Presented by J. Young, D. Grace, M. Young, R.G. Alders, A. Kibaya, H. Msami and B. Bagnol at the 13th Conference of the International Society of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Maastricht, the Netherlands, 20-24 August 2012

1. Newcastle disease vaccination:
From technology to poverty reduction
Young J1,2, Grace D1, Young M2, Alders RG2, Kibaya
A3, Msami H4 and Bagnol B.2 13th Conference of the International
1International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya; 2Kyeema Foundation,
3State
Society for Veterinary Epidemiology &
1
Australia; Veterinary Services, Tanzania; 4Dodoma Rural District Council,
Economics, 20-24 August 2012
Tanzania

3. Presentation
• Do chickens matter?
• Does Newcastle disease matter?
• And is it really Newcastle disease?
• What do farmers think of the solutions?
• What do they do?
• What drives what farmers do?
• And what are the implications for research to use?

4. Methods
• Two countries: Kenya and Tanzania
• One district in each
• Tanzania: Stratified random sample of
8 villages
• In each village
• PRA n=130
• KII ~ 30
• FGD n=100 m, 106 f
• HH questionnaire n=456 sr
• Conjoint evaluation

5. Do chickens matter?
• 94% have owned chickens in last year
• Average 14 birds
• 58% say chicken most important species
• PRA: “Chicken is the most important:
Cheap to keep, quick to sell for several
uses”
82% poultry, 56% dairy, 49% goat

6. Benefits of chickens
Reasons for owning No. Of beans No. Of beans
chickens Male Female
Sell, hospital 3 3 • Man makes the decisions
about what to do with them
Sell, school fees 10 3 but sometimes the
Sell, clothes 13 4
decisions are made together.
Consume meat 3 3
FGD - female
Consume eggs 4 7
• Man makes the decisions
Traditional healing 6 2 about but they have to
discuss with the woman first.
Sale other 7 3
PRA FGD - male
70% consume when sick

7. Does Newcastle disease matter?
• Average 14 birds owned last year
• 16 lost from ND
• But 22 lost from all causes
• And 14 lost from all diseases
68% kill and eat
38% sell
• 12 sold 7% kill and bury
• 5 eaten

8. Does Newcastle disease matter?
Sold
Eaten
Disease
Predator
Sold Theft
Eaten Cold
Disease Accident
Predation Bite
Theft
Accident
Hunger
PRA n=130
Questionnaire n=456

9. Is it Newcastle?
Disease Newcastle Coryza
Name Mdondo Kuvimba Macho
Clinical signs Yellow and greenish Loss of weight
diarrhea Yellow legs
Don’t eat and drink Don’t see
well Don’t eat or drink
Drooping wings Don’t walk around
Swollen head
Post-mortem Big liver No food in crop
Bad taste No food in stomach
signs Enlargement of gall
bladder
Treatment No treatment but try Matembp
to use local medicine
Matembo
Epidemiology: Air, wind air
Eating bones of dead
chickens
Manure
Zoonosis
Other no a bad disease and
It is no
Does not kill like ND.
they know it
information Good to eat as die
They try to sell the suddenly and meat is
chickens when they good.
discover that they are
sick to avoid loss

10. Is it Newcastle?
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Greenish Drooping Twisted neck Lumps near Swollen face
diarhoea wings eye

11. What do farmers think of the
solution?
100%
90% 88%
80%
80%
74%
70%
60% 57%
50%
40%
30%
20% 16%
10%
0%
It is affordable Catching the It is effective It is not hard to There is lots of
chickens is not administer information about
difficult it available

12. EO: Farmers lie about diseased chicken to
get them vaccinated….
I train the vaccinators on handling, giving
injections, side affects
Vx: People complain about the
amount charged….
3 out of 10 don’t pay…..
I have received no training…
Some sell vaccine to rich households
and use water to vaccinate the birds of
the poor households to make money
FGD: We are willing to pay 100 TSH
(twice the price currently charged)

13. What do farmers do?
Heard about vaccine
Has heard of ND vaccine
Knows how they work
Has ever used ND vaccine
Is currently using ND vaccine
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
efficacy
access
targeting accuracy
provider compliance
user adherence
effectiveness

14. What drives what farmers do?
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
Female
40% 38% Male
36%
33%
30%
24%
20%
12%
9% 7% 9%
10%
4% 3% 4%
1%
0%
The vaccine is not Unaware of the No chickens at Have never No money at the The vaccine is not
available NDV the time of owned poultry time of effective
vaccination vaccination

15. What drives what farmers do?
100
90
80
70
60
50
Active
40 Inactive
30
20
10
0
Is currently Has ever used Knows how Has heard of Heard about
using ND ND vaccine they work ND vaccine vaccine
vaccine

16. Implications for uptake?
25
20
BIRDS KEPT
15
Vaccinating
10 Not vaccinating
5
0 200
Support Neglect
180
Proportion flock lost per
160
140
120
year
100 Vaccinating
80 Not vaccinating
60
40
20
0
Support Neglect

17. Acknowledgements
IFPRI Tanzania Field Team
Amanda Wyatt • Consolata Tarimo
• Morrison Mutungi
KYEEMA • Francis Mavere
Mary Young • Godson Risasi
Robyn Alders • Tonny Shembazi
Brigitte Bagnol • Amina Salumu
• Heavenlylight Ezra
• A Kibaya
• Jarrah Young
Participating farmers in Tanzania and Kenya
Funding from AusAID

18. International Livestock Research Institute
Better lives through livestock
Animal agriculture to reduce poverty, hunger and
environmental degradation in developing countries
ILRI
www.ilri.org
Thank you