aspect of this model is its slow response to quick changes in terrain therefore the model is best in urban and suburban areas, but not as good in rural areas. Signal Strength Estimation and Comparison with Measured Signal Strength for Mobile Cellular Communication Tilotma Yadav1 , Partha Pratim Bhattacharya2
  • 2. ISSN: 2278 – 1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 2099 www.ijarcet.org B. Hata Model Hata model is the tentative formulation of path loss data provided by the Okumura model. It is based on the Okumura’s test field results. It is generally liked in Europe and North America and developed by the Y. Okumura and M. Hata at Japan in 1968 [5]. This model is used up to the frequency range of 150MHz to 1500 MHz. The standard formula for median path loss is as follows in urban areas: L50(urban)(dB) = 69.55 + 26.16 log fc - 13.82 log hte - a(hre) +(44.9-6.55 log hte)(log d) (6) where, fc is the frequency in MHz from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz, hte is the effective transmitter (base station) antenna height in meters in between 30 m to 200 m, hre is the effective receiver (mobile) antenna height in meters ranging from 1m to 10 m, d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver in km and a(hre) is the correction factor for effective mobile antenna height based on the coverage area size. Hata equations for path loss are classified in three modes: 1. Rural area: open space and no tall buildings or obstacles in path. 2. Suburban areas: village highway with trees and not very congested, some obstacles around house. 3. Urban areas: built up city and large area with buildings and houses [5]. Now the correction factor is given for different areas: For small to medium sized city: a(hre) = (1.1log fc - 0.7)hre - (1.56log fc - 0.8) dB (7) For a large city it is defined for two frequency ranges. For fc ≤ 300MHz, it is defined as a(hre)= 8.29(log 1.54hre)2 -1.1 dB (8) and for fc ≥ 300MHz, it is given as a(hre)= 3.2(log 11.75hre)2 - 4.97 dB (9) The path loss is defined for two different areas as follows: For suburban area, the path loss is given by L50(dB)= L50(urban) - 2[log (fc/28)]2 -5.4 (10) and for open rural areas, it is given by L50(dB)= L50(urban) - 4.78(log fc)2 +18.33log fc - 40.9 (11) Hata model gives the best results for first generation cellular systems but not for personal communication system It does not propagate well in cellular systems having smaller size [6]. Hata’s model does not supply for any of the path specific correction factors as available in Okumura model [7]. C. Cost – 231 Model It is the PCS extension to the Hata model which is developed by the European cooperative for scientific and technical research (EURO-COST) and extended Hata model up to 2 GHz. It is mostly used for determining the path loss in mobile wireless system in frequency range from 500 MHz to 2000 MHz. Although its frequency range is outside that of the measurements, its simplicity and presence of correction factors has been used for path loss prediction [8]. The path loss equation is given as: PL(dB)= L50(urban) = 46.3+33.9 log fc -13.82 log hte - a(hre)+(44.9-6.55 log hte) log d +cm (12) Where, a(hre) is defined for urban areas as: a(hre) = 3.2(log 11.75 hre)2 - 4.97 dB (13) f being the frequency in MHz between 1500 MHz to 2000 MHz, d is the separation between AP and CPE antennas in km ranging from 1 km to 20 km, hte is the AP antenna height above ground level in meters from 30 m to 200 m and hre is the CPE antenna height in meters from 1 m to 10 m. The parameter cm is defined for two environments as follows: cm = 0 dB for suburban areas = 3 dB for urban areas (14) This model has a limitation that it requires the base station antenna is higher than the all adjacent rooftops. D. ECC-33 model The model is developed from original measurements by Okumura and given by the Electronic Communication Committee is known as ECC-33 path loss model. In this its assumptions are modified so that it closely represents a fixed wireless access system [8]. The path loss for the model is given as: PL(dB) = Afs + Abm- Gt - Gr (15) where Afs is the free space attenuation, Abm is the basic median path loss, Gt is the base station antenna height gain factor, Gr is the received antenna height gain factor. These parameters are individually defined as, Afs = 92.4+ 20 log (d) + 20 log (f) (16) Abm = 20.41+ 9.83 log (d) + 7.894 log (f) + 9.56 [log f] (17) and Gt = log (hb/200) [13.98+5.8 (log d)2 ] (18) For median city environments, Gr is given as Gr = [42.57+13.7 log f] [log hm-0.585] (19) Where, f is the frequency in GHz, d is the distance between base station and mobile station in km, hb is the base station
  • 3. ISSN: 2278 – 1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 2100 www.ijarcet.org antenna height and hm is the mobile station antenna height in meters. For European cities the medium city model is more appropriate. It is to be noted that the predictions formed by the ECC-33 model do not lie on straight lines when plotted against distance having a log scale [8]. E. SUI Model After developing the standards for fixed wireless access systems by IEEE working group 802.16 at forefront of developing technical standards for frequency bands above 11 GHz, they paid a little attention towards the frequency bands below 11 GHz. They proposed the channel models for frequency band below 11 GHz and the models are known as SUI (Stanford University Interim) models as name indicates that the models developed by the Stanford University [9]. These models are derived for Multipoint microwave distribution system (MMSD) in the frequency range from 2.5 GHz to 2.7 GHz [3]. These SUI models are categorized into three types of terrains namely terrain A, terrain B and terrain C. Terrain A is the hilly area with medium to very large tree densities in which the path loss is maximum. Terrain C is the flat or open area with light tree densities having minimum path loss category. Terrain B is categorized with either mostly flat terrains with moderate to heavy tree densities or hilly terrains with light tree densities [10]. The basic path loss equation is given as: PL= A+10 γ log10[d/d0] + Xf + Xh+ s for d > d0 (20) Where, d is the distance between access points and customer premises equipment antennas in metres, d0 is 100 m, s is a log normally distributed factor that is used to account for the shadow fading owing to trees and other clutter and has a value between 8.2 dB and 10.6 dB. The other parameters are as follows: A= 20 log10 (4π d0 / λ) (21) And γ= a- bhb+ c/hb (22) where, hb is the base station height above ground in meters and the range is from 10 m to 80 m. The constants used for a, b and c are given in table 1. Table 1: Numerical values for SUI model parameters Model parameter Terrain A Terrain B Terrain C A b (m-1 ) c (m) 4.6 0.0075 12.6 4.0 0.0065 17.1 3.6 0.005 20 The correction factors for the operating frequency and for the CPE antenna height for the model are given as: Xf = 6.0 log 10(f/2000) (23) and Xh =-10.8 log10(hr/2000) for terrain types A and B (24) = -20.0 log10 (hr/2000) for terrain type C (25) Where, f is the frequency in MHz and hr is the CPE antenna height above ground in meters. The SUI model is suitable for determining the path loss in all three environments namely rural, suburban and urban. III. PATH LOSS ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON WITH PRACTICAL DATA Path loss are estimated at 950 MHz for different path loss models like Okumura, Hata, ECC 33, Cost-231 and SUI models in urban, suburban and rural. The transmitted power is considered as 43 dBm. The measured data is taken from three different areas namely Shakti Nagar, Rewari (urban), Kanina Town, Mohindergarh (suburban) and Duloth Ahir, Mohindergarh (rural). The practical received signals are taken upto 4.5 km. The antenna heights are taken as 35 meters for rural area, 37 meters for suburban area and 25 meters for urban area. Measured data are taken with the help of TEMS software. The signal strength obtained from the propagation models are compared with practical data for all above environments. The variation of signal strength with distance is shown in figures below and comparison also shown. From figure 1, it is shown that practical data has the highest signal strength and Hata model lie near to it. There is a slight variation of signal strength in between Hata and Cost-231 model but Hata model has the highest signal strength. So, it is concluded that in urban area, Hata model gives best results nearest to the practical value. Figure2 shows the signal strength comparison in rural area. It is seen from the figure that Hata model has the highest signal strength nearest to the practical data. The signal strength comparison with practical data in suburban area is shown in figure 3. It shows the highest signal strength of Hata model closely to the practical data. So, it is concluded that Hata model gives the best results.
  • 4. ISSN: 2278 – 1323 International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 2, Issue 6, June 2013 2101 www.ijarcet.org Fig. 1 Signal Strength Comparison in Urban Area Fig. 2 Signal Strength Comparison in Rural Area Fig. 3 Signal Strength Comparison in Suburban Area III. CONCLUSION In this paper, different path loss models are discussed. Path loss and signal strength are estimated at 950 MHz and compared with practical data. From the results, it can be concluded that Hata model closely estimates practical data in urban, rural and suburbanareas. So, it is the most suitable model for signal strength prediction in all environments. REFERENCES [1] Chhaya Dalela, “Propagation Path Loss Modeling for Deployed WiMax Network”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2012. [2] T.S Rappaport, “Wireless Communication-Principles and Practice”, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001. [3] Manju Kumari et al, “Comparative Study of Path Loss Models in Different Environments”, IJEST, Vol.3, No.4, Apr 2011. [4] T. Okumura, E. Ohmori, and K. Fukuda, “Field Strength and its Variability in VHF and UHF Land Mobile Service”, Review Electrical Communication Laboratory, Vol. 16, No. 9-10, pp. 825–873, Sept.-Oct. 1968. [5] R. Mardeni and K.F. Kwan, “Optimization of Hata Propagation Prediction Model in Suburban Area in Malaysia,” progress in electromagnetics research in C, Vol. 13, 91-106, 2010. [6] Dinesh Sharma, Purnima K Sharma, Vishal Gupta and R k Singh, “A Survey on Path Loss Models Used in Wireless Communication System Design”, IJRTET, Vol. 3, No. 2, May 2010. [7] Purnima K Sharma, R.K Singh, “Comparative Analysis of Propagation Path Loss Models with Field Measured Data”, IJEST, Vol. 2(6) in 2010 at 2008-2013. [8] Vivek Kamboj et al. ,“Comparison of Path Loss Models for WiMax in Rural Environment at 3.5 GHz,” IJEST, Vol.3, No. 2, Feb 2011. [9] V.S. Abhayawardhana, I.J. Wassell, D. Crosby, M.P. Sellars and M.G. Brown, “Comparison of Empirical Propagation Path Loss Models for Fixed Wireless Access Systems”, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2005, IEEE, Date: 30 May-1 ,June 2005, Vol. 1, pp. 73- 77, Vol. 1. [10]Tilotma Yadav and Partha Pratim Bhattacharya, “Performance Comparison of Path Loss Models for Different Wireless Communication Systems”, International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (ICACCT-2012), Vol.3, November 2012, pp. 232-235, ISBN: 978-93-82062-69-1. Tilotma Yadav was born in India on June 5, 1990. She received her B.Tech. degree in Electronics and Communication from D.A.V College of Engineering and Technology, Kanina (Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak), Haryana, India in 2011 and currently is a M. Tech (Signal Processing) student in Mody Institute of Technology and Science (Deemed University), Rajasthan, India. Dr. Partha Pratim Bhattacharya was born in India on January 3, 1971. He has 15 years of experience in teaching and research. He served many reputed educational Institutes In India in various positions starting from Lecturer to Professor and Principal. At present he is working as Professor in Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Mody Institute of Technology and Science (Deemed University), Rajasthan, India. He worked on Microwave devices and systems and mobile cellular communication systems. He has published a good number of papers in refereed journals and conferences. His present research interest includes mobile communication and cognitive radio. Dr. Bhattacharya is a member of The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India and The Institution of Engineers, India. He is the recipient of Young Scientist Award from International Union of Radio Science in 2005. He is working as the chief editor, editorial board member and reviewer in many reputed journals. 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 Distance(Kms) SignalStrength Comparison with Actual Data in Urban Area cost hata ecc sui oku actual 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 Distance(Kms) SignalStrength Comparison with Actual Data in Rural Area cost hata ecc sui oku actual 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 Distance(Kms) SignalStrength Comparison with Actual Data in Suburban Area cost hata ecc sui oku actual