SKOS hands-on workshop (tutorial) by Regine Stein

Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte - g Bildarchiv Foto Marburg Publishing Cultural Collections with SKOS and LIDO: SKOS and An Introductory Workshop Regine Stein Tel Aviv, Eretz Israel Museum, 11.01.2010 Zina Dizengoff Circle, Genia Averbouch, 1934‐1949, Tel Aviv Tel Aviv Foto Marburg, Foto: Bassewitz, Gert von; Aufnahme‐Nr. LAC 44.894; (color); Aufn.‐Datum: 1993

http://www.fotomarburg.de http://www.bildindex.de http://www bildindex de • Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte ‐ Bildarchiv Foto Marburg is a national and international research and service institute, supported by the Philipps University in Marburg. • Its mission is to collect, index and make available photographs related to European art and architecture, as well as to conduct research on the European art and architecture, as well as to conduct research on the history, practice and theory of how visual cultural assets are passed on. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 2

The working group gg p German Museum Association / SIG Documentation •DigiCult Schleswig‐Holstein •d:kult Düsseldorf •Bildarchiv Foto Marburg Marburg Bildarchiv Foto Marburg, Marburg •Institute for Museum Research, Berlin •Libraries Service Center, Konstanz •Landesmuseum für Technik u. Arbeit Mannheim •Schloss Gottorf •University of Applied Science Leipzig University of Applied Science, Leipzig •Zuse‐Institute Berlin Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 3

Workshop Agenda p g 1. Introduction: The broad view standards 2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data from museum holdings museum holdings 3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure and A model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes 4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies 5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g p how to relate them 6. Closing discussion Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 4

Workshop Agenda p g 1. Introduction: The broad view standards 2. LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects: A harvesting format for providing core data from museum holdings 3. SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System: A model for expressing the basic structure and A model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes 4. Short presentations by Israel institutions of their Short presentations by Israel institutions of their vocabularies 5. Concrete mapping examples to SKOS and LIDO and pp g p how to relate them 6. Closing discussion Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 5

The broad view standards Motivation: Why care about standards? y • Increasing relevance of internet presence for museums and g p other collections • Increasing necessity to integrate your data into union Increasing necessity to integrate your data into union catalogues and portals: facilitate resource discovery in a cross‐ collection and even cross‐sectoral (archives, libraries, museums) manner museums) manner • Increasing requests to make your information available for the g q y Semantic Web / Linked Data initiatives Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 6

The broad view standards Motivation: Why care about standards? y • It’s all about making your information understandable outside of your collection database / your home context! f ll d b / h ! • Need for convenient instruments to provide cultural collection Need for convenient instruments to provide cultural collection information – from different collections / object classes – from different data structures – from different software systems • There are different layers to be considered – Publication / Exchange Protocols Publication / Exchange Protocols – Data Structure Standards – Data Content Standards Data Content Standards – Data Value Standards Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 7

The broad view standards The broad view standards http OAI‐PMH Publication / Exchange Protocols … CDWA, Spectrum Data Structure Standards CIDOC‐CRM provides CDWA Lite, museumdat, Data Format as XML Schema reference Spectrum XML LIDO XML, LIDO (or possibly as RDF Schema) model Data Content Data Content CCO Standards AAT, Iconclass, AAT I l SKOS provides SKOS id Data Value LCSH, data model for ULAN, … Standards publication Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 8

The broad view standards CIDOC‐CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell… CIDOC CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell • Developed within CIDOC th D D l d ithi CIDOC, the Documentation C t ti Committee of itt f the International Council of Museums (ICOM) • Is a formal domain ontology for cultural heritage information: − Describes the things that the cultural heritage sector Describes the things that the cultural heritage sector deals with and how these things relate to each other − Expressed as an “object‐oriented” schema p j • Establishs a conceptual basis for integration and access to cultural heritage information: „semantic glue cultural heritage information: „semantic glue“ • See http://www.cidoc‐crm.org/ Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 9

The broad view standards CIDOC‐CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell… CIDOC CRM / ISO 21127 in less than a nutshell p Core Concepts When Where What Who Events Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 10 Source: http://www.cidoc‐crm.org/

The broad view standards CCO – Cataloguing Cultural Objects CCO C t l i C lt l Obj t • Developed within a project of th (N th D l d ithi j t f the (North‐american) Visual i ) Vi l Resources Association, CCO: − is a manual for describing, documenting, and cataloguing cultural works and their visual surrogates. − intends to inform the decisionmaking processes of cataloguers and builders of cultural heritage systems. − employs generic concepts that can be used with any metadata element sets. E.g. used in the MARC/AACR world of The Morgan Library and Museum New York ld f h ib d k • See http://www.vrafoundation.org/ccoweb/ and particularly Ten Key Principles of CCO Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 11

The broad view standards CDWA and CDWA Lite Categories for the Description of Works of Art • CDWA describes the content of art databases by articulating a conceptual framework for describing and accessing information about works of art, architecture, other material culture, groups and collections of works, and related images. It includes 532 categories and subcategories. t i d b t i • CDWA Lite is an XML schema to describe core records for works of art and material culture based on CDWA and CCO. CDWA Lite f records are intended for contribution to union catalogs and other repositories using the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) other repositories using the Open Archives Initiative (OAI) harvesting protocol. • See http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/standards/cdwa/ See htt // tt d / h/ d ti h/ t d d / d / Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 12

The broad view standards

The broad view standards Spectrum and Spectrum XML Schema S t dS t XML S h • SPECTRUM is the UK and international standard for SPECTRUM is the UK and international standard for Collections Management. It consists of two main sections: − Procedures Procedures − Information requirements • SPECTRUM XML Schema provides a standard format for exchanging object records between different collections g g j management systems. Its objective is the whole world of museum documentation I bj i i h h l ld f d i and collection management. • See http://www.collectionstrust.org.uk/spectrum Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 14

The broad view standards museumdat It is: • A harvesting format for providing core data from museum holdings g • Technically specified in an XML Schema – current version of XSD: 1.0 of XSD: 1.0 of Oct 2007 Published at http://www.museumdat.org It is NOT: • A fully A fully developed data exchange format • A format designed for proper cataloging Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 15

The broad view standards From CDWA Lite to museumdat Challenges I: Challenges I: • CDWA Lite is very much focused on fine arts: it s starting CDWA Lite is very much focused on fine arts: it‘s starting point was eventually delivering metadata from an art collection (the Getty museum) to a digital library on art ( y ) g y (ARTstor) • Need of a format that covers object data of manifold provenance such as cultural history, natural history, history of technology … Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 16

The broad view standards From CDWA Lite to museumdat Challenges II: Challenges II: • CDWA Lite is very much focused on north american data CDWA Lite is very much focused on north american data standards: – CDWA as data structure standard CDWA as data structure standard – AAT, TGN, ULAN as data value standards – CCO as data content standard CCO as data content standard • Need of generalizing the scope for further standards and Need of generalizing the scope for further standards and other languages Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 17

The broad view standards From CDWA Lite to museumdat WG Data exchange, German Museum Association: WG Data exchange German Museum Association: • Event‐oriented approach of CIDOC‐CRM allows for Event oriented approach of CIDOC CRM allows for generalizing the format for use with various object data • CIDOC‐CRM as ISO standard (ISO 21127) is the reference model a standard metadata format should be CRM model – a standard metadata format should be CRM compliant museumdat is a reconfiguration of CDWA Lite based on CIDOC‐CRM analysis y Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 18

The broad view standards Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 19

The broad view standards And now: LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects LIDO Lightweight Information Describing Objects Joint effort of the CDWA Lite, museumdat, and Joint effort of the CDWA Lite museumdat and Spectrum communities, based on a substantial review process: review process: • Experiences and feedback after a two‐year period of practical implementation and use of CDWA Lite and museumdat • Recommendations / results of the CDWA Lite/museumdat Working Group Lite/museumdat Working Group • Further CIDOC‐CRM analysis • R Requirements of SPECTRUM i t f SPECTRUM Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 20

The broad view standards Why not just use Dublin Core? y j • Dublin Core, currently the preferred schema for lots of repositories and especially for OAI harvesting, was designed for Web resource discovery. • It is not appropriate for describing cultural materials because: – its elements are broad and generic, usable for describing a wide range of resources f – but are not able to capture in a meaningful manner the semantics of cultural heritage information g – instead DC encourages mix‐up of semantically different information in same elements Unsatisfying retrieval results! Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 21

LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects LIDO Construction principles LIDO Construction principles • Allow for contributing data and images relating to an object b • Deliver the information in a self‐contained“ way Deliver the information in a „self contained way • Few mandatory elements, but semantically rich format • Include links back to home“ context Include links back to „home context • Distinction of display and indexing elements • Provide references to controlled vocabulary and authorities Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 23

LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects LIDO v0.7 LIDO v0 7 Descriptive and administrative elements of a LIDO record ‐ Object Classifications – ‐Events – Object / Work Type (mandatory) Event Set Classification ‐Relations – ‐Object Identifications – Subject Set Title / Name (mandatory) il / Related Works Inscriptions ‐Administrative Metadata – Repository / Location R it / L ti Rights State / Edition Record (mandatory) Object Description Obj t D i ti Resource Measurements Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German 24 Documentation Center for Art History

LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects No artist? No creation date? No finding place? No artist? No creation date? No finding place? Museum objects may relate to any actor, date, or place in two ways: • The object was present at an event (such as creation, find, The object was present at an event (such as creation, find, use, …) ‐ having participants / carried out by some actors ‐ at some time ‐ in some place or • The object refers to such entity by The object refers to such entity by ‐ depicting it ‐ „being about“ „ g Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 25 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History

Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20144988.html Events in LIDO Event −Event Identifier Event Identifier −Event Type −Role in Event −Event Name objectWorkType: Orangerie −Event Actor title: Oranienburg, Orangerie −Culture event −Event Date eventType Modification eventActor −Event Place E t Pl displayActorInRole Johann Conrad Schlaun actorInRole −Event Method actor nameActor Schlaun, Johann Conrad −Materials / Technique Materials / Technique roleActor Architekt −Thing Present eventDate earliestDate 1725 −Event Related latestDate 1733 eventPlace −Event Description place Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 namePlace Nordkirchen (Kreis Lüdinghausen) Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 26

Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20322973.html objectWorkType: Giebelskulptur Events in LIDO title: Brauträubergruppe (H, I), Fragment repositorySet repositoryName Archäologisches Museum repositoryLocation namePlace Olympia event eventType Entstehung eventDate earliestDate -470 latestDate -460 eventPlace displayPlace Olympia Zeustempel, Westgiebel Olympia, Zeustempel place namePlace Zeustempel, Westgiebel partOfPlace namePlace Zeustempel partOfPlace namePlace Olympia eventMaterialsTech materialsTech termMaterialsTech Marmor event eventType Fund eventPlace Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 place Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History namePlace Olympia 27

LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects Subjects in LIDO Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj07010042.html Subject −Extent Subject objectWorkType: Druck −Subject Concept subject −Subject Actor subjectActor displayActor −Subject Date Johannes Aventinus ac o actor −Subject Place actorID type URL −Subject Event source GND −Subject Object Subject Object http://d-nb.info/gnd/11850522X p nameActor g pref preferred Aventinus, Johannes nameActor pref alternate Thurmair, Johannes nameActor p pref alternate … Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 vitalDatesActor 1477-1534 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 28

LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects Subjects in LIDO Allows for full content description of event photographs: Example: http://www.bildindex.de/obj20051303.html objectWorkType: Reisephotographie title Richard Hamann auf der Insel Mallorca subject subjectEvent event eventType Aktivität eventName Richard Hamann auf der Insel Mallorca eventActor nameActor Hamann, Richard eventDate earliestDate 1932 latestDate 1932 eventPlace namePlace Mallorca 29 Introduct

LIDO – Lightweight Information Describing Objects LIDO – who cares about? “ICOMs International Committee for Documentation, provides the museum y g p p community with advice on good practice and developments in museum documentation.” September 2009: Implementation of the new S b 2009 I l i f h CIDOC Working Group „Data harvesting and interchange“ Chairs: Chairs: Erin Coburn (CDWA Lite Advisory Committee/ Getty Museum) Regine Stein (AG Datenaustausch/ Bildarchiv Foto Marburg) To become the home for the internationalized, CIDOC‐CRM compliant harvesting format LIDO compliant harvesting format LIDO Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 30

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System Background: Introduction to RDF RDF – Resource Description Framework RDF Resource Description Framework • is in essence a simple data model • is about writing down relations between things • is the data format for linked data See http://www.w3.org/RDF/ The RDF introduction slides (no. 32‐47) are taken from „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath http://www.slideshare.net/iandavis/30 minute guide to rdf and linked data http://www slideshare net/iandavis/30‐minute‐guide‐to‐rdf‐and‐linked‐data Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 32

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System Introduction to RDF Introduction to RDF What is RDF for? What is RDF for? • The web is a global, universal information space for documents • Can we do the same for data? Make the web Can we do the same for data? Make the web into a database? RDF is the data format for that database RDF is the data format for that database Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 33

Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 34 Source: „The thirty minute guide to RDF and Linked Data“, by Ian Davis and Tom Heath

Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 47

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System • Is an RDF application • Developed within W3C – current status: p W3C Recommendation of 18 August 2009 • “Provides a model for expressing the basic structure and Provides a model for expressing the basic structure and content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, folksonomies, and other similar types of controlled vocabulary.” • See homepage at http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ See homepage at http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 48

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System • Its main objective is to enable easy publication of (existing!) controlled structured vocabularies for the Semantic Web. • Its specific focus is on linking and retrieving data / concepts, not on display / navigation in the whole concept scheme. • Does not itself specify rules on how to create concept schemes. Note the difference in scope compared with other KOS standards such as ISO 2788/5964 for monolingual/multilingual thesauri such as ISO 2788/5964 for monolingual/multilingual thesauri Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 49

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System Using SKOS, concepts can be Using SKOS concepts can be 1. identified using URIs 2. labeled with lexical strings in one or more natural languages 3. assigned notations (lexical codes) 4. documented with various types of note 5. linked to other concepts and organized into informal hierarchies and association networks 6. aggregated into concept schemes d h 7. grouped into labeled and/or ordered collections 8. mapped to concepts in other schemes. Source: SKOS Reference, see http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC‐skos‐reference‐20090818/ Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 50

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System AAT record, used as example: , p Source: AAT online, see http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/ Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 51

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 1. Identifying the basic entity skos:Concept • Concepts are the units of thought ‐ ideas, meanings, or categories of objects and events. • T Two steps for identification: t f id tifi ti – creating (or reusing) a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) to uniquely identify the concept. y p – asserting in RDF, using the property rdf:type, that the resource identified by this URI is of type skos:Concept. <http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324> rdf:type skos:Concept or, with namespace prefix aat: <http://www.getty.edu/AAT/> aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept t 300191324 df t k C t Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 52

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 2. Lexical labelling: skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel • labels = Expressions that are used to refer to a concept in natural language • prefLabel = preferred lexical label fL b l f dl i ll b l Note: Even though formally not enforced, no two concepts in the same concept scheme should be given the same preferred h h h ld b i h f d label for any given language tag aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept skos:prefLabel „paper money“@en p „p p y http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324 htt // tt d /AAT/300191324 skos:prefLabel „Papiergeld“@de rdf:about paper money@en skos:prefLabel skos:prefLabel k fL b l Papiergeld@en Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 53

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 2. Lexical labelling: skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel • altLabel = alternative lexical label ‐> synonyms, near‐synonyms, abbreviations, acronyms aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept skos:prefLabel „paper money @en skos:prefLabel paper money“@en skos:altLabel „bank notes“@en skos:altLabel „banknotes“@en skos:altLabel „bill (paper money)“@en k ltL b l bill ( )“@ … Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 54

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 2. Lexical labelling: skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel, skos:hiddenLabel • hiddenLabel = lexical label that is liked to be searchable, but not visible, e.g. misspelled variants (invented example) aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept skos:prefLabel „paper money“@en skos:hiddenLabel „ papermoney“@en Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 55

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 3. Assigning notations: skos:notation • Some KOS, e.g. classification schemes, use notations as the primary means of access. • N t ti Notations are typically composed of digits, punctuation signs t i ll d f di it t ti i and other character, thus independent of natural‐language contexts. contexts E.g. Iconclass system E g Iconclass system iconclass:46A132 rdf:type skos:Concept skos:notation „46 A 13 2“^^IconclassNotation <‐ specific datatype skos:prefLabel „46 A 13 2“ <‐ no language tag skos:prefLabel „villagers, villein“@en Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 56

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 4. Documentary notes: skos:note specified in skos:scopeNote, skos:definition, skos:scopeNote, skos:definition, skos:example, skos:historyNote • Human readable documentation of the concept Human‐readable documentation of the concept aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept aat:300191324 rdf:type skos:Concept skos:prefLabel „paper money“@en skos:scopeNote „Officially circulating media of exchange…“@en Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 57

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 5. Semantic relationships: skos:broader, skos:narrower, skos:related • broader = has broader concept narrower = has narrower concept • Th These properties are each other’s inverse. ti h th ’ i • But NOT defined as generally transitive. money@en skos:prefLabel paper money@en skos:prefLabel http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324 rdf:about money „Officially circulating skos:broader skos:scopeNote …...paper money media of exchange di f h manufactured from paper;“@en skos:prefLabel skos:narrower Papiergeld@en Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 58

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 5. Semantic relationships: skos:broader, skos:narrower, skos:related • related: asserts an associative relationship between two concepts • NOT d fi d t NOT defined as transitive property. iti t • skos:related is disjoint from skos:broader/skos:narrower ex:birds rdf:type skos:Concept skos:prefLabel birds @en skos:prefLabel “birds”@en skos:related ex:ornithology ex:ornithology rdf:type skos:Concept skos:prefLabel “ornithology”@en k fL b l “ ith l ”@ Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 59

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 6. Aggregation in Concept Schemes: gg g p skos:ConceptScheme skos:inScheme, skos:hasTopConcept skos:inScheme skos:hasTopConcept • Usually concepts are not used as stand‐alone entities, but come in compiled vocabularies ‐> skos:ConceptScheme. i il d b l i k h • SKOS offers no specific support for creating, but focuses on publication of existing concept schemes. p blication of e isting concept schemes aat:AAT rdf:type skos:ConceptScheme dct:title “Art & Architecture Thesaurus”@en d t titl “A t & A hit t Th ”@ skos:hasTopConcept aat:300037316 <‐ entry point to vocabulary … aat:300037316 rdf:type skos:Concept skos:prefLabel “money”@en skos:inScheme aat:AAT Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 60

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 7. Grouping into collections p g AAT‐data AAT data is structured in four types AAT:Facet skos:Collection AAT:Hierarchy Name AAT Hi h N skos:Collection k C ll i AAT:Guide Term skos:Collection AAT:Concept skos:Concept Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 61

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 7. Grouping into collections: p g skos:Collection, skos:OrderedCollection skos:member, skos:memberList skos:member skos:memberList • Since such structures like node labels do not represent a label for a concept in its own right, specific entities are to be introduced i i i h ifi ii b i d d money@en AAT-Concept Scheme skos:prefLabel k fL b l skos:Concept money by material@en skos:Collection skos:prefLabel rdfs:label paper money@en skos:member skos:prefLabel k fL b l http://www.getty.edu/AAT/300191324 rdf:about money „Officially circulating …<money by material> skos:broader skos:scopeNote media of exchange …...paper money manufactured from paper; @en paper;“@en skos:prefLabel skos:narrower Papiergeld@en Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT ‐ http://www.digicult‐sh.de/ Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 62

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 8. Mapping Concept Schemes: pp g p skos:exactMatch, skos:closeMatch, skos:broadMatch, skos:narrowMatch skos:broadMatch skos:narrowMatch • Allows for statements that two concepts from different concept schemes have comparable meanings. h h bl i • Conceptual mappings are expected to be a key advantage of making KOSs available on the Semantic Web using SKOS. • Useful for retrieving data repositories / union catalogues that Useful for retrieving data repositories / union catalogues that integrate data from different sources – which use multiple, but conceptually overlapping KOSs. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 63

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System 8. Mapping Concept Schemes: 8 Mapping Concept Schemes: Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 64

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System SKOS‐XL: SKOS eXtension for Labels SKOS XL: SKOS eXtension for Labels • This extension provides additional support for identifying, describing and linking lexical entities. • See SKOS reference, Appendix B: http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC‐skos‐reference‐ 20090818/#xl 20090818/# l Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 65

SKOS – Simple Knowledge Organization System SKOS – SKOS – limits Attention with using SKOS for authority files! Attention with using SKOS for authority files! – Why? • Authority files deal only with labeling properties, usually not with semantic relationships between the described entities. ith ti l ti hi b t th d ib d titi • Authority files often deal with particulars / individuals – e.g. real persons, and not with concepts. • SKOS vocabulary does not apply as a whole for particulars: y pp y p E.g. there are no broader/narrower relationships between persons. Analyze carefully which is the appropriate vocabulary! For real persons applies the FOAF Friends of a Friend vocabulary. For real persons applies the FOAF – Friends of a Friend vocabulary. See http://www.foaf‐project.org/docs Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 66

SKOS applications SKOS applications SKOS applications • For general information see SKOS homepage at http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/ • Also the SKOS resources at http://www.minervaisrael.org.il/s558.html http://www minervaisrael org il/s558 html Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History

SKOS applications museumsvokabular.de An initiative within the German Museum Association Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 68

SKOS applications museumsvokabular.de – museumvok Webservices museumvok ‐ format for describing controlled vocabularies Based on SKOS, with further refinements. New version currently nder development. Ne ersion c rrentl under de elopment in Discussion: • Metadata for concept scheme (dc:identifier, dc:contributor, dc:creator, dcterms:created, dcterms:modified, dc:description, dc:format, dc:language, dc:rights, dc:subject, dc:title, ?) • new: museumvok:Collection • change museumvok:memberOfCollection to museumvok:member k b • merge museumvok:prefTerm, museumvok:altTerm to museumvok:Term • identifier for Terms • notes for Terms • multiple sources for Terms • multiple sources for notes • mappingRelation, subproperties: closeMatch, exactMatch, broadMatch, narrowMatch broadMatch narrowMatch and relatedMatch • rename museumvok:equivRelationship to museumvok:mappingRelationship Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 • museumvok:definition as sub‐property of museumvok:note Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 69

SKOS applications Includes museumvok XML and SKOS RDF/XML

SKOS applications museumsvokabular.de – museumvok Webservices Basic definitions: • Web Service „The W3C defines a Web service (…) as a software system designed to support interoperable Machine to Machine interaction over a network. (…) “ • SOAP „(…) is a protocol for exchanging XML‐based messages over computer ( ) is a protocol networks, normally using HTTP/HTTPS. (…)“ Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_services http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 71

SKOS applications museumsvokabular.de – museumvok Webservices 3 central f 3 l functions d fi d i SOAP W b i defined in a SOAP Webservice i • searchConceptsById: searchConceptsById: retrieves for every ID from a given list the pertaining concepts • searchConceptsByTerm: retrieves for every term from a given list the pertaining y g p g concepts • fetchHierarchy: fetchHierarchy: provides for a given ID the requested „tree“ of the hierarchy. Depth of search and direction of search are parameterised. Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 72

SKOS applications Implemented in several museum documentation systems. Currently some extensions are being implemented. implemented For technical information see Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History www.museumsvokabular.de 73

SKOS applications Connecting the „Bildindex“ with AAT through museumvok‐ws through museumvok ws alternatively: SKOS (RDF/XML) S OS ( / ) <classification> <conceptID museumdat:type="URL"> http://aat.museumsvokabular.de/300041365 htt // t k b l d /300041365 </conceptID> <conceptID museumdat:type="local" museumdat:source="http://www.getty.edu/research/conducting_research/vocabularies/aat/"> Etchings (prints) </conceptID> <term museumdat:pref="preferred" xml:lang="en"> Etchings (prints) </term> <term museumdat:pref="preferred" xml:lang="de"> term museumdat:pref preferred xml:lang de Druckgraphik </term> </classification>

SKOS applications Or through any other webservice to any other controlled vocabulary, e.g. Iconclass th t ll d b l I l Source: Bert Degenhart Drenth, Using Webservices for Terminology Control ( CIDOC Annual Meeting 2008 Athens) <subject> <conceptID museumdat:type="URL">http://iconclass.org/sw/44G1231</conceptID> < tID d tt "URL">htt //i l / /44G1231</ tID> <term museumdat:pref="preferred”>44 G 12 3</term> <term museumdat:pref="preferred” xml:lang=“en”>market cross</term> </subject>

SKOS applications museumvok Webservices: Demo application See http://museum.zib.de/museumsvokabular/index.php?main=demo‐sgml Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 76

Mapping examples Mapping example to SKOS pp g p Kitchenware / culinary skos:Concept equipment & skos:prefLabel Lexicon skos:ConceptScheme accessoires@ skos:inScheme dct:title en Icebox@en skos:prefLabel skos:inScheme http://www.example.org.il/Lexicon/T16924 rdf:about skos:broader Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 skos:prefLabel Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History skos:narrower 79 ‫@ארגז קרח‬he

Mapping examples Mapping example to LIDO See http://www.imj.org.il/imagine/item.asp?itemNum=194552 http://www.imj.org.il/imagine Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 80

Mapping examples Mapping example to LIDO See http://jnul.huji.ac.il/dl/ketubbot/html/k0460.htm S htt //j l h ji il/dl/k t bb t/ht l/k0460 ht Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 81

Mapping examples Mapping example to LIDO See http://www.museen‐sh.de/ml/digi_einzBild.php?pi=1300_temp47861 // / / Object Work Type Kragenflasche dating of Production -4000 - -2800 Period Name Neolithic Find spot Cemetery Ohlsdorf (Hamburg) Finder Cemetery staff Culture Funnelbeaker culture Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 82 Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT

Mapping examples Mapping example to LIDO Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 83 Source: Axel Vitzthum / digiCULT

Linking mechanism to vocabularies and authorities: Identifier in LIDO th iti Id tifi i LIDO •Each element referencing another entity i l d an identifier element i includes id ifi l •Main Entities: − Thing − Event − Actor − Place − Concept •Identifiers are repeatable Example: <subject> <conceptID museumdat:type="URL">http://iconclass.org/sw/44G1231</conceptID> <term museumdat:pref="preferred”>villagers, villein</term> Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 </subject> Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 84

LIDO elements linking to concepts ( skos:concept) (= skos:concept) • Object Type • Event Type* • Subject • Classification • Culture • Role Actor * To be based on CIDOC‐CRM Subclasses of E5 • Materials / Technique Event Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 85

Connecting Data Repositories with Terminology S i T i l Services http, (X)HTML Terminology Web Service Local User Repository e.g. museumvok-ws g http, [SOAP,REST], RDF/XML [[http], OAI-PMH, XMPP, [[htt ] OAI PMH XMPP SRU/SRW], XML Museum I Museum II . . Museum V . Used Format: Used Format: . museumdat/LIDO e.g. museumvok/SKOS

Summarizing… g • LIDO and SKOS/museumvok provide a practical mechanism for publishing collection information and connecting data publishing collection information and connecting data repositories with terminology services • Designed for use with “Non‐Semantic Web‐Experts” based on SKOS and CIDOC‐CRM • Thus bridging a gap and linking back to museum documentation practice: Use controlled vocabularies! Publish them with SKOS if appropriate! ub s e S OS app op a e Refer your documentation to CIDOC‐CRM! Introductory Workshop on SKOS and LIDO – Tel Aviv 11.01.2010 Regine Stein, German Documentation Center for Art History 88

Deutsches Dokumentationszentrum für Kunstgeschichte - g Bildarchiv Foto Marburg Thank you for your attention! Regine Stein German Documentation Center for Art History Art History ‐ Bildarchiv Foto Marburg German Museum Association, Haus Braun‐Rabinski, Josef Berlin, 1932‐1933, Tel Aviv, Rothschild Boulevard 82 Documentation Committee Foto Marburg, Foto: Bassewitz, Gert von; Aufnahme‐Nr. LAC 44.958; (color); Aufn.‐Datum: 1993; Fotoinhalt: Fenster des Treppenhauses Email: r.stein@fotomarburg.de

SKOS hands-on workshop (tutorial) by Regine Stein

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