OUR RELATIONS WITH COMPUTERS H.Jaap van den Herik Tilburg centre for Creative Computing (TiCC) Tilburg University School of Humanities Diner Speech ISCRAM Tilburg, August 25, 2009 Summerschool 2009

Words of Thanks With much pleasure I would like to thank the organisation ISCRAM for the invitation In particular Dr. Bartel Van de Walle Professor Piet Ribbers Janneke Liebregts

With much pleasure I would like to thank the

organisation ISCRAM for the invitation

In particular Dr. Bartel Van de Walle

Professor Piet Ribbers

Janneke Liebregts

Words of Inspiration GO FOR A Ph.D. THESIS

GO FOR A Ph.D. THESIS

The Main Topic The Acceptance of Scientific Findings by our Society

The Acceptance of Scientific Findings

by our Society

Topics to be discussed Playing Chess Judging Court Cases Authentication of Paintings Acting as an Auditor (only mentioned) Deciding on Euthanasia (only mentioned) Intimate Relationships

Playing Chess

Judging Court Cases

Authentication of Paintings

Acting as an Auditor (only mentioned)

Deciding on Euthanasia (only mentioned)

Intimate Relationships

The Research of the Future City Labs (Paul Burghardt) Cloud Computing (Bart Bogaert, IBM Belgium)

City Labs

(Paul Burghardt)

Cloud Computing

(Bart Bogaert, IBM Belgium)

Technology and Future Mechanization 1950 Computerization 1970 Information handling 2000 Intelligent E-commerce E-commerce 2005 Agent Technology 2012 Grid Technology 1990 Intelligent Programs Communication (ICT) 2015 Cloud Computing

Turing’s (1950) prediction “ The orginal question, “Can machines think?” I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted.”

“ The orginal question, “Can machines think?” I believe to be too meaningless to deserve discussion. Nevertheless I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted.”

Shannon’s (1950) prediction “ The thesis we will develop is that modern general purpose computers can be used to play a tolerably good game of chess by the use of a suitable computing routine or ‘program’.” Playing Chess

“ The thesis we will develop is that modern general purpose computers can be used to play a tolerably good game of chess by the use of a suitable computing routine or ‘program’.”

World Champion Programs KAISSA 1974 Stockholm CHESS 1977 Toronto BELLE 1980 Linz CRAY BLITZ 1983 New York CRAY BLITZ 1986 Keulen DEEP THOUGHT 1989 Edmonton REBEL 1992 Madrid FRITZ 1995 Hong Kong SHREDDER 1999 Paderborn JUNIOR 2002 Maastricht SHREDDER 2003 Graz JUNIOR 2004 Ramat-Gan ZAPPA 2005 Reykjavik JUNIOR 2006 Turin RYBKA 2007 Amsterdam RYBKA 2008 Beijing RYBKA 2009 Pamplona

World Champion Programs

KAISSA 1974 Stockholm

CHESS 1977 Toronto

BELLE 1980 Linz

CRAY BLITZ 1983 New York

CRAY BLITZ 1986 Keulen

DEEP THOUGHT 1989 Edmonton

REBEL 1992 Madrid

FRITZ 1995 Hong Kong

SHREDDER 1999 Paderborn

JUNIOR 2002 Maastricht

SHREDDER 2003 Graz

JUNIOR 2004 Ramat-Gan

ZAPPA 2005 Reykjavik

JUNIOR 2006 Turin

RYBKA 2007 Amsterdam

RYBKA 2008 Beijing

RYBKA 2009 Pamplona

Fritz Reul Ph.D. thesis defense June 17, 2009 New Architectures in Computer Chess

Ph.D. thesis defense June 17, 2009

New Architectures in Computer Chess

Classification Four examples: Recidence predictions serial killer (RIGEL, PREDATOR) Screening Airline Passengers (CAPPS) Fraud with Credit Cards (BARCLAY SYSTEM) Risc on Recidivism (Blokland and Nieuwbeerta, UL) Judging Court Cases

Four examples:

Recidence predictions serial killer (RIGEL, PREDATOR)

Screening Airline Passengers

(CAPPS)

Fraud with Credit Cards (BARCLAY SYSTEM)

Risc on Recidivism

(Blokland and Nieuwbeerta, UL)

Stijn Vanderlooy Ph.D. thesis defense July 1, 2009 Ranking and Reliable Classification

Ph.D. thesis defense July 1, 2009

Ranking and Reliable Classification

A Painting Problem Cezanne Gauguin van Gogh ? ?

Training Data Van Gogh (5000 textures) Schuffenecker (5000 textures)

Van Gogh

(5000 textures)

Four Characteristics Colour Repetition of patterns Composition Brushstroke

Colour

Repetition of patterns

Composition

Brushstroke

Neural Networks Van Gogh Schuffenecker

Generalised Results 96% of the non-visible characteristics is classified correctly

96% of the non-visible characteristics is classified correctly

Results Trained neural networks applied to the characteristics of the Yasuda Sunflowers 89% of the characteristics are classified as owing to Van Gogh But… identification of painter or painting method? (“Russian tank effect.”)

Trained neural networks applied to the characteristics of the Yasuda Sunflowers

89% of the characteristics are classified as owing to Van Gogh

But… identification of painter or painting method? (“Russian tank effect.”)

Data set 6 impressionists, 10 paintings each

Eleven Approaches 1. Hue 7. RGB 2. Orientation 8. Mean 3. Standard Dev. 9. Fast Fourier Transform 240 4. HSI 10. Fractal Dim 5. Kurtosis 11. Comb 8, 9, and 10 6. Skewness

1. Hue 7. RGB

2. Orientation 8. Mean

3. Standard Dev. 9. Fast Fourier Transform 240

4. HSI 10. Fractal Dim

5. Kurtosis 11. Comb 8, 9, and 10

6. Skewness

State of the art: automatic recognition of impressionist painters

Laurens van der Maaten and Igor Berezhnyy Ph.D. defense June 23, 2009 Feature Extraction from Visual Data Ph.D. defense December 7, 2009 Digital Analysis of Paintings

Ph.D. defense June 23, 2009

Feature Extraction from Visual Data

Ph.D. defense December 7, 2009

Digital Analysis of Paintings

Scientific Background for Intimate Relationships Artificial Intelligence Computer Science Gender Studies Psychology Robotics Sexology Sociology

Artificial Intelligence

Computer Science

Gender Studies

Psychology

Robotics

Sexology

Sociology

David Levy Ph.D. defense October 11, 2007 Intimate Relationships with Artificial Partners

Ph.D. defense October 11, 2007

Intimate Relationships with Artificial Partners

The investigation Past developments in our relationships with computers Present developments in our relationships with computers How these relationships are continuing to progress The culmination of this progress – robots becoming our artificial partners

Past developments in our relationships with computers

Present developments in our relationships with computers

How these relationships are continuing to progress

The culmination of this progress – robots becoming our artificial partners

The problem statement PS1: To what extent will the emotions that humans feel for other humans, for pet animals, for virtual pets, and even for less animal-like artefacts – namely computers – , be extended to embrace the robots of the future? PS2: To what extent will the normal bounds of human sexuality be extended with respect to the robots of the future?

PS1: To what extent will the emotions that humans feel for other humans, for pet animals, for virtual pets, and even for less animal-like artefacts – namely computers – , be extended to embrace the robots of the future?

PS2: To what extent will the normal bounds of human sexuality be extended with respect to the robots of the future?

Four research questions to PS1 RQ1: Is it possible to trace what (precisely) causes people to develop strong emotional feelings of attraction (leading to attachment or love)? RQ2: What characterizes the affective relationship between humans and pets? RQ3: What is the attractive power of a virtual pet? RQ4: What is the attraction of a humanoid robot for a human being?

RQ1: Is it possible to trace what (precisely) causes people to develop strong emotional feelings of attraction (leading to attachment or love)?

RQ2: What characterizes the affective relationship between humans and pets?

RQ3: What is the attractive power of a virtual pet?

RQ4: What is the attraction of a humanoid robot for a human being?

Four research questions to PS2 RQ5: Why do people enjoy sex? RQ6: Why do people pay for sex? RQ7: What technologies are available to be used as sex technologies? RQ8: What mental obstacles exist to prevent the final step towards the second objective?

RQ5: Why do people enjoy sex?

RQ6: Why do people pay for sex?

RQ7: What technologies are available to be used as sex technologies?

RQ8: What mental obstacles exist to prevent the final step towards the second objective?

Trend – The uses of robots From the highly impersonal to highly personal First used in industry (e.g., car factories) Next came service robots (e.g., cleaning, demolition, mail-carts, refuelling cars) Then came personal robots for use in the home (robot pets, carer robots) The trend is for increasing human-robot interaction

From the highly impersonal to highly personal

First used in industry (e.g., car factories)

Next came service robots (e.g., cleaning, demolition, mail-carts, refuelling cars)

Then came personal robots for use in the home (robot pets, carer robots)

The trend is for increasing human-robot interaction

Repliee Q1 – very humanlike

Trend – Human emotional attachments Originally only for other humans Then for pet animals Then for virtual pets In the future for robots

Originally only for other humans

Then for pet animals

Then for virtual pets

In the future for robots

Trend - Marriage Women’s property used to be owned by their husbands Ownership sometimes extended even to the women themselves Interracial marriage used to be illegal, e.g., in the USA and South Africa Same-sex marriage has recently become legal in some parts of the USA and in some other countries Marriage used to be for life – now the divorce rate in many countries is around or approaching fifty percent Marriage used to be regarded almost universally as being for procreation – now many couples opt not to have children

Women’s property used to be owned by their husbands

Ownership sometimes extended even to the women themselves

Interracial marriage used to be illegal, e.g., in the USA and South Africa

Same-sex marriage has recently become legal in some parts of the USA and in some other countries

Marriage used to be for life – now the divorce rate in many countries is around or approaching fifty percent

Marriage used to be regarded almost universally as being for procreation – now many couples opt not to have children

Trend – Marriage (what next?) Social change is happening much faster nowadays than 200, 100 or even 50 years ago Changes in the meaning and purpose of marriage are also happening much faster than ever before

Social change is happening much faster nowadays than 200, 100 or even 50 years ago

Changes in the meaning and purpose of marriage are also happening much faster than ever before

Trend - Vibrators Early models steam and clockwork driven First electric model invented in the 1880s Became popular at the start of the 20 th century Popularity soared towards the end of the century

Early models steam and clockwork driven

First electric model invented in the 1880s

Became popular at the start of the 20 th century

Popularity soared towards the end of the century

Trend – Sex machines What do people want? Survey in 2003 on www.BetterHumans.com 1 st Humanoid love slaves (41 per cent of votes) 2 nd Mind-to-mind interfaces (24 per cent) 3 rd Virtual reality sex (17 per cent)

Survey in 2003 on www.BetterHumans.com

1 st Humanoid love slaves (41 per cent of votes)

2 nd Mind-to-mind interfaces (24 per cent)

3 rd Virtual reality sex (17 per cent)

Conclusions to RQ1, RQ2, RQ3, RQ4 RQ1: Ten main factors are the most important for causing humans to fall in love RQ2:The emotional rewards of human-pet relationships, combined with anthropomorphism, create strong love for pets RQ3: Humans attach emotional feelings (love) to virtual pets RQ4: Almost all of the same ten factors (from RQ1) will play a part in human-robot companion relationships

RQ1: Ten main factors are the most important for causing humans to fall in love

RQ2:The emotional rewards of human-pet relationships, combined with anthropomorphism, create strong love for pets

RQ3: Humans attach emotional feelings (love) to virtual pets

RQ4: Almost all of the same ten factors (from RQ1) will play a part in human-robot companion relationships

Conclusions to RQ5, RQ6, RQ7, RQ8 RQ5: People enjoy sex mainly for pure pleasure and to express emotional closeness RQ6: People pay for sex mainly in order to obtain variety and sex without complications and constraints RQ7: Technological developments of sexual artefacts have outstripped the previous limits of the human imagination of sexual possibilities RQ8: Mental obstacles to the general acceptance of sex with robots will be overcome with time

RQ5: People enjoy sex mainly for pure pleasure and to express emotional closeness

RQ6: People pay for sex mainly in order to obtain variety and sex without complications and constraints

RQ7: Technological developments of sexual artefacts have outstripped the previous limits of the human imagination of sexual possibilities

RQ8: Mental obstacles to the general acceptance of sex with robots will be overcome with time

Answering the problem statement Problem statement PS1 has been answered by the conclusions to research questions RQ1, RQ2, RQ3 and RQ4. The overall conclusion for PS1 is that the emotions that humans feel for other humans, for pet animals, for virtual pets, and even for less animal-like artefacts – namely computers -, will be fully extended to embrace the robots of the future

Problem statement PS1 has been answered by the conclusions to research questions RQ1, RQ2, RQ3 and RQ4.

The overall conclusion for PS1 is that the emotions that humans feel for other humans, for pet animals, for virtual pets, and even for less animal-like artefacts – namely computers -, will be fully extended to embrace the robots of the future

Answering the problem statement Problem statement PS2 has been answered by the conclusions to research questions RQ5, RQ6, RQ7 and RQ8. The overall conclusion for PS2 is that the normal bounds of human sexuality will be fully extended to embrace the robots of the future

Problem statement PS2 has been answered by the conclusions to research questions RQ5, RQ6, RQ7 and RQ8.

The overall conclusion for PS2 is that the normal bounds of human sexuality will be fully extended to embrace the robots of the future

The Longer Run (2200 - 2500) Hugo de Garis: Superhuman Intelligence Two opinions: Cosmist Terrens

Hugo de Garis: Superhuman Intelligence

Two opinions: Cosmist

Terrens

Hugo de Garis (Utah, USA) Ray Kurzweil (M.I.T., USA) Hans Moravec (C.M.U., USA) Kevin Warwick (Reading, UK) Jaap van den Herik (Tilburg, The Netherlands)

Hugo de Garis (Utah, USA)

Ray Kurzweil (M.I.T., USA)

Hans Moravec (C.M.U., USA)

Kevin Warwick (Reading, UK)

Jaap van den Herik (Tilburg, The Netherlands)