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Autonomous Cars 
By:-M.M.Ihzan 
Access-111
Contents 
• What is an autonomous cars? 
• Features of self-driving cars 
• What Does the Car Look Like? 
• How does it work? 
• Diagram of Self-Driving car 
• Laser Scanner 
• Radar 
• Cameras 
• Processor 
• GPS Antenna 
• Range of Scanners, Radars and Cameras 
• Traffic Ahead 
• Test Drive 
• Advantages and Disadvantages 
• Conclusion 
• References
What is an autonomous cars? 
• An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car, 
driver-free car, robot car or self-driving car.
What Does the Car Look Like?
Features of self-driving cars 
• A self-driving cars are capable of 
 Sensing its environment 
 Navigating without human input. 
 Fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a 
traditional car. 
 Making intelligent decisions. 
• Maintaining an internal map and using that map to 
find an optimal paths. 
-Ex. road structures, pedestrians and other vehicles
How does it work? 
• The vehicle build a map of its environment and precisely 
localize itself within that map. 
 It uses laser rangefinders and cameras. 
• The vehicle uses a probabilistic model to track the 
predicted future path of moving objects based on its 
shape. 
• Intelligence and makes decisions on its own (if mistake is 
made it will alert driver) 
• It use its GPS to know where it is in relation to other 
objects in the map. 
• It use inertial navigation unit, and sensors to precisely 
localize itself.
Diagram of Self-Driving car 
GPS Antenna 
Cameras 
Laser Scanner 
Processor 
Radar 
Radar 
Laser Scanner
Laser Scanner 
• The laser gives 360 
degree understanding. 
• Car can sense objects 
at the same time. 
• The laser helps to 
determine its location.
Radar 
• Radar detects vehicles 
far ahead. 
• Radar calculate other 
vehicles speed. 
 So car can speed up or 
slow down with other 
vehicles.
Cameras 
• The cameras detects 
traffic lights. 
• It helps car’s onboard 
computer to recognize 
moving objects. 
-Ex. Pedestrian, bicycles
Processor 
• Processor measures 
small movements 
made by the car. 
• It helps to accurately 
locate its positions on 
the map.
GPS Antenna 
• Its helps to know where it 
is in relation to other 
objects in the map. 
• As the vehicle moves, 
new positional 
information and sensor 
data are used to update 
the vehicle’s internal 
map.
Range of Scanners, Radars 
and Cameras 
Short-range radar 
Range of 0.2m to 30m 
Mid-range scan 
Range of 60m 
Long-range radar 
Range of 200m 
Camera 
Visual range of up to 500m 
30m 
60m 
200m
Traffic Ahead 
• Many carmakers developing prototype vehicles that are capable 
of driving autonomously in certain situation. 
BMW Mercedes-Benz Nissan Google General Motors 
Vehicles 5 Series 
(modified) 
S 500 Intelligent 
driver research 
vehicle 
Leaf EV 
(modified) 
Prius and 
Lexus 
(modified) 
Cadillac SRX 
(modified) 
KEY 
Technologies 
• Video camera 
tracks lane 
markings and 
reads road 
signs. 
• Read sensors 
detect objects 
ahead. 
• Side laser 
scanners. 
• Ultrasonic 
sensors. 
• Differential 
GPS. 
• Very accurate 
map. 
• Stereo camera 
sees objects 
ahead in 3-D 
• Additional 
cameras reads 
road signs and 
traffic lights. 
• Short and long 
range radar. 
• Infrared 
camera, 
• Ultrasonic 
sensors. 
• Front and 
side radar. 
• Camera 
• Front, side 
and rear 
laser sensor, 
• Fore wide 
angle 
cameras 
shows the 
driver the 
car’s 
surroundings 
. 
• LIDAR on the 
roof detects 
objects around 
the car in 3-D 
• Camera helps 
detect objects. 
• Front and side 
radar. 
• Inertial 
measuring unit 
tracks position, 
• Wheel encoder 
tracks 
movement. 
• Very accurate 
map. 
• Several laser 
sensors. 
• Radar 
• Differential 
GPS 
• Cameras 
• Very accurate 
map.
Test Drive 
• Already sent out vehicles (over 140,000 miles through 
traffic, residential, and highway) 
• Nevada-June 2011 
• Florida-April 2012 
• California-September 2012 
• Texas-September 2012 
• Trying to find green alternatives.
Advantages 
• React faster than 
humans. 
• 360 degree perfection. 
• Allows more people to 
commute. 
• Cannot get distracted, 
sleepy, or intoxicated. 
• Actively engage the 
driver (announcements like 
“approaching a crosswalk” or 
“turn ahead”) 
Disadvantages 
• Expensive. 
• Cars reducing more 
carbon. 
• Costs more gas. 
• Some times make wrong 
decision.
Conclusion 
• “Actually, I think it is a great idea once the 
technology is perfected and locked down. 
• Sure we can't imagine something like it now, but 
think off into the future.”
Questions?
References 
• http://robohub.org/how-do-self-driving-cars-work/ 
• http://images.gizmag.com/inline/stanford-audi-tts-autonomous-car-race- 
car-drivers-thunderhill-raceway-9.jpeg 
• http://www.blogcdn.com/www.autoblog.com/media/2012/02/googlea 
utonomous-car-628.jpg 
• http://www.autonomos.inf.fu-berlin. 
de/escape/sensors/migsensors/sensors/MIG_labels.jpg 
• http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/google-self- 
driving-car-537x369.jpg 
• http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/ 
uploads/2013/06/MercedesDistronicPlusThruWindshieldIllo- 
640x381.jpg 
• http://images.gizmag.com/gallery_lrg/volvo-autonomous-cars-42.jpg 
• http://cnet3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2010/03/26/9fc59e0c-f0fc-11e2- 
8c7c-d4ae52e62bcc/ 
thumbnail/170x128/6f07b19564357d3844b8674571f00 
12c/AudiShelley-2.jpg 
• http://www.mobilemag.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/nissan.jpg
Thank you

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Autonomous cars

  • 2. Contents • What is an autonomous cars? • Features of self-driving cars • What Does the Car Look Like? • How does it work? • Diagram of Self-Driving car • Laser Scanner • Radar • Cameras • Processor • GPS Antenna • Range of Scanners, Radars and Cameras • Traffic Ahead • Test Drive • Advantages and Disadvantages • Conclusion • References
  • 3. What is an autonomous cars? • An autonomous car, also known as a driverless car, driver-free car, robot car or self-driving car.
  • 4. What Does the Car Look Like?
  • 5. Features of self-driving cars • A self-driving cars are capable of  Sensing its environment  Navigating without human input.  Fulfilling the human transportation capabilities of a traditional car.  Making intelligent decisions. • Maintaining an internal map and using that map to find an optimal paths. -Ex. road structures, pedestrians and other vehicles
  • 6. How does it work? • The vehicle build a map of its environment and precisely localize itself within that map.  It uses laser rangefinders and cameras. • The vehicle uses a probabilistic model to track the predicted future path of moving objects based on its shape. • Intelligence and makes decisions on its own (if mistake is made it will alert driver) • It use its GPS to know where it is in relation to other objects in the map. • It use inertial navigation unit, and sensors to precisely localize itself.
  • 7. Diagram of Self-Driving car GPS Antenna Cameras Laser Scanner Processor Radar Radar Laser Scanner
  • 8. Laser Scanner • The laser gives 360 degree understanding. • Car can sense objects at the same time. • The laser helps to determine its location.
  • 9. Radar • Radar detects vehicles far ahead. • Radar calculate other vehicles speed.  So car can speed up or slow down with other vehicles.
  • 10. Cameras • The cameras detects traffic lights. • It helps car’s onboard computer to recognize moving objects. -Ex. Pedestrian, bicycles
  • 11. Processor • Processor measures small movements made by the car. • It helps to accurately locate its positions on the map.
  • 12. GPS Antenna • Its helps to know where it is in relation to other objects in the map. • As the vehicle moves, new positional information and sensor data are used to update the vehicle’s internal map.
  • 13. Range of Scanners, Radars and Cameras Short-range radar Range of 0.2m to 30m Mid-range scan Range of 60m Long-range radar Range of 200m Camera Visual range of up to 500m 30m 60m 200m
  • 14. Traffic Ahead • Many carmakers developing prototype vehicles that are capable of driving autonomously in certain situation. BMW Mercedes-Benz Nissan Google General Motors Vehicles 5 Series (modified) S 500 Intelligent driver research vehicle Leaf EV (modified) Prius and Lexus (modified) Cadillac SRX (modified) KEY Technologies • Video camera tracks lane markings and reads road signs. • Read sensors detect objects ahead. • Side laser scanners. • Ultrasonic sensors. • Differential GPS. • Very accurate map. • Stereo camera sees objects ahead in 3-D • Additional cameras reads road signs and traffic lights. • Short and long range radar. • Infrared camera, • Ultrasonic sensors. • Front and side radar. • Camera • Front, side and rear laser sensor, • Fore wide angle cameras shows the driver the car’s surroundings . • LIDAR on the roof detects objects around the car in 3-D • Camera helps detect objects. • Front and side radar. • Inertial measuring unit tracks position, • Wheel encoder tracks movement. • Very accurate map. • Several laser sensors. • Radar • Differential GPS • Cameras • Very accurate map.
  • 15. Test Drive • Already sent out vehicles (over 140,000 miles through traffic, residential, and highway) • Nevada-June 2011 • Florida-April 2012 • California-September 2012 • Texas-September 2012 • Trying to find green alternatives.
  • 16. Advantages • React faster than humans. • 360 degree perfection. • Allows more people to commute. • Cannot get distracted, sleepy, or intoxicated. • Actively engage the driver (announcements like “approaching a crosswalk” or “turn ahead”) Disadvantages • Expensive. • Cars reducing more carbon. • Costs more gas. • Some times make wrong decision.
  • 17. Conclusion • “Actually, I think it is a great idea once the technology is perfected and locked down. • Sure we can't imagine something like it now, but think off into the future.”
  • 19. References • http://robohub.org/how-do-self-driving-cars-work/ • http://images.gizmag.com/inline/stanford-audi-tts-autonomous-car-race- car-drivers-thunderhill-raceway-9.jpeg • http://www.blogcdn.com/www.autoblog.com/media/2012/02/googlea utonomous-car-628.jpg • http://www.autonomos.inf.fu-berlin. de/escape/sensors/migsensors/sensors/MIG_labels.jpg • http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/google-self- driving-car-537x369.jpg • http://www.extremetech.com/wp-content/ uploads/2013/06/MercedesDistronicPlusThruWindshieldIllo- 640x381.jpg • http://images.gizmag.com/gallery_lrg/volvo-autonomous-cars-42.jpg • http://cnet3.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2010/03/26/9fc59e0c-f0fc-11e2- 8c7c-d4ae52e62bcc/ thumbnail/170x128/6f07b19564357d3844b8674571f00 12c/AudiShelley-2.jpg • http://www.mobilemag.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/nissan.jpg